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词条 Richard B. Spencer
释义

  1. Early life

  2. Activities

     Public speaking  Speech at University of Florida  Montana 

  3. Views

     White identity  Criticism of ethno-nationalism, support for white racial empire  Donald Trump  Women  Homosexuality  Health care  Christianity  Iraq war  Fourteen Words  Views on Russia and NATO   Libertarianism  

  4. Personal life

  5. References

  6. External links

{{short description|American white supremacist}}{{distinguish|text=the Jihad Watch blogger Robert Spencer (author)}}{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}{{Other people5|Richard Spencer (disambiguation)}}{{Use American English|date=November 2017}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}{{Infobox person
|image = File:Richard b spencer cropped retouched.jpg
|alt = A photograph of Robert Spencer holding a microphone and pointing
|caption = At the Ronald Reagan Building, Washington, D.C., on November 19, 2016
|birth_name = Richard Bertrand Spencer
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|05|11}}
|birth_place = Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
|movement = {{ubl
|Alt-right
|Identitarian movement
|Neo-Nazism
|White nationalism
|White supremacy
|nationality = American
|death_date =
|death_place =
|home_town = Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas, U.S.
|education = {{ubl
|University of Virginia (BA)
|University of Chicago (MA)
|Duke University (PhD candidate; withdrew)
|occupation = Author, publisher
|known_for = {{ubl
|President and director of the National Policy Institute
|Executive director of Washington Summit Publishers
|spouse = {{marriage|Nina Kouprianova|2010|2018|end=div.}}
|party = Independent
}}Richard Bertrand Spencer (born May 11, 1978)[1] is an American white supremacist.[2]

He is president of the National Policy Institute (NPI), a white supremacist think tank, as well as Washington Summit Publishers. Spencer rejects the label of white supremacist and considers himself a white nationalist, white identitarian, and the equivalent of a "Zionist" for white people.[3][4][5][6] Spencer created the term "alt-right", which he considers a movement about "white identity".[7][8][9] Spencer advocates white-European unity and a "peaceful ethnic cleansing" of nonwhites from America, and the creation of a new political order he believes would resemble the Roman Empire.[10][10][11]

Spencer has been described as a neo-Nazi and has publicly engaged in Nazi rhetoric on many occasions.[12][13][14][15] In early 2016, Spencer was filmed giving the Nazi salute to Milo Yiannopoulos in a karaoke bar.[16] In the weeks following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, at a National Policy Institute conference, Spencer quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews.[9] In response to his cry "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!", a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg Heil chant used at the Nazis' Nuremberg rallies.[17][18]

Spencer's critics argue that his speech and conduct leads to violence, a charge that Spencer rejects. Spencer was a featured speaker at the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, during which an alt-right supporter drove his car into a group of counter-protesters, killing one and injuring at least 19 others.[19][20][21] Spencer denies any role or culpability in the attack, but has been sued for allegedly acting as a "gang boss" at Charlottesville and inciting the killing.[22][23] After three other supporters of Spencer were charged with attempted homicide following Spencer's October 2017 speech at the University of Florida,[24] Ohio State and several other universities cancelled Spencer's appearances, describing his presence as a menace to public safety.[25] Spencer has been accused of repeatedly beating, threatening, and verbally abusing his wife Nina Kouprianova, who has provided the press hours of recordings to substantiate her allegations.[26][27] Spencer denies the allegations, and states that the ostensible threats he made to her (as recorded on the tapes) were expressions of frustration with his wife and not intended to be interpreted literally.[28]

The majority of European nations, including the entire Schengen Area,[29] and nations with nationalist governments,[30] have banned Spencer and condemned his "racial European" message.[31] While promoting his message in a controversial speaking tour in Hungary, Spencer was mocked by the Hungarian newspaper Népszabadság for his call for "European unity" through a revival of the Roman Empire, and for his claim to be a "racial European", ideas that the newspaper called contrived and without any basis in European history.[32] In the aftermath of the controversy, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán pressed through legislative measures which banned and condemned Spencer.[30] The government of Poland has also banned and condemned Spencer,[33] citing Spencer's Nazi rhetoric and the Nazis' genocide of Slavic "Untermenschen" during World War II.[34] In July 2018, Spencer was detained at Keflavik Airport in Reykjavík, Iceland en route to Sweden and was ordered by Polish officials to return to the United States; the successful effort of the Poles to ban Spencer from other parts of Europe arises from the Schengen agreement.[35]

Early life

Spencer was born in Boston, Massachusetts,[36] the son of ophthalmologist Rand Spencer and Sherry Spencer (née Dickenhorst),[37][38] an heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana.[39] He grew up in Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas.[40] In 1997, he graduated from St. Mark's School of Texas.[39] In 2001, Spencer received a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature and Music from the University of Virginia and, in 2003, a Master of Arts in the Humanities from the University of Chicago.[39] He spent the summer of 2005 and 2006 at the Vienna International Summer University.[41] From 2005 to 2007, he was a PhD student at Duke University studying modern European intellectual history, where he was a member of the Duke Conservative Union.[39][37] His website says he left Duke "to pursue a life of thought-crime".[42]

Activities

From March to December 2007, Spencer was assistant editor at The American Conservative magazine. According to founding editor Scott McConnell, Spencer was fired from The American Conservative because his views were considered too extreme.[37] From January 2008 to December 2009, he was executive editor of Taki's Magazine.[43]

In March 2010, Spencer founded AlternativeRight.com, a website he edited until 2012. He has stated that he created the term alt-right.[9]

In January 2011, Spencer became executive director of Washington Summit Publishers.[10] In 2012, Spencer founded Radix Journal as a biannual publication of Washington Summit Publishers.[43] Contributions have included articles by Kevin B. MacDonald, Alex Kurtagić, and Samuel T. Francis.[44] He also hosts a weekly podcast, Vanguard Radio.

In January 2011, Spencer also became president and director of the National Policy Institute (NPI), a think tank previously based in Virginia and Montana.[45] George Hawley, an assistant professor of political science at the University of Alabama, has described NPI as "rather obscure and marginalized" until Spencer became its president.[46]

In 2014, Spencer was deported from Budapest, Hungary, (and, because of the Schengen Agreement, banned from 26 countries in Europe for three years) after trying to organize the National Policy Institute Conference, a conference for white nationalists.[47][48]

On January 15, 2017, Spencer launched AltRight.com, another commentary website for alt-right members.[49] According to Spencer, the site is a populist and big tent site for members of the alt-right.[50] Swedish publisher Daniel Friberg of Arktos Media is co-founder and European editor of the site.[51] The Southern Poverty Law Center describes the common thread among contributors as anti-Semitism, rather than white nationalism or white supremacism in general.[52][53]  Notable contributors on AltRight.com include Henrik Palmgren and Jared Taylor.[54][55]

On February 23, 2017, Spencer was removed from the Conservative Political Action Conference where he was giving statements to the press. A CPAC spokesman said he was removed from the event because other members found him "repugnant".[56]

On May 13, 2017, Spencer led a torch-lit protest in Charlottesville, Virginia, against the vote of the city council to remove a statue of Robert E. Lee, the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War.[57] Spencer led the crowd in chants of "You will not replace us" and "Blood and soil".[58][59] Michael Signer, the mayor of Charlottesville, called the protest "horrific", and stated that it was either "profoundly ignorant" or intended to instill fear among minorities "in a way that hearkens back to the days of the KKK".[58][57][60]

In August 2017, Spencer was listed on posters promoting the Charlottesville, Virginia, Unite the Right rally, which devolved into a notorious and violent confrontation.[61]

In November 2017, Twitter removed from Spencer's account the blue check mark that, reported The Washington Post, "the company gives to prominent accounts to help readers ensure they are authentic". Spencer told The Post he was worried this would lead to Twitter banning people like him.[62] He later joined the social network Gab.[76]

Public speaking

Spencer was invited to speak at Vanderbilt University in 2010 and Providence College in 2011 by Youth for Western Civilization.[63][64]

During a speech Spencer gave in mid-November 2016 at an alt-right conference attended by approximately 200 people in Washington, D.C., Spencer quoted Nazi propaganda in the original German and denounced Jews.[9] Audience members cheered and made the Nazi salute when he said, "Hail Trump, hail our people, hail victory!"[9][65] and extended his right arm with a glass to toast that victory.[66] Spencer later defended their conduct, stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of "irony and exuberance".[67] It was later revealed that Spencer had made the Nazi salute at a karaoke bar in April 2016.[16]

Groups and events Spencer has spoken to include the Property and Freedom Society,[68] the American Renaissance conference,[69] and the HL Mencken Club.[70] In November 2016, an online petition to prevent Spencer from speaking at Texas A&M University on December 6, 2016, was signed by thousands of students, employees, and alumni.[71] A protest and a university-organized counter-event were held to coincide with Spencer's event.[72]

On January 20, 2017, Spencer attended the inauguration of Donald Trump. As he was giving an impromptu interview on a nearby street afterwards, a masked man punched Spencer in the face, then fled.[73][74] A video of the incident was posted online, leading to divergent views on whether the attack was appropriate.[75]

Shortly after the violent Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017, the University of Florida denied Spencer's request for a September 2017 speaking opportunity, citing public safety grounds after opposition from students and locals of Gainesville, Florida.[76] Due to safety reasons, he was also denied speaking requests at Louisiana State University and Michigan State University in August 2017.[77][78] In September 2017, Cameron Padgett, who tried to book Spencer, sued MSU; he was represented by Kyle Bristow, an MSU alumnus.[79][80]

On August 16, during a television interview with Israeli Channel 2 anchor Danny Kushmaro, Spencer claimed that "Jews are vastly over-represented in... 'the establishment', that is, Ivy League educated people who really determine policy".[3] Inspired by Israel's example as an exclusionary ethnic state,[81] he described his political position as "a white Zionist", as he wants white people "to have a secure homeland for us and ourselves".[3]

Speech at University of Florida

After the University of Florida's August 2017 denial of Spencer's request to speak the following month, Floridian lawyer Gary Edinger threatened to sue the university for violating the First Amendment by prohibiting Spencer from speaking despite being a publicly funded institution. The university subsequently reached an agreement with Edinger allowing Spencer to speak on October 19, 2017.[82] Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for Alachua County on October 16, saying: "I find that the threat of a potential emergency is imminent" as a result of Spencer's appearance.[83][84]

On October 19, 2017, Spencer spoke at the Curtis M. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts on university grounds. In addition to Spencer, the speakers included Eli Mosley of Identity Evropa, a white supremacist group from California, and Mike Enoch, a white nationalist blogger.[85][86] The event's security costs reportedly amounted to an estimated $600,000.[87] It drew about 2,500 protestors, vastly outnumbering Spencer's supporters.[88][89]

The speech, which was Spencer's first public appearance after the Charlottesville rally, was disrupted by loud protests.[90][91][92] When drowned out by chants from the audience, he grew visibly frustrated, stating that the protestors were interfering with his freedom of speech. He added: "You are all engaged in what's known as the heckler's veto." According to Clay Calvert, director of the Marion B. Brechner First Amendment Project at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications, non-violent protesting, booing and suggesting that the speaker leave was not a heckler's veto in law. The speech and the concurrent protests were largely peaceful.[89][93]

Later that day, three of Spencer's supporters were arrested on felony charges following an alleged discharge of a firearm, directed at protestors leaving the event. The three suspects were residents of Texas who had travelled to Florida to hear Spencer speak. According to the Gainesville Police Department, they had shouted "Hail Hitler" and gave Nazi salutes immediately before the alleged attack. Authorities said that two of the suspects had known links to extremist groups.[94] The men had participated in the August 2017 Unite the Right rally, where Spencer had been scheduled to speak.[95][96] All three were charged with attempted homicide.[97]

In the aftermath of the October 19 events, Ohio State University declined Spencer's request to allow him to speak on campus, citing "substantial risk to public safety". In response, a lawyer representing Spencer's associate and organizer of his speaking tour filed a lawsuit against the university.[25]

Montana

In 2013, a dispute with neoconservative lobbyist Randy Scheunemann at Whitefish Mountain Resort in Montana drew public attention to Spencer and his political views.[98]

The National Policy Institute think tank, AlternativeRight.com, and Radix Journal all use the same mailing address in Whitefish, Montana.[99]

In 2014, a pro-tolerance group affiliated with the Montana Human Rights Network rallied against Spencer's residency in Whitefish. In response, the city council approved a non-discrimination resolution.[100]

In December 2016, Republican Representative Ryan Zinke, Republican Senator Steve Daines, Democratic Senator Jon Tester, Democratic Governor Steve Bullock and Republican Attorney General Tim Fox condemned a neo-Nazi march that had been planned for January 2017.[101] The community of Whitefish organized in opposition to the event, and the march never occurred.[102]

Also in December 2016, Spencer announced he was considering an independent run for Montana's at-large congressional district in the 2017 special election, although he ultimately did not enter the race.[103][104][105]

Views

White identity

Spencer believes in white pride and the unification of a pan-European "white race" in a "potential racial empire" resembling the Roman Empire.[127][128][129] In an interview with CNN, he was criticized for an apparent inconsistency or lack of clarity in his definition of white, with his interviewer noting that Spencer defined Syrians as white in the context of Steve Jobs's role in developing the iPhone, but described them as a non-white presence in Europe in the context of the Syrian refugee crisis.[106]

In 2013, the Anti-Defamation League called Spencer a "leader" in white supremacist circles, and said that after leaving The American Conservative, he rejected conservatism, because he believed its adherents "can't or won't represent explicitly white interests".[107]

In one interview in which he was asked if he would condemn the Ku Klux Klan and Adolf Hitler, he refused by saying: "I'm not going to play this game", while stating that Hitler had "done things that I think are despicable", without elaborating on which things he was referring to.[108] Spencer also admires George Lincoln Rockwell, the founder of the American Nazi Party, for using "shock [as] a positive means to an end".[109]

In a 2016 interview for Time magazine, Spencer said he rejected white supremacy and the slavery of nonwhites, preferring to establish America as a white ethnostate.[110] He also advocates the creation of a white ethnostate in Europe that would be open to all "racial Europeans".[135][111][112][113][114]

Some commentators see Spencer and other white nationalists as appropriating some elements of socialist rhetoric to critique a "notion of capitalism centred on stereotypes of Jews" [115]

Criticism of ethno-nationalism, support for white racial empire

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Spencer has advocated for a white homeland for a "dispossessed white race", and called for "peaceful ethnic cleansing" to halt the "deconstruction" of what he describes as "white culture".[43][10][11] To this end he has supported what he has called "the creation of a White Ethno-State on the North American continent", an "ideal" that he has regarded as a "reconstitution of the Roman Empire".[135][111] Prior to the UK vote to leave the EU, Spencer expressed support for the multi-national bloc "as a potential racial empire" and an alternative to "American hegemony", stating that he has "always been highly skeptical of so-called 'Euro-Skeptics'".[116]

Donald Trump

Spencer supported Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election and called Trump's election "the victory of will", a phrase evoking the title of Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will (1935), a Nazi-era propaganda film.[9] Upon Trump's appointment of Steve Bannon as chief White House strategist and senior counselor, Spencer said Bannon would be in "the best possible position" to influence policy.[117] In November 2018, however, Spencer told his followers "The Trump moment is over, and it's time for us to move on." The Southern Poverty Law Center reported that, around the same time, the white nationalist movement as a whole was dissatisfied with Trump's presidency.[118]

Women

During the 2016 United States presidential election, Spencer tweeted that women should not be allowed to make foreign policy.[119][120] He also stated in an interview with The Washington Post that his vision of America as a white ethnostate included women returning to traditional roles as childbearers and homemakers.[121][122] In October 2017, when asked his opinion on American women having the right to vote, he said: "I don't necessarily think that that's a great thing" after stating that he was "not terribly excited" about voting in general.[120]

Homosexuality

Spencer opposes same-sex marriage,[123] which he has described as "unnatural" and a "non-issue", commenting that "very few gay men will find the idea of monogamy to their liking".[124]

Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage, Spencer barred people with anti-gay views from the National Policy Institute's annual conference in 2015.[125]

Health care

Spencer supports legal access to abortion, in part because he believes it would reduce the number of black and Hispanic people, which he says would be a "great boon" to white people.[126] Spencer supports a national single-payer health care system because he believes it would benefit white people.[127][128]

Christianity

Spencer is an atheist,[129] but believes the Christian church previously held some pragmatic value, as Spencer believes it helped unify the white population of Europe. He opposes traditional Christian values as a moral code, due to Christianity being a universalizing religion, rather than an ethnic religion. Spencer references his views on Christianity as being influenced by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.[130][131][132] Citing Nietzsche's criticism of anti-Semitism and nationalism, Scott Galupo writing for The Week, Sean Illing for Vox, and Jordan Harris for The Courier-Journal have described Spencer's interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy as incorrect.[133][134][130] Spencer's Radix Journal has promoted paganism, running titles such as "Why I am a pagan".[135] Spencer has also described himself as a "cultural Christian".[136]

Iraq war

Spencer states he voted for Democrat John Kerry over incumbent Republican George W. Bush during the 2004 United States presidential election, because Bush stood for "the war".[137]

Fourteen Words

Spencer is an advocate of the Fourteen Words, a white supremacist slogan, and has promoted it.[138] Despite his support, he has clarified that he'd prefer to merge the alt-right and alt-lite into one political force, claiming that "If I wanted to create a movement that was 1488 white nationalist, I would have done that".[139]

Views on Russia and NATO

Spencer has advocated for the US pulling out of NATO, and called Russia the "sole white power in the world". His partner then Kouprianova, under her pen name Nina Byzantina referred to herself as a "Kremlin troll leader" and regularly aligned to Kremlin talking points, with ties to Alexander Dugin, a far-right ultranationalist Russian intellectual leader in the Eurasianism movement and writer of Foundations of Geopolitics. The webzine founded by Spencer in 2010, called Alternative Right, accepted direct contributor pieces from Dugin.[140]

Libertarianism

In the late 2000s, Spencer was involved in the libertarian movement, supporting libertarian Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul[141] and hosting him at his discussion club, the Robert Taft Club.[142] Spencer later disavowed libertarianism as incompatible with white nationalism, and in 2017 he came into conflict with libertarians after reportedly attempting to "crash" an International Students for Liberty conference.[143] However, Spencer's disavowal notwithstanding, some commentators do see commonality between the alt-right and libertarianism.[141]

Personal life

In 2010, Spencer moved to Whitefish, Montana. He says he splits his time between Whitefish and Arlington, Virginia,[144][145] although he has said he has lived in Whitefish for over 10 years and considers it home.[146] As of 2017 Spencer was renting an apartment in Alexandria, Virginia[147] but moved out in August 2018.[148]

Spencer married Nina Kouprianova in 2010, with whom he has two children.[149] Prior to this, Spencer's dating history included Asian women, which he has said predates his white nationalism, though this evaluation is disputed.[150]

He was separated from Kouprianova, who is Russian-Canadian,[151] in October 2016;[37] in April 2017, Spencer said he and his wife were not separated and were still together.[152] Kouprianova has translated several books written by Aleksandr Dugin, a Russian political analyst known for his fascist views.[153][154][155] The books were later published by Spencer's publishing house, Washington Summit Publishers.[156]

In June 2018, Spencer published the results of a DNA test by 23andMe, which showed him to have 99.5% European ancestry and 0.5% non-European ancestry.[157]

In October of 2018, Nina Kouprianova, Spencer's wife, accused him in divorce documents of various forms of abuse.[158] Court documents detailed emotional abuse, financial abuse, and violent physical abuse, including when Kouprianova was 9 months pregnant, and frequently in front of their children.[159] A caregiver to the children testified in court about Spencer's abuses towards both her and Kouprianova.[160]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Richard Bertrand Spencer|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/richard-bertrand-spencer-0|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=December 29, 2017|language=en}}
2. ^*{{cite news|last1=Peoples|first1=Steve|title=Energized white supremacists cheer Trump convention message|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/70541105d2f149cc9b7b6951d8a13e7a/energized-white-supremacists-cheer-trump-convention-message|work=Associated Press|date=July 24, 2016|location=Cleveland, OH}}*{{cite news|last1=Wines|first1=Michael|last2=Saul|first2=Stephanie|title=White Supremacists Extend Their Reach Through Websites|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/us/white-supremacists-extend-their-reach-through-websites.html|work=The New York Times|date=July 5, 2015}}*{{cite news|last1=Gelin|first1=Martin|title=White Flight: America's white supremacists are ignored at home. So they are looking to start over with a little help from Europe's far right|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/11/jared_taylor_richard_spencer_and_american_white_supremacists_in_europe_why.html|work=Slate|date=November 13, 2014|location=Budapest, Hungary}}*{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Welch|first2=Sara|last2=Ganim|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/06/politics/richard-spencer-interview-texas-am-speech/|title=White Supremacist Richard Spencer: 'We reached tens of millions of people' with video|publisher=CNN|date=December 6, 2016}}*{{cite news|last=Mangan|first=Katherine|title=A push to 'expand white privilege': Richard B. Spencer president, National Policy Institute, a white-supremacist group|newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=December 9, 2016|page=A6+}}*{{cite web|last=Zalman|first=Jonathan|title=Neo-Nazi Website Tells Readers to 'Take Action' Against Jews on Behalf of Richard Spencer's Mother in Montana.|work=Tablet|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/220458/neo-nazi-website-tells-readers-to-take-action-against-jews-including-children-on-behalf-of-richard-spencers-mother-in-montana|date=December 19, 2016}}*{{cite news|title=Campus clashes as US white supremacist gives speech.|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=December 7, 2016|page=22}}*{{cite journal|first=Gretel|last=Kauffman|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2016/1123/Donald-Trump-again-disavows-so-called-alt-right-supporters|title=Donald Trump again disavows so-called alt-right supporters|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=November 23, 2016}}*{{cite journal|first=Gretel|last=Kauffman|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1120/White-supremacists-convene-in-celebration-of-Trump-victory|title=White supremacists convene in celebration of Trump victory|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=November 20, 2016}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web | author1= T. Staff | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-tells-israelis-that-jews-are-over-represented | title = White nationalist Richard Spencer tells Israelis that Jews are 'over-represented' | date = Aug 17, 2017 | language = en | website = timesofisrael.com | quotation = Alt-right leader describes himself as a 'white Zionist', saying he wants a secure homeland for 'my people' like the Jews have in Israel | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819072148/https://www.timesofisrael.com/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-tells-israelis-that-jews-are-over-represented | archive-date = August 19, 2018 | deadurl = no}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/alt-right-richard-spencer-punched-anti-donald-trump-protest-meme-pepe-the-frog-inauguration-day-a7541461.html|title=Alt-right leader Richard Spencer worries getting punched will become 'meme to end all memes'|work=The Independent|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=February 25, 2017|author=Maya Oppenheim}}
5. ^{{cite news|last1=Ehrenfreund|first1=Max|title=What the alt-right really wants, according to a professor writing a book about them|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/11/21/what-the-alt-right-really-wants-according-to-a-professor-writing-a-book-about-them|accessdate=November 24, 2016|work=Washington Post|date=November 21, 2016}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Posner|first1=Sarah|title=Meet the Alt-Right 'Spokesman' Who's Thrilled With Trump's Rise|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/meet-the-alt-right-spokesman-thrilled-by-trumps-rise-w443902|work=Rolling Stone|date=October 18, 2016}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/alternative-right|title=Alternative Right|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|accessdate=November 22, 2016}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/benjamin-wallace-wells/is-the-alt-right-for-real|title=Is the Alt-Right for Real?|last1=Wallace-Wells|first1=Benjamin|date=May 5, 2016|work=The New Yorker}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|title=Alt-Right Exults in Donald Trump's Election With a Salute: 'Heil Victory'|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|date=November 20, 2016|work=The New York Times}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Kirchick|first1=James|title=A Racist's Crazy Ski Resort Smackdown|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/18/a-racist-s-crazy-ski-resort-imbroglio.html|work=The Daily Beast|date=October 18, 2014}}
11. ^1 {{cite news|date=November 22, 2016|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/richard-spencer-white-nationalist-leading-alt-right-movement/|work=The Telegraph|title=Nazi salutes and white supremacism: Who is Richard Spencer, the 'racist academic' behind the 'Alt right' movement|author=Chris Graham}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/media/Why-Did-Charles-Barkley-Talk-To-Neo-Nazi-Richard-864316.php|title=Why Did Charles Barkley Talk To Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer? - SFGate|website=www.sfgate.com}}
13. ^{{cite journal|first1=Srividya|last1=Ramasubramanian|first2=Caitlin|last2=Miles|title=White Nationalist Rhetoric, Neoliberal Multiculturalism and Colour Blind Racism: Decolonial Critique of Richard Spencer's Campus Visit|journal=Javnost - the Public|volume=25|issue=4|date=May 23, 2018|issn=1318-3222|pages=426–440|doi=10.1080/13183222.2018.1463352}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/section/administration/university-will-not-deny-spencer-request-speak-campus|title=University moves to schedule Spencer request to speak on campus|publisher=}}
15. ^{{cite news|accessdate=June 11, 2018|title=Texas A&M plans unity event for same time as white nationalist speech|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article117788403.html|newspaper=star-telegram}}
16. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/heres-how-breitbart-and-milo-smuggled-white-nationalism|title=Alt-White: How the Breitbart Machine Laundered Racist Hate|publisher=Buzzfeed|date=October 5, 2017|first=Joseph|last=Bernstein}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/politics/alt-right-gathering-donald-trump/index.html|title=Alt-right leader: 'Hail Trump! Hail our people! Hail victory!'|last=Bradner|first=Eric|date=November 22, 2016|work=CNN|access-date=October 20, 2017}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html|title=Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute|last=Goldstein|first=Joseph|date=November 20, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 20, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
19. ^Chuck Johnston, "Charlottesville car crash suspect ID'd as 20-year-old Ohio man" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011757/http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-car-crash-suspect-idd/index.html|date=August 13, 2017}}, CNN (August 12, 2017).
20. ^{{cite news |first1=Jason |last1=Wilson |first2=Edward |last2=Helmore |first3=Jon |last3=Swaine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/12/virginia-unite-the-right-rally-protest-violence |title=Charlottesville: man charged with murder after car rams counter-protesters at far-right event |work=The Guardian |date=August 12, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813050625/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/12/virginia-unite-the-right-rally-protest-violence |archivedate=August 13, 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/fields-faces-additional-felony-charges-related-to-aug-fatal-crash/article_7608f516-845d-11e7-986e-b73741c8b869.html|title=Fields faces 5 additional felony charges related to Aug. 12 fatal crash|newspaper=The Daily Progress|date=August 18, 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/24/richard-spencer-charlottesville-conspiracy-trial|title=Richard Spencer acted like gang boss, Charlottesville conspiracy trial hears|first=David|last=Smith|date=May 24, 2018|website=the Guardian}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/16/594199522/lawyers-sue-white-supremacists-over-charlottesville-violence|title=Lawyers Sue White Supremacists Over Charlottesville Violence|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/richard-spencer-event-linked-man-charged-attempted-murder-according-planning-693941|title=A planning document for an alt-right event in Florida shows links to an attempted murder suspect|date=October 27, 2017|publisher=}}
25. ^1 "Ohio State sued over refusal to let white nationalist Richard Spencer speak" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023075758/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ohio-state-sued-refusal-white-nationalist-speak-50645877 |date=October 23, 2017}}, ABC News
26. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/richard-spencer-wife-domestic-violence-nina-kouprianova-alt-right-russia-a8729226.html | title=Richard Spencer's wife details years of alleged domestic violence against her| date=2019-01-15}}
27. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.gq.com/story/richard-spencer-domestic-violence | title=Alt-Right Leader Richard Spencer Proves He's as Heinous as You Think| date=2019-01-14}}
28. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-spencer-nina-kouprianova-divorce-abuse_us_5c2fc90ee4b0d75a9830ab69 | title=You Should Care That Richard Spencer's Wife Says He Abused Her| newspaper=Huffington Post| date=2019-01-13| last1=Lenz| first1=Lyz}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/12/u-k-s-next-leader-banned-a-prominent-white-nationalist-from-visiting/|title=U.K.'s next leader banned a prominent white nationalist from visiting|first=David|last=Weigel|date=July 12, 2016|publisher=|access-date=November 23, 2017|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}
30. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/13/the-bumbling-bigots-of-budapest/|title=The Bumbling Bigots of Budapest|publisher=}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29503378|title=Far right holds secret congress in Hungary|first=Nick|last=Thorpe|date=October 7, 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com|work=BBC News}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://nol.hu/belfold/ez-politikai-uldoztetes-1490215|title=Itt vannak a fajvédők, de a Jobbikot nem szeretik|first=Szőcs|last=László|date=October 3, 2014|publisher=}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/richard-spencer-ban-european-countries-alt-right-white-supremacist-neo-nazi-eu-a8071971.html|title=Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer 'banned from 26 European countries'|publisher=|date=2017-11-23}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/27/poland-to-richard-spencer-keep-out|title=Poland to Richard Spencer: keep out|first=Associated Press in|last=Warsaw|date=October 27, 2017|website=the Guardian}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=https://thinkprogress.org/richard-spencer-is-effectively-barred-from-europe-30b18131d272|work=ThinkProgress|title=Richard Spencer learns about strong borders, barred from European travel|first=Casey|last=Michel|date=July 5, 2018|accessdate=July 8, 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web|last1=Burghart|first1=Devin|title=Who is Richard Spencer?|url=http://www.irehr.org/2014/06/27/who-is-richard-spencer/|website=IREHR|accessdate=December 7, 2016|date=June 27, 2014}}
37. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Harkinson|first1=Josh|title=Meet The Dapper White Nationalist Who Wins Even If Trump Loses|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist|work=Mother Jones|date=October 27, 2016}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=White Nationalist Richard Spencer Gets His Money From Louisiana Cotton Fields—and the US Government|last1=Williams|first1=Lance|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/03/richard-spencer-cotton-farms-louisiana-subsidies|work=Mother Jones|date=March 17, 2017}}
39. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|title=His Kampf|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/his-kampf/524505/|accessdate=May 16, 2017|work=The Atlantic|date=June 2017|quote=In 2011, he moved from Washington to Whitefish, Montana, where his mother owns a vacation home and a commercial building. (She is the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana, and his father is a respected Dallas ophthalmologist.)}}
40. ^{{cite news|last1=Downs|first1=Caleb|title=For white nationalists, Trump win a dream come true, says alt-right leader from Dallas|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2016/11/16/trumps-rise-first-stage-white-nationalist-movement-says-alt-right-leader-dallas|accessdate=August 23, 2017|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=November 16, 2016|quote=He was born in Massachusetts, but moved to the Preston Hollow neighborhood of Dallas when he was about 2 years old.}}
41. ^{{cite web|last1=Stadler|first1=Friedrich|title=Statement on behalf of the Institute Vienna Circle|url=https://www.univie.ac.at/ivc/Klarstellung_Spencer.pdf|website=Institute Vienna Circle|accessdate=December 2, 2016}}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/07/alt-right-william-regnery-richard-spencer/|title="The alt-right side of history will prevail", says the fringe Republican bankrolling Richard Spencer|work=Mother Jones|access-date=October 17, 2017|language=en-US}}
43. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Alternative Right|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/richard-bertrand-spencer-0|accessdate=November 22, 2016|work=Southern Poverty Law Center}}
44. ^The Great Erasure {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202160322/http://www.radixjournal.com/books/the-great-erasure |date=February 2, 2017}} (Radix Journal)
45. ^{{cite news|last1=OPP HQ|title=A New Building Goes Up in Montana – Courtesy of White Supremacist Dick Spencer|url=http://onepeoplesproject.com/index.php/en/archive/88-the-so-called-qalt-rightq/1500-a-new-building-goes-up-in-montana-courtesy-of-white-supremacist-dick-spencer|work=One People's Project|date=November 23, 2014|location=Whitefish, MT|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153751/http://onepeoplesproject.com/index.php/en/archive/88-the-so-called-qalt-rightq/1500-a-new-building-goes-up-in-montana-courtesy-of-white-supremacist-dick-spencer|archivedate=November 22, 2016}}
46. ^{{cite book|last1=Hawley|first1=George|title=Making Sense of the Alt-Right|date=2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231185127|page=59|oclc=987742156|quote=Despite the innocuous name, NPI has since its inception been a white-nationalist organization. The organization was rather obscure and marginalized until Spencer was chosen as its new president in 2011, at which point Alternative Right became an NPI initiative.}}
47. ^{{cite news|last1=Gelin|first1=Martin|title=White Flight: America's white supremacists are ignored at home. So they are looking to start over with a little help from Europe's far right|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/11/jared_taylor_richard_spencer_and_american_white_supremacists_in_europe_why.html|work=Slate|date=November 13, 2014|location=Budapest, Hungary}}
48. ^{{cite news|last1=Pintér|first1=Sándor|title=Minister of Interior bans racist conference|url=http://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/minister-of-interior-bans-racist-conference|publisher=Website of the Hungarian Government|date=September 29, 2014}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.adl.org/anti-semitism/alt-right-moving-from-online-to-real-world-activity|title=Alt Right Moving From Online to Real-World Activity|website=blog.adl.org|access-date=February 22, 2017}}
50. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/25/alt-right-movement-doxxing-richard-spencer-interview|title=The weakening of the 'alt-right': how infighting and doxxing are taking a toll|last=Wilson|first=Jason|date=January 25, 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=February 22, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
51. ^{{cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Tom|title=Meet Daniel Friberg, the Swedish mining tycoon bankrolling the alt-right's global media empire|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/meet-swedish-mining-tycoon-bankrolling-alt-rights-global-media-empire-1608221|work=International Business Times UK|date=March 3, 2017|language=en}}
52. ^{{Cite news|url=http://forward.com/fast-forward/360401/richard-spencer-and-white-supremacists-aim-for-bigger-platform-with-altrigh/|title=Richard Spencer and White Supremacists Aim for Bigger Platform With 'AltRight.com'|newspaper=The Forward|access-date=February 21, 2017}}
53. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/01/17/richard-spencer-launches-alt-right-website-martin-luther-king-jrs-birthday|title=Richard Spencer Launches 'Alt-Right' Website on Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, Birthday|newspaper=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=February 21, 2017|language=en}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/arrests-made-as-protesters-clash-at-pro-trump-rally-in-berkeley/ar-BBzSqR9|title=Arrests made as protesters clash at pro-Trump rally in Berkeley|website=www.msn.com|access-date=May 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519094622/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/arrests-made-as-protesters-clash-at-pro-trump-rally-in-berkeley/ar-BBzSqR9|archive-date=May 19, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
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56. ^{{cite news|last1=Bobic|first1=Igor|title=White Nationalist Richard Spencer Booted Out Of CPAC|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-spencer-cpac_us_58af15c4e4b0780bac27263b?c9s4ya6r9ssq3erk9&|accessdate=February 24, 2017|publisher=Huffington Post|date=February 23, 2017}}
57. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/charlottesville-protest-richard-spender-kkk-robert-e-lee-statue/|title=Mayor: Torch-lit protest in Charlottesville, Va. "harkens back to the days of the KKK"|accessdate=May 15, 2017|language=en}}
58. ^1 {{cite news|last=Hayden|first=Michael Edison|date=May 14, 2017|title=Mayor of Charlottesville calls pro-Confederate rallies 'horrific'|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/mayor-charlottesville-calls-pro-confederate-rallies-horrific/story?id=47404820|work=ABC News|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|accessdate=May 15, 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/alt-rights-richard-spencer-leads-torch-bearing-protesters-defending-lee-statue/2017/05/14/766aaa56-38ac-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer leads torch-bearing protesters defending Lee statue|website=Washington Post|accessdate=May 15, 2017}}
60. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/14/528363829/richard-spencer-leads-group-protesting-sale-of-confederate-statue|title=Richard Spencer Leads Group Protesting Sale Of Confederate Statue|work=NPR.org|accessdate=May 15, 2017|language=en}}
61. ^nbc29.com: "ADL Lists Kessler, Other 'Unite The Right' Speakers as White Supremacists", July 25, 2017
62. ^{{cite web|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|title=Twitter was slammed for verifying a white nationalist. It just took away his blue check mark.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/11/15/twitter-unverifies-prominent-white-nationalists-saying-check-marks-were-not-meant-as-endorsements/|website=The Washington Post|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=November 18, 2017}}
63. ^{{cite web|title=Richard Spencer: A Symbol Of The New White Supremacy|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/richard-spencer-a-symbol-of-the-new-white-supremacy?_ga=2.52800234.356434171.1503091964-1785774701.1503091964|website=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=August 20, 2017|date=May 14, 2013|quote=In 2010 and 2011, leaders of the now defunct racist student group, Youth for Western Civilization, invited Spencer to speak at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and Providence College in Rhode Island.}}
64. ^{{cite news|last1=Liebelson|first1=Dana|title=Man Who Held 'Better To Grab A P***y Than To Be One' Sign At Pro-Trump Rally Has Ties To White Nationalists|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-white-nationalists_us_580129dde4b06e047594bc5f|accessdate=August 20, 2017|work=The Huffington Post|date=October 15, 2016|quote=In 2010, Saucier's group invited Richard Spencer, a white nationalist who has since become a prominent member of the pro-Trump "alt-Right", to speak.}}
65. ^{{cite news |last1=Lombroso |first1=Daniel |last2=Appelbaum|first2=Yoni|title='Hail Trump!': White Nationalists Salute the President-Elect |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/richard-spencer-speech-npi/508379/|work=The Atlantic|date=November 21, 2016|format=Includes excerpted video|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/libertarians-clash-with-richard-spencer-in-dc/article/2615263|title=Libertarians clash with Richard Spencer in DC|date=February 18, 2017|publisher=Washington Examiner|author=Chaitin, Daniel}}
67. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/white-nationalist|title=Nazi salutes 'done in a spirit of irony and exuberance', alt-right leader says|last=Barajas|first=Joshua|newspaper=PBS NewsHour|accessdate=November 25, 2016}}
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69. ^{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title=American Renaissance Conference: Facing the Future as a Minority|url=http://www.npiamerica.org/the-national-policy-institute/blog/facing-the-future-as-a-minority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043334/http://www.npiamerica.org/the-national-policy-institute/blog/facing-the-future-as-a-minority|dead-url=yes|archive-date=January 5, 2014|work=The National Policy Institute|date=April 5, 2013}}
70. ^{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title=Richard Spencer kicks off the Fourth Annual HLMC Meeting|url=http://hlmenckenclub.org/2011-conference-audio/2013/5/6/richard-spencer-kicks-off-the-fourth-annual-hlmc-meeting|work=The Mencken Club|date=May 6, 2013}}
71. ^{{cite news|last1=Mangan|first1=Katherine|title=Richard Spencer, White Supremacist, Describes Goals of His 'Danger Tour' to College Campuses|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/White-Supremacist-Describes/238515|accessdate=November 29, 2016|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=November 28, 2016}}
72. ^{{cite news|last1=Jaschik|first1=Scott|title=Protests Greet White Supremacist at Texas A&M|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2016/12/07/protests-greet-white-supremacist-texas-am|accessdate=December 8, 2016|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=December 7, 2016}}
73. ^{{cite news|title=Watch White Nationalist Richard Spencer Get Punched|url=http://time.com/4642117/richard-spencer-punched-white-nationalist-nazi-trump-inauguration|accessdate=January 21, 2017|work=Time|date=January 20, 2017}}
74. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/politics/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-punched/index.html|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer punched during interview|last=Murphy|first=Paul P.|publisher=CNN|access-date=January 21, 2017}}
75. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/us/politics/richard-spencer-punched-attack.html?_r=0|title=Attack on Alt-Right Leader Has Internet Asking: Is It O.K. to Punch a Nazi?|last=Stack|first=Liam|work=New York Times|accessdate=January 22, 2017}}
76. ^{{cite web|last1=Strange|first1=Deborah|title=UF denies white nationalist Richard Spencer a campus platform|url=http://www.gainesville.com/news/20170816/uf-denies-white-nationalist-richard-spencer-campus-platform|website=The Gainesville Sun|accessdate=August 18, 2017|date=August 16, 2017}}
77. ^{{cite news|last1=Jaschik|first1=Scott|title=Michigan State, LSU Reject Supremacist Speaker|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/08/18/michigan-state-lsu-reject-supremacist-speaker?|accessdate=August 18, 2017|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=August 18, 2017}}
78. ^{{cite news|last1=Ballard|first1=Mark|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer is 'not welcome' on LSU campus, university president says|url=http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/article_5351036e-8391-11e7-ac47-1baae973bbe1.html|accessdate=August 18, 2017|work=The Advocate|date=August 17, 2017}}
79. ^{{cite news|last1=Roll|first1=Nick|title=Richard Spencer's Group Sues Michigan State U|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/09/05/richard-spencer%E2%80%99s-group-sues-michigan-state-u?|accessdate=September 6, 2017|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=September 5, 2017}}
80. ^{{cite news|last1=Jesse|first1=David|title=MSU sued by Richard Spencer's white supremacist group for refusing space on campus|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/09/03/msu-sued-richard-spencers-white-supremacist-group-refusing-space-campus/630355001/|accessdate=September 6, 2017|work=Detroit Free Press|date=September 3, 2017}}
81. ^{{cite news |last1=Thrall |first1=Nathan |title=BDS: how a controversial non-violent movement has transformed the Israeli-Palestinian debate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/14/bds-boycott-divestment-sanctions-movement-transformed-israeli-palestinian-debate |work=The Guardian |date=14 August 2018}}
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83. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/17/558294630/floridas-governor-declares-state-of-emergency-ahead-of-richard-spencer-speech|title=Florida's Governor Declares State Of Emergency Ahead Of Richard Spencer Speech|last=Wamsley|first=Laurel|date=October 17, 2017|work=NPR|access-date=October 20, 2017|language=en}}
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85. ^{{cite web|url=http://wfla.com/2017/10/19/richard-spencer-drowned-out-by-boos-at-uf-speech-call-for-firing-of-white-professors/|title=WATCH: Richard Spencer gets drowned out by boos at UF speech|date=October 19, 2017|publisher=}}
86. ^[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/10/19/richard-spencer-shouted-down-university-florida-speech/781966001/ "'Go home, racist!' Richard Spencer shouted down at University of Florida speech"], USA Today
87. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/19/richard-spencer-protest-university-florida-speech-white-supremacist "White supremacist Richard Spencer faces barrage of protest at Florida speech"], The Guardian"
88. ^"Richard Spencer Shouted Down in Florida, Cuts his Speech Short", Newsweek
89. ^1 "Behind-scenes logistics at protest let officers control chaos", The Gainesville Sun
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93. ^[https://www.news-press.com/story/news/2017/10/19/richard-spencer-uf-speech-live-coverage/778346001/ "Richard Spencer UF speech"], The News-Press
94. ^"3 Men Arrested After Shooting at Richard Spencer's University of Florida Speech", Time
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96. ^[https://www.adl.org/blog/three-texas-men-arrested-following-richard-spencers-university-speech "Three Texas Men Arrested Following Richard Spencer's University Speech"], Anti-Defamation League blog
97. ^Deborah Strange, Three supporters of white nationalist Richard Spencer arrested after shot fired at Florida venue, Gainesville Sun (October 20, 2017).
98. ^{{cite news|last1=Baldwin|first1=Matt|title=Fight at Whitefish Mountain resort gets national spotlight|url=http://www.thewesternnews.com/news/article_2fa45974-74db-11e4-954f-13a960769a61.html|work=Whitefish Pilot|date=November 25, 2014}}
99. ^{{cite news|last1=Sakariassen|first1=Alex|title=Rachel Maddow calls out white "nationalist" nonprofit in Flathead|url=http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/IndyBlog/archives/2013/05/13/rachel-maddow-calls-out-white-nationalist-nonprofit-in-flathead|work=Missoula Independent|date=May 13, 2013|quote=Segment, "Our People", starts at 2:13|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122155048/http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/IndyBlog/archives/2013/05/13/rachel-maddow-calls-out-white-nationalist-nonprofit-in-flathead|archivedate=November 22, 2016}}
100. ^{{cite news|last1=Desch|first1=Heidi|title=Council takes stand in support of diversity|url=http://www.whitefishpilot.com/news/article_845ce4d0-7a68-11e4-b5d7-131433998d22.html|work=Whitefish Pilot|date=December 2, 2014}}
101. ^{{cite news|last1=Coffman|first1=Keith|last2=Johnson|first2=Eric M.|title=Montana Lawmakers Unite To Denounce Neo-Nazi Rally Plans|url=http://forward.com/news/breaking-news/358511/montana-lawmakers-unite-to-denounce-neo-nazi-rally-plans/|accessdate=December 29, 2016|work=Forward|date=December 27, 2016}}
102. ^{{cite web|last1=Beckett|first1=Lois|title=How Richard Spencer's home town weathered a neo-Nazi 'troll storm'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/05/richard-spencer-whitefish-neo-nazi-march|website=The Guardian|accessdate=July 11, 2017|date=February 5, 2017}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-richard-spencer-congress-20161220-story.html|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer considers a run for Montana congressional seat|author=Lee, Kurtis|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=December 20, 2016|accessdate=January 25, 2018}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/16/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-considering-running-for-congress.html|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer considering running for Congress|author=Vielma, Antonio José|publisher=CNBC|date=December 16, 2016|accessdate=January 25, 2018}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2016/12/20/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-seriously-considering-run-congress-montana-seatvacated|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer 'seriously considering' run for Congress if Montana seat vacated|author=Downs, Caleb|newspaper=The Dallas Morning News|date=December 20, 2016|accessdate=January 25, 2018}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1612/06/cnnt.02.html|title=CNN.com - Transcripts|website=transcripts.cnn.com}}
107. ^{{cite news|title=Richard Spencer: A Symbol Of The New White Supremacy|url=http://blog.adl.org/extremism/richard-spencer-a-symbol-of-the-new-white-supremacy|work=Anti-Defamation League|date=May 14, 2013}}
108. ^{{cite news|last1=Bandler|first1=Aaron|title=5 Things To Know About Alt-Right Leader Richard Spencer|url=http://www.dailywire.com/news/11089/5-things-know-about-alt-right-leader-richard-aaron-bandler|accessdate=March 14, 2017|work=The Daily Wire|date=November 25, 2016|quote="Hitler is a historical figure", he said. "He's done things that I think are despicable. I'm not going to play this game."}}
109. ^{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Michael E.|title=The shadow of an assassinated American Nazi commander hangs over Charlottesville|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/21/the-shadow-of-an-assassinated-american-nazi-commander-hangs-over-charlottesville/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.b6d5b5ac3c11|accessdate=August 21, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=December 16, 2018}}
110. ^{{cite news|last1=Altman|first1=Alex|title=The Billionaire and the Bigots: How Donald Trump's Campaign Brought White Nationalists Out of the Shadows|url=http://time.com/4293564/the-billionaire-and-the-bigots|work=Time|date=April 14, 2016|subscription=yes}}
111. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard B.|title=Facing the Future As a Minority|url=http://www.radixjournal.com/journal/2016/9/28/facing-the-future-as-a-minority|website=Radix Journal|accessdate=March 11, 2017|date=September 28, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063115/http://www.radixjournal.com/journal/2016/9/28/facing-the-future-as-a-minority|archivedate=March 12, 2017}}
112. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist/|title=Meet the white nationalist trying to ride the Trump train to lasting power|publisher=}}
113. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/10/19/richard-spencer-speaks-uf-today-who-he/779206001/|title=Richard Spencer speaks at University of Florida today. Who is he?|publisher=}}
114. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.radixjournal.com/blog/2016/5/25/make-europe-great-again|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063232/http://www.radixjournal.com/blog/2016/5/25/make-europe-great-again|dead-url=yes|archive-date=March 12, 2017|title="Euro-Skepticism" Skepticism|date=March 12, 2017|publisher=}}
115. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/20/socialism-neoliberal-capitalism-far-right|title=Socialism, fascist-style: hostility to capitalism plus extreme racism|last=Wilson|first=Jason|date=2017-08-20|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26}}
116. ^{{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard B.|title="Euro-Skepticism" Skepticism|url=http://www.radixjournal.com/blog/2016/5/25/make-europe-great-again|website=Radix Journal|accessdate=March 11, 2017|date=May 25, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063232/http://www.radixjournal.com/blog/2016/5/25/make-europe-great-again|archivedate=March 12, 2017}}
117. ^{{cite news|last1=The Editorial Board|title=Steve 'Turn On the Hate' Bannon, in the White House|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/turn-on-the-hate-steve-bannon-at-the-white-house.html|work=The New York Times|date=November 15, 2016}}
118. ^{{cite news|title=Are white nationalists turning on Trump?|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/11/27/are-white-nationalists-turning-trump|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=November 27, 2018}}
119. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/08/20/544134546/the-women-behind-the-alt-right|title=The Women Behind The 'Alt-Right'|last=Bowman|first=Emma|date=August 20, 2017|work=NPR|access-date=October 15, 2017|language=en}}
120. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/alt-right-leader-richard-spencer-isnt-sure-if-women-should-be-allowed-vote-685048|title='Alt-Right' leader Richard Spencer isn't sure if women should be allowed to vote|last=Hayden|first=Michael Edison|date=October 14, 2017|work=Newsweek|access-date=October 15, 2017|language=en}}
121. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lets-party-like-its-1933-inside-the-disturbing-alt-right-world-of-richard-spencer/2016/11/22/cf81dc74-aff7-11e6-840f-e3ebab6bcdd3_story.html|title='Let's party like it's 1933': Inside the alt-right world of Richard Spencer|last=Cox|first=John Woodrow|date=November 22, 2016|work=Washington Post|access-date=October 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122235548/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lets-party-like-its-1933-inside-the-disturbing-alt-right-world-of-richard-spencer/2016/11/22/cf81dc74-aff7-11e6-840f-e3ebab6bcdd3_story.html|archive-date=November 22, 2016|dead-url=yes|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}
122. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/11/25/the-alt-right-isnt-just-about-white-supremacy-its-about-white-male-supremacy/|title=The alt-right isn't only about white supremacy. It's about white male supremacy|last=Paquette|first=Danielle|date=November 25, 2016|work=Washington Post|access-date=October 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126113832/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/11/25/the-alt-right-isnt-just-about-white-supremacy-its-about-white-male-supremacy/|archive-date=November 26, 2016|dead-url=yes|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}
123. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.radixjournal.com/altright-archive/altright-archive/main/blogs/untimely-observations/the-inevitablility-of-gay-marriage|title=The Inevitability of Gay Marriage|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard B.|date=August 5, 2010|work=Radix Journal|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123132957/http://www.radixjournal.com/altright-archive/altright-archive/main/blogs/untimely-observations/the-inevitablility-of-gay-marriage|archivedate=November 23, 2016}}
124. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.npiamerica.org/the-national-policy-institute/blog/the-end-of-the-culture-war|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817020023/http://www.npiamerica.org/the-national-policy-institute/blog/the-end-of-the-culture-war|dead-url=yes|archive-date=August 17, 2013|title=The End of the "Culture War"|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|date=June 26, 2013|work=The National Policy Institute}}
125. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/08/18/some-white-nationalists-continue-court-lgbt-community|title=Some White Nationalists Continue to Court the LGBT Community|last=Falvey|first=Rose|date=August 18, 2016|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}
126. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/his-kampf/524505/|title=His Kampf|last1=Wood|first1=Graeme|date=June 2017|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=May 16, 2017|quote=In 2011, he moved from Washington to Whitefish, Montana, where his mother owns a vacation home and a commercial building. (She is the heiress to cotton farms in Louisiana, and his father is a respected Dallas ophthalmologist.)}}
127. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/4/4/15164598/alt-right-single-payer-health-care-trump|title=Why the alt-right loves single-payer health care|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=April 4, 2017|publisher=Vox}}
128. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/the-racist-right-looks-left/|title=The Racist Right Looks Left|last=Minkowitz|first=Donna|date=December 8, 2017|work=The Nation|access-date=January 19, 2018|issn=0027-8378}}
129. ^{{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title=The Alt Right and Secular Humanism|url=http://www.altright.com/2017/01/23/the-alt-right-and-secular-humanism/|website=AltRight.com|accessdate=January 28, 2017|quote=McAfee: Are you religious? Do you support the Separation of Church and State? Spencer: I'm an atheist.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527031424/http://altright.com/2017/01/23/the-alt-right-and-secular-humanism/|archive-date=May 27, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
130. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/08/29/alt-right-rejects-christian-values-moral-guide-jordan-harris/608899001/|title=Alt-right rejects Christian values as moral guide|last=Harris|first=Jordan|work=The Courier-Journal|access-date=February 16, 2018|language=en}}
131. ^{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4915161/charlottesville-alt-right-alt-christianity/|last=McLaren|first=Brian|title=The 'Alt-Right' Has Created Alt-Christianity|website=Time|language=en|access-date=February 16, 2018}}
132. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/his-kampf/524505/|title=Richard Spencer Was My High-School Classmate|last=Wood|first=Graeme|work=The Atlantic|access-date=February 16, 2018|language=en-US}}
133. ^{{cite news|last1=Galupo|first1=Scott|title=The troubling rise of Bad Nietzsche|url=http://theweek.com/articles/699001/troubling-rise-bad-nietzsche|accessdate=February 16, 2018|work=The Week|date=May 22, 2017}}
134. ^{{cite news|last1=Illing|first1=Sean|title=The alt-right is drunk on bad readings of Nietzsche. The Nazis were too.|url=https://www.vox.com/2017/8/17/16140846/nietzsche-richard-spencer-alt-right-nazism|accessdate=February 16, 2018|work=Vox|date=January 12, 2018}}
135. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/breaking-faith/517785/|title=America's Empty-Church Problem|last=Beinart|first=Peter|work=The Atlantic|access-date=February 17, 2018|language=en-US}}
136. ^{{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title='We're Not Going Anywhere:' Watch Roland Martin Challenge White Nationalist Richard Spencer|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr5BQS79H7g&t=8m9s|website=YouTube.com|accessdate=May 5, 2017|quote=Martin: Are you a Christian? Spencer: I'm an cultural Christian.}}
137. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/elections/2017/10/19/alt-rightleader-richard-spencer-wild-votingbut-backed-democrat-kerry-trump|title='Alt-Right' leader Richard Spencer has voted for Democrats in the past, including John Kerry|date=October 19, 2017|work=The Dallas News}}
138. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/richard-spencer-is-making-common-cause-with-neo-nazis |title=Richard Spencer Is Making Common Cause with Neo-Nazis |date=December 20, 2016 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}
139. ^{{cite web|url=https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/alt-right/ |title=My Journey to the Center of the Alt-Right |date=November 3, 2016 |publisher=HuffPost}}
140. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-connections-to-the-alt-right-2016-11|title='A model for civilization': Putin's Russia has emerged as 'a beacon for nationalists' and the American alt-right|date=December 10, 2016|agency=Business Insider}}
141. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-insidious-libertarian-to-alt-right-pipeline|title=The Insidious Libertarian-to-Alt-Right Pipeline|last=Lewis|first=Matt|date=2017-08-23|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}
142. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/his-kampf/524505/|title=Richard Spencer Was My High-School Classmate|last=Wood|first=Graeme|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}}
143. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/02/21/richard-spencer-attempted-to-crash-a-libertarian-conference-and-was-shown-the-door/|title=Richard Spencer attempted to crash a Libertarian conference and was shown the door|date=2017-02-21|work=Salon|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}}
144. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Tristan|title=Who is Richard Spencer?|url=http://flatheadbeacon.com/2014/11/26/richard-spencer|work=Flathead Beacon|date=November 26, 2014}}
145. ^{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard B.|title=Defending free expression|url=http://www.whitefishpilot.com/opinion/article_c60e71a8-7a8d-11e4-8ed2-835adcd532c8.html|work=Whitefish Pilot|date=December 2, 2014}}
146. ^{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard B.|title=Skiing With The Enemy|url=http://www.radixjournal.com/journal/2014/11/26/skiing-with-the-enemy|work=Radix Journal|date=November 26, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606043845/http://www.radixjournal.com/journal/2014/11/26/skiing-with-the-enemy|archivedate=June 6, 2017}}
147. ^{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/fast-forward/379017/can-opponents-push-alt-right-leader-richard-spencer-out-of-his-virginia-hom/|title=Can Opponents Push 'Alt-Right' Leader Richard Spencer Out Of His Virginia Home?|author=Feldman, Ari|magazine=The Forward|date=August 3, 2017|accessdate=August 4, 2017}}
148. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/08/10/report-richard-spencer-has-left-old-town-alexandria/|title=Report: Richard Spencer Has Left Old Town Alexandria|author=Beaujon, Andrew & Olsen, Kim|magazine=The Washingtonian|date=August 10, 2018|accessdate=February 1, 2019}}
149. ^{{Cite news|last=Beckett|first=Lois|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/23/white-supremacist-richard-spencer-physical-abuse-divorce-filings|title=White nationalist Richard Spencer accused of physical abuse by wife|date=October 23, 2018|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 26, 2018}}
150. ^{{Cite news|last=Harkinson|first=Josh|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist/|title=Meet the white nationalist trying to ride the Trump train to lasting power|work=Mother Jones|date=October 27, 2018|access-date=October 26, 2018|language=en-US}}
151. ^Richard Spencer's Russian Wife Talks Trump, Utopia: Full InterviewBy Diana Bruk • 09/19/17
152. ^{{cite web|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|title=Richard Spencer's Full Q&A at Auburn University|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1JJA6UiEio|website=YouTube.com|accessdate=June 4, 2017|quote=Audience Member: Your ex-wife is a Russian American and you have a child together. Please explain that. Spencer: She's not my ex-wife. Audience Member: Or you're separated, right? Spencer: No. Audience Member: Okay, so the thing I said is that you are separated or whatever. So you're still together? Spencer: Yes}}
153. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=f3I4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=Nina+Kouprianova#v=onepage&q=Nina%20Kouprianova&f=false|title=The Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia|last=Gessen|first=Masha|date=2017|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781594634536|location=|page=482|language=en}}
154. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/meet-the-alt-right-spokesman-thrilled-by-trumps-rise-w443902|title=Meet the Alt-Right 'Spokesman' Who's Thrilled With Trump's Rise|last=Posner|first=Sarah|date=October 18, 2016|work=Rolling Stone|access-date=October 20, 2017}}
155. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/leaders-charlottesvilles-alt-right-protest-all-have-ties-russian-fascist-651384|title=Charlottesville's alt-right leaders have a passion for Vladimir Putin|last=Ebel|first=Francesca|date=August 16, 2017|work=Newsweek|access-date=October 20, 2017|language=en}}
156. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1rA0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Nina+Kouprianova|title=Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir|last=Shekhovtsov|first=Anton|date=September 8, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317199953|location=|pages=|language=en}}
157. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/elizabeth-warren-shouldnt-have-shared-dna-test/573577/|title=Elizabeth Warren Has Lost Her Way|last=Flanagan|first=Caitlin|date=2018-10-22|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}}
158. ^Palmer, Ewan (October 24, 2018). [https://www.newsweek.com/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-accused-physical-abuse-wife-attacking-her-1184806 "White Nationalist Richard Spencer Accused of Physical Abuse by Wife, Attacking Her While Pregnant."] Newsweek.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
159. ^Associated Press (October 24, 2018). [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/white-nationalist-richard-spencer-s-wife-says-he-physically-abused-n923751 "White Nationalist Richard Spencer's Wife Says He Physically Abused Her."] NBCNews.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
160. ^Lenz, Lyz (January 13, 2019). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-spencer-nina-kouprianova-divorce-abuse_us_5c2fc90ee4b0d75a9830ab69 "You Should Care That Richard Spencer’s Wife Says He Abused Her."] HuffingtonPost.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

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