“RMS Titanic Lifeboat No. 1”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Boat No. 1 was one of two small "emergency" wooden cutters that were located one on each side of the Titanic; No. 1 was on the starboard side. Although they performed double-duty as lifeboats, their primary purpose was to serve the crew in the event of an emergency, such as a man overboard, and were therefore already swung out from the rail to be launched quickly. Each standard clinker-built lifeboat on the ship had a capacity of 65,^[2] while the smaller emergency boat's capacity was 40.^[3]

History

Boat No. 1 was the fourth lifeboat launched from the {{RMS|Titanic}} at approximately 1:05 am, well over an hour after the liner collided with an iceberg and began sinking on April 14, 1912. The lifeboat had a capacity of 40 people, but was launched with only 12 aboard, the fewest to escape in any one boat that night.^[4] Most of the occupants of Boat 1 were men, despite Captain Smith's call for "women and children first." First Officer Murdoch, in charge of the evacuation effort on the ship's starboard side, allowed a number of First-Class male passengers to board lifeboats. Murdoch permitted five passengers and seven crewmembers to board Boat 1. The passengers included Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon; his wife Lucy, Lady Duff Gordon; her secretary, Mabel Francatelli; Abraham Salomon and C. E. Henry Stengel. The crewmen were: Lookout George Symons, whom Murdoch placed in charge of the craft, Charles Hendrickson, Samuel Collins, George Taylor, Frederick Sheath, Robert Pusey and Albert Horswill.

Boat No. 1 did not clear the side of the ship for some time, perhaps not until about 1:15 am, owing to a mishap encountered on its descent from the boat deck. A protuberance called a spar, at about the B-Deck level, caught on the boat's gunwales, arresting the lowering process. It was not until the crew used a wire cutter to chop the obstacle away that the boat was freed and able to reach the sea.

Boat No. 1 and its occupants were picked up by the {{RMS|Carpathia}} sometime shortly after 4:10 am, being the second Titanic lifeboat to reach the rescue ship. The boat's occupants were subsequently photographed as a group on the Carpathia. The boat was hoisted aboard the Carpathia along with other Titanic lifeboats and brought to New York. One of the davits from which Boat 1 was lowered remains upright on the Titanic{{'}}s wreck in relatively good condition.

Due to rumors that Sir Cosmo had bribed the crew in his boat not to rescue people left in the water after the ship went down, some New York press reports dubbed Boat 1 the "Money Boat".^[5]^[6] The appearance of Cosmo and Lucy Duff Gordon as witnesses at the British investigation into the disaster drew the largest crowds seen during the inquiry.

Controversy

According to the British Inquiry testimony of crew member Charles Hendrickson, he had proposed returning to rescue survivors after the Titanic sank, but "the women objected." Consequently, he claimed, the boat did not go back to pick up swimmers, although he admitted there was "plenty of room for another dozen".^[7] It was also claimed during the course of the inquiry by crewman George Symons and others that it was Lucy Duff Gordon who expressed concern that the lifeboat might be swamped if it returned. She denied the charge and her testimony was supported by other crewmembers who revealed they had not heard her objection nor any proposal to turn back.

According to the testimony of Robert Pusey, a conversation concerning money occurred in the boat at about 3 a.m., nearly an hour after the Titanic sank. He claimed the discussion was prompted by a private comment Lucy Duff Gordon made to Mabel Francatelli: "There is your beautiful nightdress gone."^[8] Overhearing the exchange, Pusey replied, "Never mind, you have saved your lives," afterwards complaining that he and the other sailors had not only lost everything but their pay had stopped from the time the ship went down; to which Cosmo Duff Gordon responded, "I will give you a fiver each to start a new kit."{{efn|name=kit}}^[9] On April 16, the day after their rescue by the Carpathia, each Boat 1 crew member received a £5{{efn| £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|5|1912|r=0}}}} in today's currency,{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} one month's pay for a seaman in the merchant service^[10] }} cheque from Cosmo Duff Gordon.^[11]

The British inquiry issued a report after reviewing the evidence of their probe, which included sworn testimony from every member of Boat 1's crew as well as an affidavit from Mabel Francatelli.^[12]{{efn|name=Frank}} The report stated:

The report, however, admonished the occupants of Boat 1 for not making an effort to rescue survivors from the water.^[13]

Occupants

Boat 1 in popular culture

In a deleted scene in James Cameron's 1997 film Titanic, Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon (Martin Jarvis) and Lady Duff Gordon (Rosalind Ayres) are shown seated in Lifeboat No. 1 when Fireman Hendrickson recommends rescuing people in the water. Sir Cosmo looks at his wife, who appears distressed, before replying, "It's out of the question."^[17]

In the 2012 television mini-series Titanic, Lady Duff Gordon (Sylvestra Le Touzel) is shown standing in Boat 1, urging her secretary to get in with her, saying, "Don't be a fool Francatelli, this boat isn't sinking, that one is," pointing to the ship. She is later shown telling Officer Murdoch to allow some men to board, including her husband, then ordering him to lower the boat.

The loading and launching of Boat 1, and the occupants' decision not to return to the wreck site after the Titanic's sinking, was also portrayed in the 1958 film A Night to Remember, based on Walter Lord's namesake book. Miss Francatelli (who was still alive at the time) was completely omitted.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Titanic Lifeboat Occupancy Totals|url=http://wormstedt.com/titanic/lifeboats/occupancy.pdf|accessdate=11 January 2014|author=Bill Wormstedt|author2=Tad Fitch |page=5|format=PDF|year=2011}}
2. ^{{cite web |title=The Titanic: Lifeboats |url=https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-titanic-lifeboats |website=History |publisher=HistoryOnTheNet |accessdate=8 November 2018 |date=3 June 2014}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Hutchings|first=David F.|title=RMS Titanic 1909-12 (Olympic Class) : owners' workshop manual|date=2011|publisher=Zenith Press|location=Minneapolis, MN|isbn=076034079X|page=112|author2=Kerbrech, Richard de }}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Titanic Lifeboat Occupancy Totals|url=http://wormstedt.com/titanic/lifeboats/occupancy.pdf|accessdate=11 January 2014|author=Bill Wormstedt|author2=Tad Fitch |page=5|format=PDF|year=2011}}
5. ^{{cite news|last=Ward|first=Greg|title=Titanic: the curious story of the 'Money Boat'|url=http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/titanic-the-curious-story-of-the-money-boat|accessdate=24 February 2014|newspaper=MSN News|date=4 December 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon|url=http://www.biography.com/people/cosmo-duff-gordon-283836|work=The Biography Channel|publisher=A+E Networks|accessdate=24 February 2014}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Testimony of Charles Hendrickson, cont.|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq05Hendrickson02.php|work=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry : Day 5|publisher=Titanic Inquiry Project|accessdate=2 February 2014}}. Questions: 5019, 5029—5034
8. ^Lord, Walter, A Night to Remember (1977), 148.
9. ^{{cite web|title=Testimony of Robert W. Pusey|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq11Pusey01.php|work=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry : Day 11|publisher=Titanic Inquiry Project|accessdate=4 March 2014}}. Questions: 13119, 13121
10. ^{{cite web|title=Testimony of Edward J. Buley|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq07Buley01.php|work=United States Senate Inquiry : Day 7|publisher=Titanic Inquiry Project}}
11. ^{{cite book | last = Butler | first = Daniel Allen | year = 1998 | title = Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS Titanic | publisher = Stackpole Books | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | isbn = 978-0-8117-1814-1 | page = 144 }}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Firsthand account of Titanic disaster published for the first time|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1316804/Firsthand-account-Titanic-disaster-published-time.html|work=Mail Online|publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd|accessdate=3 February 2014|date=1 October 2010}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Conduct of Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and Mr Ismay|url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepConduct.php|work=British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry Report : Account of the Saving and Rescue of those who Survived|publisher=Titanic Inquiry Project|accessdate=3 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010821/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepConduct.php|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^"Abraham Lincoln Salomon" (2014) Encyclopedia Titanica (ref: #259, accessed 23 February 2014)
15. ^{{cite web|title=Charles Emil Henry Stengel : Titanic Survivor|url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-survivor/charles-stengel.html|website=Encyclopedia Titanica|publisher=(ref: #283)|accessdate=3 September 2016}}
16. ^George Taylor (2014) Encyclopedia Titanica (ref: #1675, accessed 24 February 2014)
17. ^{{cite web|title=It's out of the question|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3RGhxer9ss}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=A Sailor's Kit|url=https://www.mun.ca/mha/mlc/articles/dead-men/sailors-kit.php|work=Maritime History Archive|publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland|accessdate=4 March 2014}}