| 词条 | Takrur |
| 释义 |
|native_name = |conventional_long_name = Takrur |common_name = Takrur |era = Middle Ages |status = |event_start = |year_start = 800s |date_start = |event1 = Islam | |date_event1 = 1030s |event_end = Conquered by Mali Empire |year_end = 1285 |date_end = |p1 = Serer people |flag_p1 = |p2 = Fula people |flag_p2 = |p3 = Toucouleur people |flag_p3 = |s1 = Kaniaga |flag_s1 = |s2 = Mali Empire |flag_s2 = |image_flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |image_map =Ghana successor map 1200.png |image_map_caption = |capital = Settlement on Morfil |common_languages = Serer,[1][2] Fula |religion = Islam, Traditional African religions (Serer religion[3][4]) |government_type = Monarchy |leader1 = War Jabi |year_leader1 = 1030s |leader2 = |year_leader2 = |leader3 = |year_leader3 = |title_leader = |legislature = }}{{History of the Gambia}} Takrur, Tekrur or Tekrour ({{Circa}} 800 – c. 1285) was an ancient state of West Africa, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire. OriginTakrur was the name of the capital of the state which flourished on the lower Senegal River. Takruri was a term, like Bilad-ul-Sudan, that was used to refer to all people of West African ancestry.[5][6] The formation of the state may have taken place as an influx of Fulani from the east settled in the Senegal valley.[7][8] John Donnelly Fage suggests that Takrur was formed through the interaction of Berbers from the Sahara and "Negro agricultural peoples" who were "essentially Serer".[9] Centre of tradeLocated in the Senegal valley, along the border of present-day Senegal and Mauritania, it was a trading centre, where gold from the Bambuk region,[10] salt from the Awlil,[11] and Sahel grain were exchanged. It was rival of the Ghana Empire and the two states clashed from time to time with the Soninké usually winning. Despite these clashes, Takrur prospered throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. According to Levtzion, "It is significant that the cotton tree and the manufacture of cloth were first reported from Takrur."[10]{{rp|179}} Adoption of IslamThe kings of Takrur eventually adopted Islam. Sometime in the 1030s during the reign of king War Jabi, the court converted to Islam, the first regent to officially pronounce orthodoxy in the Sahel, establishing the faith in the region for centuries to come. In 1035 that War Jabi introduced Sharia law in the kingdom. This adoption of Islam greatly benefited the state economically and created greater political ties that would also affect them in the coming conflicts between the traditionalist state of Ghana and its northern neighbours.[12]{{Page needed|date=October 2015}} Ghana EmpireThe Fulani of Tarkur became independent after Ghanaian power faded.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Takrur in turn set out to conquer the Kingdom of Diara, which was a Ghanaian province before. Then in 1203, Takrur leader Sumanguru took control of Kumbi Saleh, the capital of Ghana. Thus, Takrur became the sole power in the region.[13] DownfallAmong these were the Susu who carved out the sizeable though short-lived Kaniaga. Waalo, the first Wolof state, emerged out its south. By the time Mandinka tribes united to form the Mali Empire in 1235, Takrur was in a steep decline. The state was finally conquered by the usurper emperor Sabakoura of Mali in the 1280s. Takrur was later conquered by Mali; it was also conquered by Jolof in the 15th century.[14] However, Koli (a Fula rebel) did finally manage to regain Takrur, and named it Fouta Toro in the 15th century, thereby setting up the first Fula dynasty (Denanke). This dynasty also did not last and in 1776 during the Fouta Revolution, led by Muslim clerics, the kingdom was entered and the house of Denanke was brought down.[15] Takrur as toponymAfter the fall of Takrur its name was employed by Arab historians as a synonym for "West Africa". In the Middle East west Africans are still referred to as Tukrir to this day.{{sfn|Smidt|2010|p=998}} See also
Notes1. ^Charles Becker et Victor Martin, « Rites de sépultures préislamiques au Sénégal et vestiges protohistoriques », Archives Suisses d'Anthropologie Générale, Imprimerie du Journal de Genève, Genève, 1982, tome 46, no 2, p. 261-293 2. ^Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970) 3. ^Becker 4. ^Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 9, 20-77 5. ^{{cite journal |title=Takrur the History of a Name |author='Umar Al-Naqar |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=3 |date=1969 |pages=365–374 |jstor=179671 |doi=10.1017/s002185370003632x}} 6. ^Ibn Khalikan, op. cit. vi, 14. 7. ^{{cite book|last=Hrbek|first=I.|title=General History of Africa volume 3: Africa from the 7th to the 11th Century: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3 (Unesco General History of Africa (abridged))|year=1992|publisher=James Carey|isbn=978-0852550939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&pg=PA67|page=67}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last=Creevey|first=Lucy|title=Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|date=August 1996|volume=26|issue=3|pages=268–307|jstor=1581646|doi=10.1163/157006696x00299}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Fage|first=John Donnelly|title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521209816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qwg8GV6aibkC&lpg=PA484|editor=Roland Oliver|chapter=Upper and Lower Guinea}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Levtzion|first1=Nehemia|title=Ancient Ghana and Mali|date=1973|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd|location=New York|isbn=0841904316|page=44}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=9780230308473 |pages=94}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=David|title=Muslim Societies in African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZEL3kdcQggC|accessdate=14 October 2015|date=12 January 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-53366-9}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=A History of West Africa|year=1965 |last=Davidson|first=Basil |url=http://africa.unc.edu/outreach/timbuktu/davidson.pdf| format=PDF| location=University of Lagos, Nigeria|publisher=Longman|isbn=0684826674|ref=harv}} 14. ^Leyti, Oumar Ndiaye. Le Djoloff et ses Bourba. Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1981. {{ISBN|2-7236-0817-4}} 15. ^Ogot, Bethwell A. General history of Africa: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. University of California Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-520-06700-2}}, p 146 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw-1DOCXUgsC&pg=PA146] Sources
Further reading
External links
8 : 13th-century disestablishments in Africa|History of Senegal|History of Mali|Countries in medieval Africa|History of Mauritania|Medieval Islam|States and territories established in the 9th century|Serer history |
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