| 词条 | Tanaka Memorial |
| 释义 |
The {{nihongo|Tanaka Memorial|田中上奏文|Tanaka Jōsōbun}} is an alleged Japanese strategic planning document from 1927 in which Prime Minister Baron Tanaka Giichi laid out for Emperor Hirohito a strategy to take over the world. The authenticity of the document was long accepted and it is still quoted in some Chinese textbooks,[1] but historian John Dower states that "most scholars now agree that it was a masterful anti-Japanese hoax."{{sfnb|Dower|1987| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=8himI4wNnxEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:0394751728&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3peiMrZnKAhUJ4WMKHb_KAHUQuwUIIDAA#v=onepage&q=tanka%20memorial&f=false 22]}} Background{{further information|Kantokuen}}The Tanaka Memorial was first published in the December 1929 edition of the Chinese publication "時事月報" (Current Affairs Monthly) in Nanking, a Nationalist Chinese publication. It was reproduced on 24 September 1931 on pp. 923–34 of China Critic, an English publication in Shanghai.[2] The memorial contains the assertions: {{quote |In order to take over the world, you need to take over Asia; In order to take over Asia, you need to take over China; In order to take over China, you need to take over Manchuria and Mongolia. If we succeed in conquering China, the rest of the Asiatic countries and the South Sea countries will fear us and surrender to us. Then the world will realize that Eastern Asia is ours.}} The English translation of this document was in circulation before February 1934, and formed the foundation of the lead article on the front page of the first edition of The Plain Truth magazine published by Herbert W. Armstrong in February of that year,[3] although it had first appeared in the less widely circulated Communist International magazine in 1931. The Tanaka Memorial was depicted extensively by United States wartime propaganda as a sort of Japanese counterpart to Mein Kampf. The installments The Battle of China and Prelude to War of Frank Capra's Academy Award-winning movie series Why We Fight describe the Tanaka Memorial as the document that was the Japanese plan for war with the United States.{{sfnb|Dower|1987| p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=8himI4wNnxEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:0394751728&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3peiMrZnKAhUJ4WMKHb_KAHUQuwUIIDAA#v=onepage&q=tanaka%20memorial&f=false 22]}}. The Tanaka Memorial was depicted the same way in Japan, also directed by Capra during the war. As presented in these movies, the five sequential steps to achieve Japan's goal of conquests are:
Its authenticity is not accepted by scholars today, but the Tanaka Memorial was widely accepted as authentic in the 1930s and 1940s because Japan's actions corresponded so closely to these plans. The authenticity seemed to be confirmed by the 1931 Mukden Incident, 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War, 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol, 1940 Japanese invasion of French Indochina, the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, and the subsequent Pacific War.[4] Historian Barak Kushner states: There were several critical historical mistakes in the Tanaka Memorial that clearly demonstrate it a fake, but the fact that the message overlapped with Japan's general aims to militarily subdue China coincided with the belief elsewhere that the Memorial was genuine.[5] In 1940, Leon Trotsky published an account of how the document allegedly came to light. Soviet intelligence had obtained it from a high-placed mole in Tokyo but did not want to compromise their own security by publishing it openly, so they had leaked it through contacts that they had in the United States.[6] {{wikisource|The Tanaka Memorial}}Journalist and popular historian Edwin P. Hoyt wrote that the Tanaka Memorial was an accurate representation "of what Prime Minister Tanaka had said and what the supernationalists had been saying for months."[7] Iris Chang adds that the Japanese government at that time was so faction-ridden that it would have been impossible to carry out such a plan in any case.[1] Historian Meirion Harries wrote that the Tanaka Memorial "was one of the most successful 'dirty tricks' of the twentieth century – a bogus document so brilliantly conceived that thirty years later Westerns were still being taken in by it".[2] Likewise, historian William G. Beasley states that "the nature of this document, as published variously in English and Chinese, does not carry conviction as to its authenticity".[8] Dr. Haruo Tohmatsu, Professor of Diplomacy and War History of International Relations at the National Defense Academy of Japan, states that "The 'Tanaka Memorial' never existed, but the Dalian conference of that year adopted resolutions that reflected these ideas."[9] Speculation of forgeryIn the summer of 1927 (June 27 – July 7[10]), Tanaka convened a "Far East Conference" with members of the Japanese Foreign Ministry, Army Ministry, Navy Ministry, and Finance Ministry. However, instead of producing a master plan for world domination, the result of the Conference was a rough consensus that Japan should support the Kuomintang government of China against the Chinese communists, as long as the Japanese could convince General Zhang Zuolin to consolidate his base in a virtually autonomous Manchuria, which would serve as a buffer state, and would fall eventually within Japanese domination.[11] It is alleged that the Tanaka Memorial is a secret report of this Conference. When the Allies searched for incriminating documents to support war crime charges following the surrender of Japan, no drafts or copies of anything corresponding to the Tanaka Memorial appeared among them; a Japanese language "original" has never been produced despite extensive research efforts. The origin of the Memorial is still in question. Because the initial edition of the Memorial was in Chinese, some Japanese historians have attributed it to Chinese sources, probably either Chinese Nationalists or Chinese Communists.[11] There have been claims of forgery by the Soviet Union to encourage war between China and Japan, and so to advance Soviet interests.[15] The two theories are not mutually exclusive, as the Chinese Communist Party was a branch of Comintern under control of the Soviet Union, and Soviet policy from the 1930s was to wage a propaganda war against Japanese expansionism. Also, the first translation of the Memorial into English was done by the Communist Party USA and published in the December 1931 issue of Communist International magazine. It was later re-printed in book format.[12] In 1939, Peter Fleming claimed to have produced an ‘update’ to the Tanaka Memorial, by writing an imaginary report on a secret Allied strategy conference attended by Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek, and having it leaked to the Japanese. This indicates that the Tanaka Memorial was known to be a forgery by the British prior to World War II.[13]{{dubious|date=July 2017}} While the Tanaka Memorial has been mentioned in newspapers and school textbooks in China, most Japanese historians contend that the document is a forgery.[14] In 1995, Vitaliy Pavlov, a retired high-ranking NKVD officer, wrote about the Tanaka Memorial in the Moscow journal Novosti Razvedki I Kontrrazvedki (News of Intelligence and Counterintelligence). Pavlov said the work was a forgery prepared by the Soviet Union in 1931 to sow anti-Japanese feelings in the U.S. and in Europe,[15] although since it was published in 1929, this seems unlikely. See also
Notes1. ^1 {{citation | last = Chang | title = The Rape of Nanking | page =178}} 2. ^1 {{citation | last = Harries | title = Soldiers of the Rising Sun | page = 162}}. 3. ^{{citation | publisher=Cog Home School | title = The Plain Truth | date = 1934-02-02 | url = http://www.coghomeschool.org/site/cog_archives/plain_truth/1934/02%20February%201934.pdf | format = PDF}}. 4. ^Coble, Parks M. Facing Japan: Chinese politics and Japanese imperialism, 1931–1937 p. 36. Harvard University Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-674-77530-9}}. 5. ^{{cite book|author=Barak Kushner|title=Men to Devils, Devils to Men: Japanese War Crimes and Chinese Justice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfM9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|year=2015|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=173}} 6. ^{{citation | publisher=Marxists | url = http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1940/01/tanaka.htm | year = 1940 | title = Tanaka | last = Trotsky}}. 7. ^Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001). Japan's War The Great Pacific Conflict. Cooper Square Press, 62. {{ISBN|0-8154-1118-9}}. 8. ^{{citation | last = Beasley | title = Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945 | page = 185}}. 9. ^Haruo Tohmatsu, A Gathering Darkness (2004) SR Books, p. 18 10. ^{{cite web|url= http://bevinalexander.com/china/12-japan-begins-march-to-disaster.htm|title= Japan Begins the March to Disaster|last= Alexander| first = Bevin|authorlink= Bevin Alexander|accessdate=June 26, 2011}} 11. ^1 {{citation | last = Jansen | title = The Making of Modern Japan | page = 525}}. 12. ^{{citation | last = Schecter | title = Shared Secrets | page = 8}}. 13. ^{{citation | last = Holt | title = The Deceivers | page = 298}}. 14. ^Stephan, "The Tanaka Memorial (1927)," p. 740. 15. ^1 Romerstein and Breindel, 2001, pp. 520–521 References{{refbegin}}
| last = Beasley, William G. | first = | year = 1991 | title = Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-822168-1 }}
| last = Chang | first = Iris | year = 1998 | title = The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II | publisher=Penguin | isbn = 0-14-027744-7 }}
| last = Dower | first = John W | year = 1987 | title = War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War | publisher=Pantheon | isbn = 0-394-75172-8 |ref = harv }}
| last = Gordon, Andrew | first = | year = 2003 | title = A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-511061-7 }}
| last = Harries | first = Meirion | year = 1994 | title = Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army | publisher=Random House; Reprint edition | isbn = 0-679-75303-6 }}
| last = Holt | first = Thaddeus | year = 2007 | title =The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War | publisher=Skyhorse Publishing | isbn = 1-60239-142-4 }}
| last = Jansen, Marius B. | first = | year = 2000 | title = The Making of Modern Japan | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn = }} {{ISBN|9780674003347}}; OCLC 44090600
| last = Romerstein | first = Herbert | year = 2001 | title = The Venona Secrets, Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors | publisher=Regniery Publishing | isbn = 0-89526-225-8 }}
| last = Schecter | first = Leona | year = 2003 | title = Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History | publisher=Potomac Books | isbn = 1-57488-522-7 }}
External links
These sources contest the authenticity of the Memorial:
These sources advocate the authenticity of the Memorial:
5 : Conspiracy theories|Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan|Political forgery|1929 documents|1927 documents |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。