| 词条 | Talysh people |
| 释义 |
| group = Talysh | native_name = Толишон • tolışon • Талыши • تالش | native_name_lang = Talysh | image = | pop = {{circa}} 1 million | region1 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | pop1 = ≈600,000 (2009 est.)[1][1][2][4] | region2 = {{flag|Iran}} | pop2 = 430,000[3] | region3 = {{flag|Russia}} | pop3 = 100,500[4] | region4 = {{flag|Ukraine}} | pop4 = 133[5] | langs = Talysh, Azerbaijani, Gilaki, Persian, Russian | rels = Islam (Predominantly Shi'a) with minorities of Sunni, Irreligion, Christian, and Zoroastrian adherents.[6][7][8] | related = Other Iranian peoples| }}Talysh (also Talishi, Taleshi or Talyshi) are an Iranian[9][10][11][12][13][14] ethnic group indigenous to a region shared between Azerbaijan and Iran which spans the South Caucasus and the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea. They speak the Talysh language, one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. It is spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Northern Talysh (the part in the Republic of Azerbaijan) was historically known as Talish-i Gushtasbi. In Iran there is a Talesh County in Gilan Province.[15] OriginsThe Talishis generally identify themselves with the ancient Cadusians, who inhabited the area to the southwest of Caspian Sea, bounded on the north by Kura River, including modern provinces of Ardabil and Gilan. The name Talishi may be etymologically related to Cadusi, which has influenced the name of the Caspian and Caucasus.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} LanguageTalysh has two major mutually intelligible dialects – Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), and Southern (in Iran). Azerbaijani is used as the literary language in Azerbaijan and Persian in Iran. GeneticsWith regards to their NRY-Y-DNA haplogroups, the Talysh show salient Near-Eastern affinities, with haplogroup J2, associated with the advent and diffusion of agriculture in the neolithic Near East, found in over 25% of the sample.[16] Another patriline, haplogroup R1, is also seen to range from 1/4 to up to 1/2, while R1a1, a marker associated with Eastern Indo-European, which includes Indo-Iranian peoples of Central/South Eurasia, only reaches to under 5%, along with haplogroup G.[16] LocationThere are no statistical data on the numbers of Talysh-speakers in Iran, but estimates show their number to be around 1 million.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Talysh nationalists claim that the number of Talysh in Azerbaijan is around 835,000.[2][6] The number of Talysh speakers in 2003 was estimated to be at least 400,000 in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[17] According to the official 1999 census of the Republic of Azerbaijan, whose figures are in dispute by Talysh nationalists, the number of Talysh people in the Republic of Azerbaijan was 76,000.[18] According to some sources, the Azerbaijani government has also implemented a policy of forceful integration of all minorities, including Talysh, Tat, and Lezgins.[19] However, in a view of Hema Kotecha "the attitude towards any separatist tendencies seems predominantly negative" among Talyshs.[20] According to Swedish scholar on Eurasia Svante E. Cornell: {{quote|Whereas officially the number of Lezgins registered as such is around 180,000, the Lezgins claim that the number of Lezgins registered as Azerbaijani is many times higher than this figure, some accounts showing over 700,000 Lezgins in Azerbaijan. These figures are denied by the Azerbaijani government but in private many Azeris acknowledge the fact that Lezgins – for that matter Talysh or the Tat population of Azerbaijan is far higher than the official figure. The unofficial census of the Netherlands is 1.[21]}}DemographicsAccording to the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 there were 34,994 Talysh in Baku Governorate.[22] According to a 1926 census, there were 77,039 Talysh in Azerbaijan SSR. From 1959 to 1989, the Talysh were not included as a separate ethnic group in any census, but rather they were included as part of the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis, although the Talysh speak an Iranian language. In 1999, the Azerbaijani government claimed there were only 76,800 Talysh in Azerbaijan, but this is believed to be an under-representation given the problems with registering as a Talysh. Some claim that the population of the Talysh inhabiting the southern regions of Azerbaijan is 600,000.[20] Talysh nationalists have always asserted that the number of Talysh in Azerbaijan is substantially higher than the official statistics.[2][6] Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult, due to the unavailability of reliable sources, intermarriage, and the decline of the Talysh language.[23][24] and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty have voiced their concerns about the arrest of Novruzali Mamedov, Chairman of the Talysh Cultural Centre and editor-in-chief of the Tolyshi Sado newspaper.[25] According to a U.S. government interview with Khilal Mamedov, a Talysh rights activist, Mr. Mamedov: “Accused the Azerbaijani leadership of Turkic nationalism and of seeking to suppress non-Turkic minorities…. He said the Azerbaijani leadership seeks to minimize contacts between the Talysh communities in Azerbaijan and Iran and to run Azerbaijan into a monoethnic state.”[26] During modern historyUSSR eraIn the early Soviet period, there were Talysh high schools, a newspaper called "Red Talysh", and several Talysh language books published, but by end of the 1930s these schools were closed and the Talysh identity was not acknowledged in official statistics, with the Talysh being classified as "Azerbaijani".[20] According to Russian historian and ethnologist Victor Schnirelmann, {{quote | Simultaneously ethnic minorities suffered persecutions in Azerbaijan. After Soviet power was established, the Iranian speaking Talyshes, who lived in southeast Azerbaijan dreamt of the restoration of the Talysh Mugan republic declared in the summer of 1919 and brutually ruined by Ottoman Troops. In 1936–38, Talysh nationalists were exiled to Siberia, and Talysh schools were closed. Broadcasting in Talysh was abolished, and the Talyshes were deprived of their mass media in general. Since that time, the Talyshes have been pressed to identify themselves with the Azeris.[27]}}From 1991 to presentHistorical repression of identity and the inability to practice their culture and language has led the Talysh to an internalized self repression.[20] This makes it hard to gauge support for any type of Talysh movement.[20] According to Hema Kotecha, many Talysh fear being associated with the separatist Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, with Russia, or with Armenia if they acknowledge or attempt to talk about their beliefs in the public sphere. For instance, a school in Lerik wanted to invite a poet from Lenkoran to a party in his honor and to speak to children; the headmaster was told that he would be dismissed if the event went ahead. The fear of the police is another factor to this silence, although support for a secular democracy and shared Azerbaijani-Talysh feelings towards Nagorno-Karabakh contribute as well.[20] The Talesh population is declining; the language is on its way to extinction within 25–35 years, as its very often not passed on to children.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Young Talesh people more frequently use Persian or Azerbaijani in their communities. {{As of | 2008}}, Ismail Shabanov was the president of the Talysh diaspora of Russia.The National Talysh Movement (NTM)The National Talysh Movement (NTM) was formally created in 2007 by Talysh leaders exiled in the Netherlands. The members of the organization include those who were in support of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic such as Alikram Hummatov, the self-proclaimed president of Talysh-Mughan. The movements favors an autonomous region within Azerbaijan. It also demands the promotion of democratic, cultural, and linguistic rights of all minorities within Azerbaijan.[28] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220145641/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/007.shtml |title=The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2019-03-11}} {{Iranian peoples}}{{Peoples of the Caucasus}}{{Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan}}{{Ethnic groups in Iran}}{{UNPO}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talysh People}}2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cria-online.org/5_4.html|title=CRIA " Inspired from Abroad: The External Sources of Separatism in Azerbaijan|author=CRIA|work=cria-online.org|accessdate=17 October 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211119/http://www.cria-online.org/5_4.html|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/talysh_l.htm|title=Talysh – LookLex Encyclopaedia|author=Tore Kjeilen|work=i-cias.com|accessdate=17 October 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_03.xls |title=Население по национальности по субъектам Российской Федерации – 2002 г. (XLS). Проверено 4 мая 2009. |date= |accessdate=2019-03-11}} 5. ^Ukrayna Respublikası Statistika Komitəsi : 5–14 dekabr 2001 – ci il siyahıya alması{{dead link|date=March 2019}} 6. ^1 2 3 Minahan, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA676&dq=%22their+shi%27a+muslim+religion%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZqS0VIz4FeTjsASr3oCAAQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22their%20shi'a%20muslim%20religion%22&f=false, religion of majority of Talysh]: One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood, 2000, {{ISBN|0-313-30984-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-313-30984-7}}, p.674. 7. ^Clifton/Deckinga/Lucht/Tiessen (2005), "Sociolinguistic Situation of the Talysh in Azerbaijan". SIL Electronic Survey Reports2005. p. 5 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/clusters/8071.html |title=The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles |publisher=Kcm.co.kr |date= |accessdate=2019-03-11}} 9. ^"Jamie Stokes,"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1",Infobase Publishing, 2009.pp 682: "The Talysh are an Iranian people, most of whom now live in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, " 10. ^M. Wesley Shoemaker, "Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States 2008", Stryker-Post Publications, 2008.pp 141: "Here the Talysh, an Iranian people, live in their mountainous villages and support themselves by weaving rugs and carpets by hand in the traditional way."[https://books.google.com/books?id=_Yhdz6hqtA0C&q=talysh+%22iranian+people%22&dq=talysh+%22iranian+people%22&hl=en&ei=0OmXTauQJYLTgQeey-HBCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCDgK] 11. ^James Stothert Gregory, "Russian land, Soviet people: a geographical approach to the U.S.S.R.", Pegasus, 1968. pp 161: "Smaller Iranian groups are the Talysh and Kurds of Transcaucasia" [https://books.google.com/books?id=DY8wAAAAMAAJ&q=talysh+%22iranian+people%22&dq=talysh+%22iranian+people%22&hl=en&ei=4OmXTdz8EIT3gAfz28C7CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwATgK] 12. ^Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications", Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. pp 67: "Talysh, an Iranian people whose language belongs to the northwest Iranian language group"[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeP7OZZswtcC&pg=PA67&dq=talysh+%22iranian+people%22&hl=en&ei=X-qXTYfvJo-dgQeL4OnACA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=talysh%20%22iranian%20people%22&f=false] 13. ^Charles Dowsett, "Sayatʻ-Nova: an 18th-century troubadour : a biographical and literary study", Peeters Publishers, 1997.pp 174: "Talish is the name of an Iranian people in Gilan"[https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ZPrs_KySQC&pg=PA174&dq=talish+%22iranian+people%22&hl=en&ei=oOqXTf25A4rWgQfblrnWCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=talish%20%22iranian%20people%22&f=false] 14. ^Garnik Asatrian & Habib Borjian (2005.). Talish and the Talashis (State of Research). Iran & the Caucasus, 9 (1), pp. 43–72 pp 46: "Despite the fact that the Talishis, both in Iran and in thenorth, have explicit Iranian identity, the situation with the Talishis in Azerbaijan Republic, living as an enclave within the predominantly Turkic environment, has inspired the southern intellectual milieu as well." pp 47: "The structures of both ethnonyms, Καδούσ- (Cadus-) and Tāliš, are similar: ... Despite the obvious speculative character of the above etymology, still the Καδούσ-/Tāliš identification must not be discarded from the agenda of the ethnic history of the region, at least as a working hypothesis." 15. ^{{cite book|author= |title = Народы мира : энциклопедия|url = https://books.google.com/?id=LZFdppTjTiMC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA165&dq=%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B#v=snippet&q=%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B8&f=false|publisher = Olma Media Group|year = 2007|page = 201|isbn = 978-5-373-01057-3}} 16. ^1 Nasidze I, Quinque D, et al. (2009). "mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Talysh of Iran and Azerbaijan". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 (1): 82–9 17. ^Tiessen, Calvin F. "Positive Orientation Towards the Vernacular Among the Talysh of Sumgayit", Graduate Thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 2003. 18. ^Umudlu, I. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071223062713/http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/azerbaijan/hypermail/200103/0062.html "Azerbaijan has preserved its `unique country' image because of the population's ethnic composition"], Ayna (Azerbaijani newspaper), 16 March 2001. Translated and posted online by Justin Burke at Azerbaijan Daily Digest, Eurasianet.org, 23 March 2001. 19. ^Paulston, Christina Bratt. Peckham, Donald. "Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe", Multilingual Matters. {{ISBN|1-85359-416-4}}, p.106. 20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Kotecha, Hema. “Islamic and Ethnic Identities in Azerbaijan: Emerging Trends and Tensions” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305180115/http://www.osce.org/documents/ob/2006/08/23087_en.pdf |date=5 March 2009 }}, OSCE Report, Baku, July 2006. 21. ^Cornell, Svante E. Small Nations and Great Powers. Routledge (UK), 2001. {{ISBN|0-7007-1162-7}}, p.269. 22. ^{{cite web|title=Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=319|website=Демоскоп Weekly|accessdate=5 June 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web | title = Allegation of Minority Rights Violations in Azerbaijan | work = Wash. profile | url = http://www.washprofile.org/en/node/6773 | accessdate = 2007-12-29 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071107102024/http://www.washprofile.org/en/node/6773 | archivedate = 7 November 2007 | df = dmy-all }} 24. ^{{cite web | title = Talysh: Editor Arrested | work = | publisher = http://www.unpo.org/| date =8 February 2007 | url = http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6268 | accessdate = 2007-12-29}} 25. ^{{cite web | title = Azerbaijani Authorities Accused of Discriminating Against Ethnic Minorities| work = HRI | publisher = Hellenic Resources Network | date = 7 July 2011 | url = http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/2007/07-07-11.rferl.html#11 | accessdate = 2007-12-29}} 26. ^{{Citation | publisher = RFE/RL | newspaper = Newsline | title = Azerbaijani authorities accused of discriminating against ethnic minorities | date = 20 February 2007}} 27. ^Shnirelmann, V.A. (2001), The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia, Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. 28. ^{{cite web|title=Talysh|url=http://unpo.org/members/17338|publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)|date=18 July 2014}} 8 : Talysh people|Iranian ethnic groups|Iranian peoples in the Caucasus|Peoples of the Caucasus|Ethnic groups in Iran|Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan|Ethnic groups divided by international borders|Indigenous peoples of Western Asia |
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