| 词条 | Risser sign |
| 释义 |
| Name = Pelvis | Latin = | Image = Gray242.png | Caption = Female type pelvis | Image2 = Gray241.png | Caption2 = Male type pelvis }} The Risser sign is an indirect measure of skeletal maturity, whereby the degree of ossification of the iliac apophysis by x-ray evaluation is used to judge overall skeletal development. Mineralization of the iliac apophyses begins at the anterolateral crest and progresses medially towards the spine. Fusion of the calcified apophyses to the ilium then progresses in opposite direction, from medial-to-lateral.[1] A typical five-point grading scale is as follows:
Risser grading is traditionally used to estimating the future growth potential of the adolescent spine, particularly in the setting of spinal scoliosis. Risser originally recognized that ossification of the iliac apophyses approximately parallels the ossification of the vertebral apophyses. The earlier the stage of growth, the greater the likelihood of a scoliosis progressing and potentially needing intervention.[2] Note that although Risser first described his findings during a 1948 lecture[3] and published the eponymous paper in 1958,[4] formalized staging systems were developed at a later time. ControversyThe Risser grading system has been criticized as being an inaccurate proxy for skeletal maturity. Comparison of predicted future growth and progression of scoliosis to actual measured changes show that the Risser system is variably accurate.[5] Specifically, because the progression from stages 1 to 4 (apophyseal "excursion") is rapid and only takes an average of approximately 1 year, these stages are of limited value in pinpointing stage of growth. Cessation of trunk growth as predicted by Risser stage is also earlier than actual growth.[5] In 2008, Sanders et al proposed an alternative system for assessing skeletal maturity, using hand x-rays in a manner similar to "gold standards" (Greulich and Pyle, Tanner-Whitehouse-III) skeletal maturity assessments.[6] Whether the use of the Sanders vs Risser staging for management of scoliosis would lead to different treatment decisions is being debated.[7] References1. ^{{Cite book|title=Measurements and Classifications in Musculoskeletal Radiology|last=Waldt|first=Simone|last2=Woertler|first2=Klaus|publisher=Thieme|year=2014|isbn=978-3-13-169271-9|location=|pages=126–127}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Risser Sign}}2. ^http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0501/p1817.html 3. ^Risser JC. Important practical facts in the treatment of scoliosis. Instr Course Lect 1948;V:248-260. 4. ^{{Cite journal|title = The Iliac apophysis; an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis|journal = Clinical Orthopaedics|date = 1958-01-01|issn = 0095-8654|pmid = 13561591|pages = 111–119|volume = 11|first = J. C.|last = Risser}} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Little|first=David G.|last2=Sussman|first2=Michael D.|date=September 1994|title=The Risser Sign: A Critical Analysis|url=https://journals.lww.com/pedorthopaedics/Fulltext/1994/09000/The_Risser_Sign__A_Critical_Analysis.3.aspx|journal=Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics|language=en-US|volume=14|issue=5|pages=569|issn=0271-6798|doi=10.1097/01241398-199409000-00003}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sanders|first=James O.|last2=Khoury|first2=Joseph G.|last3=Kishan|first3=Shyam|last4=Browne|first4=Richard H.|last5=Mooney|first5=James F.|last6=Arnold|first6=Kali D.|last7=McConnell|first7=Sharon J.|last8=Bauman|first8=Jeanne A.|last9=Finegold|first9=David N.|date=March 2008|title=Predicting scoliosis progression from skeletal maturity: a simplified classification during adolescence|journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume|volume=90|issue=3|pages=540–553|doi=10.2106/JBJS.G.00004|issn=1535-1386|pmid=18310704}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Minkara|first=Anas|last2=Bainton|first2=Nicole|last3=Tanaka|first3=Masashi|last4=Kung|first4=Justin|last5=DeAllie|first5=Christopher|last6=Khaleel|first6=Alexandra|last7=Matsumoto|first7=Hiroko|last8=Vitale|first8=Michael|last9=Roye|first9=Benjamin|date=2018-01-22|title=High Risk of Mismatch Between Sanders and Risser Staging in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Are We Guiding Treatment Using the Wrong Classification?|journal=Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics|pages=1|doi=10.1097/BPO.0000000000001135|issn=1539-2570|pmid=29360659}} 2 : Flat bones|Pelvis |
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