| 词条 | RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act |
| 释义 |
| shorttitle = R.M.S. Titanic Maritime Memorial Act of 1986 | longtitle = An Act to encourage international efforts to designate the shipwreck of the R.M.S. Titanic as an international maritime memorial and to provide for reasonable research, exploration and, if appropriate, salvage activities with respect to the shipwreck. | acronym = | nickname = | enacted by = 99th | effective date = October 21, 1986 | public law url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg2082.pdf | cite public law = 99-513 | cite statutes at large = {{usstat|100|2082}} | acts amended = | acts repealed = | title amended = 16 U.S.C.: Conservation | sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|16|1|LXI}} § 450rr et seq. | sections amended = | leghisturl = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d099:SN02048:@@@Z | introducedin = Senate | introducedbill = {{USbill|99|S.|2048}} | introducedby = Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. (R–CT) | introduceddate = February 5, 1986 | committees = House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, Senate Foreign Relations | passedbody1 = Senate | passeddate1 = September 24, 1986 | passedvote1 = passed voice vote | passedbody2 = House | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = October 6, 1986 | passedvote2 = passed voice vote | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = Ronald Reagan | signeddate = October 21, 1986 | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate= | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The R.M.S. Titanic Maritime Memorial Act of 1986 ({{usstat|100|2082}}, {{USC|16|450rr|450rr-6}}) is a United States Act of Congress that was passed to designate the wreck of the RMS Titanic as an international maritime memorial and to regulate the research, exploration and salvage of the wreckage. The Act became law on October 21, 1986, when it was passed by the 99th United States Congress.[1] BackgroundAccording to a 1985 report, the United States Congress was concerned about potential damage caused to the Titanics wreck caused by salvagers.[2] The report found that:[3]
EnactmentWalter B. Jones, Sr. (the Democratic Congressman for North Carolina) oversaw the submission of a bill, HR 3272, to the House of Representatives on September 11, 1985.[2][4] On October 29, the United States House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries debated HR 3272, with the hearing discovering that the United States had no jurisdiction over the site of Titanics wreck.[5] Even Canada, geographically closest to the wreck, would have had difficulty claiming legal jurisdiction as the wreck was deemed to be in "high seas".[5]On February 5, 1986, Jones championed a similar bill that was presented to the Senate, which proposed that until an international agreement could be negotiated, no individual would be permitted to physically alter, disturb, or salvage the wreckage.[2] The Senate bill was signed by President Ronald Reagan on October 21, 1986, creating the RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act. The Act aimed to "encourage recognition of the wreck as a maritime memorial to those who lost their lives when it sank, to promote the development of an international agreement providing for the protection of the wreck, and to cultivate internationally recognized guidelines for research, exploration and, if appropriate, salvage activities."[2] Upon signing the bill, Reagan issued the following statement: {{quote|Although I support the purpose of this act, I must register my objections to two of its provisions. Section 5(a) directs the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to enter into consultations with foreign nations; section 6(a) directs the Secretary of State to enter into negotiations with foreign nations. If interpreted literally, these requirements would contravene my constitutional authority to conduct foreign relations. To avoid this constitutional difficulty, these provisions must be viewed as discretionary. Entry into negotiations with the appropriate nations concerning the R.M.S Titanic is, of course, dependent on the willingness of those nations to support the development of the international agreement and guidelines encouraged by this act. I invite interested nations to join us in this endeavor.[6]}}After the Act's passing, the Department of State proposed an agreement with the United Kingdom, Canada and France (as well as other interested countries) to enact the policies from the 1986 Act on an international scale.[1] Known as the "Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel R.M.S. Titanic",[7][8] Canada and France did not ratify it, though the signature of only two countries is sufficient for the agreement to enter force[2] – the United Kingdom ratified the agreement on November 6, 2003, and it was subsequently signed by the United States on June 18, 2004.[8] References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=R.M.S. Titanic Memorial Act of 1986|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_titanic-act.html|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=March 13, 2012}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=R.M.S. Titanic Maritime Memorial Act|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_titanic-faqs.html|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=March 13, 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=16 USC § 450RR – R.M.S. Titanic; International Maritime Memorial; Findings and Purposes|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/450rr|publisher=Cornell University|accessdate=March 13, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Haas|first=John P. Eaton & Charles A.|title=Titanic, Destination Disaster: the Legends and the Reality|year=1988|publisher=Clio Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=1850893055|pages=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=DJdfT-XUAYmc0AXIlZn2Bg|edition=Large print}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|last=Prelli|first=ed. by Lawrence J.|title=Rhetorics of Display|year=2006|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia, SC|isbn=1570036195|pages=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if6_kBbJlCcC}} 6. ^{{cite web|last=Reagan|first=Ronald|title=Statement on Signing the R.M.S. Titanic Maritime Memorial Act of 1986|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/102186-titanic_signing.pdf|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=13 March 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/titanic-agreement.pdf|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=March 13, 2012}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|title=R.M.S. Titanic International Agreement|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_titanic-intl.html|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=March 13, 2012}} External links
5 : 99th United States Congress|1986 in American politics|United States federal admiralty and maritime legislation|RMS Titanic|1986 in law |
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