| 词条 | Robert Pakington |
| 释义 |
| name = Robert Pakington | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = c. 1489 | parents = John Pakington, Elizabeth Washborne | spouse = Agnes Baldwin Katherine Dallam | children = Sir Thomas Pakington | birth_place = | death_date = 13 November {{death year and age|1536|1489}} | death_place = London | burial_place = }} Robert Pakington (c. 1489 – 13 November 1536) was a London merchant and Member of Parliament. He was murdered with a handgun in London in 1536, likely the first such killing in the city. His murder was later interpreted as martyrdom, and recounted in John Foxe's Acts and Monuments. He was the grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I's favourite, Sir John "Lusty" Pakington. FamilyRobert Pakington, born about 1489 at Stanford-on-Teme, Worcestershire, was a younger son of John Pakington and Elizabeth Washborne, the daughter of Thomas Washborne.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} He had three brothers, John, Augustine, and Humphrey.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} LifeBy 1510 Pakington had completed an apprenticeship with the Mercers' Company, one of the twelve great livery companies of London, and was exporting cloth and importing various wares.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} In 1523, and again in 1529, he and others were chosen to draw up articles on behalf of the Mercers for presentation to Parliament.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} According to Marshall, one of the articles drawn up in 1529 was 'sharply anti-clerical'.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} In 1527-8 Pakington was elected Warden of the Company.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} He was elected to Parliament in a by-election in October 1533, and was re-elected in 1536. The chronicler Edward Hall records that in Parliament Pakington again revealed anti-clerical sentiments, 'speaking somewhat against the covetousness and cruelty of the clergy’.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} In the final years of his life Pakington reported to Thomas Cromwell on matters in Flanders at the behest of Cromwell's man of business, Stephen Vaughan, who held strongly Protestant sympathies.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} On the morning of 13 November 1536 while crossing the street from his home in Cheapside to attend Mercers' Chapel located opposite, Packington was shot with a gun and killed:[1]{{sfn|Miller|1982}} {{Quote box|align=center|width=60%|"And one morning amongst all other, being a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen, even as he was crossing the street from his house to the church, he was suddenly murdered with a gun, which of the neighbours was plainly heard and by a great number of labourers there standing at Soper's Lane end...but the deed doer was never espied nor known."[1]}}His murder was likely the first committed with a handgun in London.[2]{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} His murderer was never found, despite the 'gret rewarde' which was offered for information.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} Pakington's murder was interpreted by Protestant reformers as martyrdom,{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} and became a source of religious controversy. In 1545 the Protestant reformer John Bale suggested that 'conservative bishops' were behind the murder.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} A similar suggestion was made in 1548 by Hall, who also attributed Pakington's death to the Catholic clergy.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} John Foxe, too, held the clergy responsible, but in the process of doing so proposed contradictory theories of the crime. In 1559 Foxe claimed that John Stokesley, a former Bishop of London 'had paid a priest sixty gold coins to carry out the murder'. However in the 1563 edition of the Actes and Monuments Foxe stated that John Incent, a former Dean of St Paul's, had made a deathbed confession in which he admitted arranging for Pakington's murder.{{sfn|Foxe|1570|p=1330}} The Catholic apologist Nicholas Harpsfield accused Foxe of slandering Incent, and in the 1570 edition of the Actes and Monuments Foxe produced yet another theory, claiming that Pakington's murderer was an Italian.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} In their accounts of Pakington's death the chroniclers John Stow, Richard Grafton and Raphael Holinshed did not repeat Foxe's allegations,{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} and Holinshed put forward an entirely different version of events, claiming that a felon hanged at Banbury had confessed on the gallows to Pakington's murder.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} By the time of his death Pakington was a 'man of substance'. He had been assessed at 500 marks in the 1534 subsidy,{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} and in 1535 had exported some 250 cloths to Antwerp.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} The cash bequests in his will amounted to over £300.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} According to Marshall, the wording of the will, which Pakington drew up on 23 November 1535,{{sfn|Miller|1982}} provides additional evidence of his sympathy for the Protestant Reformation. Moreover the sermon at his funeral on 16 November was preached by the 'Lutheran activist', Robert Barnes.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} Pakington was buried in St Pancras Church.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} Stow states that a monument was erected there to his memory.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} According to the custom of the City of London his children became orphans in the care of the City; on 20 November 1537 the court of aldermen entrusted Pakington's son and heir, Thomas Pakington, to the custody of his grandfather, Sir John Baldwin.{{sfn|Miller|1982}} Marriages and issuePakington married firstly Agnes Baldwin, the daughter of Sir John Baldwin, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, by who he had two sons and three daughters:{{sfn|Phillimore|1888|p=103}}{{sfn|Gibbs|1888|p=310}}
Between 1533 and November 1535,{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} Pakington married secondly Katherine Dallam (d.1563), the daughter of Thomas Dallam, a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners and the Company's Warden in 1497. At the time of the marriage Katherine was the widow of her first husband, Richard Collier (d.1533), by whom she had a son and daughter, George and Dorothy.{{sfn|Whittick|2008}} On 21 August 1539 Katherine Pakington took as her third husband Sir Michael Dormer (d. 20 September 1545),{{sfn|Whittick|2008}} the son of Geoffrey Dormer (d. 9 March 1503) of West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, by his second wife, Alice Collingridge.{{sfn|Richardson|2011|pp=281–3}} Dormer was a wealthy Mercer, and Lord Mayor of London in 1541.{{sfn|Whittick|2008}} Katherine's two children by her marriage to Richard Collier died about the time of her marriage to Dormer.{{sfn|Whittick|2008}} Notes1. ^1 {{cite book|title=The acts and monuments of John Foxe:A New and Complete Edition|author=John Foxe|publisher=R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside|year=1838|volume=5}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=The mercery of London: trade, goods and people, 1130-1578|author=Sutton, Anne F.|pages=387|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd.|year=2005|ISBN=978-0754653318}} 3. ^Cupper (Couper), Richard (by 1519-83/84), of London and Powick, Worcestershire, History of Parliament Retrieved 11 May 2013. References
Further reading
8 : 1480s births|1536 deaths|15th-century English people|Deaths by firearm in England|Protestant martyrs of England|People murdered in London|English MPs 1529–1536|English MPs 1536 |
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