“Tangerine Dream”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Tangerine Dream is a German electronic music band founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese. The group has seen many personnel changes over the years, with Froese having been the only continuous member until his death in January 2015. The best-known lineup of the group was its mid-70s trio of Froese, Christopher Franke, and Peter Baumann. In the late 1970s, Johannes Schmoelling replaced Baumann. Since Froese's death in 2015, the group has been under the leadership of Thorsten Quaeschning (Froese's chosen successor and the current longest-serving band member, having joined in 2005).

Tangerine Dream are considered pioneers of the early days of electronica.^[3] Their work with the Ohr electronic music label produced albums that had a pivotal role in the development of the German musical scene known as Kosmische Musik. Their "Virgin Years", so called because of their association with Virgin Records, produced albums that further explored synthesizers and sequencers, including the UK top 20 albums Phaedra (1974) and Rubycon (1975). The group also had a successful career composing film soundtracks, creating over 60 scores, which include those for the films Sorcerer, Thief, Risky Business, The Keep, Firestarter, Legend, Three O'Clock High, Near Dark, Shy People, Miracle Mile, and Identification of a Woman.

From the late 1990s into the 2000s, Tangerine Dream continued to explore other styles of instrumental music and electronica. Their recorded output has been prolific, including over one hundred albums. Among other scoring projects, they helped create the soundtrack for the video game Grand Theft Auto V. Their mid-1970s work has been profoundly influential in the development of electronic music styles such as new age (although the band themselves disliked the term)^[4] and electronic dance music.^[5]

Their most recent album, Quantum Gate, was released on September 29, 2017, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the founding of the band. The album is based on ideas and musical sketches by founder Edgar Froese and was completed by the remaining members of the band.

Lineup

In the late 60s and early 70s, Tangerine Dream existed as several short-lived incarnations, all of which included Froese, who teamed up with several musicians from West Berlin's underground music scene, including Steve Jolliffe, Klaus Schulze, and Conrad Schnitzler.

Froese's most notable association was his partnership with Christopher Franke. Franke joined Tangerine Dream in 1970 after serving time in the group Agitation Free, originally to replace Schulze as the drummer. Franke is credited with starting to use electronic sequencers, which were introduced on Phaedra, a development that had not only a large impact on the group's music, but to many electronic musicians to this day. Franke stayed with the group for 17 years, leaving in 1987 because of exhausting touring schedules, as well as creative differences with Froese.

Other long-term members of the group include Peter Baumann (1971–1977), who later went on to found the New Age label Private Music, to which the band was signed from 1988 to 1991; Johannes Schmoelling (1979–1985); Paul Haslinger (1986–1990); Froese's son Jerome Froese (1990–2006); Linda Spa (1990–1996, 2005–2014), saxophonist who appeared on numerous albums and concerts and contributed one track on Goblins' Club; and most recently Thorsten Quaeschning of Picture Palace Music (2005–present).

A number of other members were also part of Tangerine Dream for shorter periods of time. Unlike session musicians, these players also contributed to compositions of the band during their tenures. Some of the more notable members are Steve Schroyder (organist, 1971–1972), Michael Hoenig (who replaced Baumann for a 1975 Australian tour and a London concert, included on Bootleg Box Set Vol. 1), Steve Jolliffe (wind instruments, keyboards and vocals on Cyclone and the following tour; he was also part of a short-lived 1969 line-up), Klaus Krüger (drummer on Cyclone and Force Majeure) and Ralf Wadephul (in collaboration with Edgar Froese recorded album Blue Dawn, but it was released only in 2006; also credited for one track on Optical Race (1988) and toured with the band in support of this album).

Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, Tangerine Dream was often joined on stage by Zlatko Perica or Gerald Gradwohl on guitars, and Emil Hachfeld on electronic drums. Jerome Froese left in 2006 after a concert at the Tempodrom in Berlin. Until late 2014, Tangerine Dream comprised Edgar Froese, as well as Thorsten Quaeschning, who first collaborated in the composition of Jeanne d'Arc (2005). For concerts and recordings, they were usually joined by Linda Spa on saxophone and flute, Iris Camaa on drums and percussion, and Bernhard Beibl on guitar. In 2011, electric violinist Hoshiko Yamane was added to the lineup and is featured on some of the most recent albums.^[6]

In late 2014, Bernhard Beibl announced on his Facebook page that he would stop collaborating with Tangerine Dream. Shortly thereafter, it was announced that Tangerine Dream would no longer be touring with Linda Spa or Iris Camaa, but that Ulrich Schnauss had been brought into the fold. Edgar Froese's death in January 2015, however, left this a short-lived line-up.^[7]

History

Origins: Psychedelia and krautrock

Edgar Froese arrived in West Berlin in the mid-1960s to study art. His first band, the psychedelic rock-styled The Ones, disbanded after releasing only one single. After The Ones, Froese experimented with musical ideas, playing smaller gigs with a variety of musicians. Most of these performances were in the famous Zodiak Free Arts Lab, although one grouping also had the distinction of being invited to play for the surrealist painter Salvador Dalí. The music was partnered with literature, painting, early forms of multimedia, and more. It seemed as though only the most outlandish ideas attracted any attention, leading Froese to comment: "In the absurd often lies what is artistically possible." As members of the group came and went, the direction of the music continued to be inspired by the Surrealists, and the group came to be called by the surreal-sounding name of Tangerine Dream, inspired by mis-hearing the line "tangerine trees and marmalade skies" from The Beatles' track "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".^[8]

Froese was fascinated by technology and skilled in using it to create music. He built custom-made instruments and, wherever he went, collected sounds with tape recorders for use in constructing musical works later. His early work with tape loops and other repeating sounds was the obvious precursor to the emerging technology of the sequencer, which Tangerine Dream quickly adopted upon its arrival.

The first Tangerine Dream album, Electronic Meditation, was a tape-collage Krautrock piece, using the technology of the time rather than the synthesized music they later became famous for. The line-up for the album was Froese, Klaus Schulze, and Conrad Schnitzler. Electronic Meditation was published by Ohr in 1970 and began the period known as the Pink Years (the Ohr logo was a pink ear). But starting with their second album, Alpha Centauri, the group has been a trio or occasionally duo of electronic instruments, commonly augmented by guitar from Froese (or, much later, other musicians as well), and occasionally also other instruments. Of these, drums from Christopher Franke and organ from Steve Schroyder (on Alpha Centauri) or Peter Baumann (on subsequent releases) feature prominently in the band's music during the early 1970s. They also started their heavy usage of the Mellotron during this period.^[9]

Rise to fame: The Virgin years

The band's 1973 album Atem was named as Album of the Year by British DJ John Peel, and this attention helped Tangerine Dream to sign to the fledgling Virgin Records in the same year. Soon afterward they released the album Phaedra, an eerie soundscape that unexpectedly reached #15 in the United Kingdom album charts and became one of Virgin's first bona-fide hits. Phaedra was one of the first commercial albums to feature sequencers and came to define much more than just the band's own sound. The creation of the album's title track was something of an accident: the band was experimenting in the studio with a recently acquired Moog synthesizer, and the tape happened to be rolling at the time. They kept the results and later added flute, bass-guitar, and Mellotron performances. The cantankerous Moog, like many other early synthesizers, was so sensitive to changes in temperature that its oscillators would drift badly in tuning as the equipment warmed up, and this drift can easily be heard on the final recording. This album marked the beginning of the period known as the Virgin Years.

In the 1980s, along with other electronic music pioneers such as Jean-Michel Jarre (with whom Edgar Froese collaborated on Jarre's 2015 album The Time Machine) and Vangelis, the band were early adopters of the new digital technology, which revolutionized the sound of the synthesizer, although the group had been using digital equipment (in some shape or form) as early as the mid-1970s. Their technical competence and extensive experience in their early years with self-made instruments and unusual means of creating sounds meant that they were able to exploit this new technology to make music quite unlike anything heard before.

Tangerine Dream live

Tangerine Dream's earliest concerts were visually simple by modern standards, with three men sitting motionless for hours alongside massive electronic boxes festooned with patch cords and a few flashing lights. Some concerts were even performed in complete darkness, as happened during the performance at York Minster on 20 October 1975. As time went on and technology advanced, the concerts became much more elaborate, with visual effects, lighting, lasers, pyrotechnics, and projected images. By 1977 their North American tour featured full-scale Laserium effects.

Through the 1970s and 1980s the band toured extensively. The concerts generally included large amounts of unreleased and improvised material and were consequently widely bootlegged. They were notorious for playing extremely loudly (reaching 134 dB in 1976){{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} and for a long time. (Such figures are largely meaningless because they depend greatly on the distance of the sound meter from the source.) The band released recordings of a fair number of their concerts, and on some of these the band worked out material that would later form the backbone of their studio recordings. (For example, Pergamon, which documents a concert given in East Berlin shortly after Johannes Schmoelling joined the group, contains themes that would appear later on Tangram.) An early example of this was the Ricochet album, which was recorded during a tour that included European cathedrals, with some later overdubbing.

Forays into vocals

Most of Tangerine Dream's albums are entirely instrumental. Two albums that prominently featured lyrics, Cyclone (1978) and Tyger (1987) were met with disapproval from some fans. While there have occasionally been a few vocals on the band's other releases, such as the track "Kiew Mission" from 1981's Exit and "The Harbor" from 1987's Shy People, the group only recently returned to featuring vocals in a musical trilogy based on Dante's Divine Comedy and their 2007 album Madcap's Flaming Duty.

After their 1980 East Berlin gig, when they became one of the first major Western bands to perform in a communist country. Tangerine Dream released a double live album of one of their performances there, called Poland, recorded during their tour in the winter at the end of 1983. With Poland, the band moved to the Jive Electro label, marking the beginning of the Blue Years.

Soundtracks

Throughout the 1980s, Tangerine Dream composed scores for more than 20 films. This had been an interest of Froese's since the late 1960s, when he scored an obscure Polish film, as well as appearing as an actor in several German underground films. He made the score for the experimental film "Never shoot the bathroom man", directed by Jürgen Polland.^[10] Many of the group's soundtracks were composed at least partially of reworked material from the band's studio albums or work that was in progress for upcoming albums; see, for example, the resemblance between the track "Igneous" on their soundtrack for Thief and the track "Thru Metamorphic Rocks" on their studio release Force Majeure. Their first exposure on U.S. television came when a track for the then in-progress album Le Parc was used as the theme for the television program Street Hawk. Some of the more famous soundtracks have been Sorcerer, Risky Business, Shy People, Thief, Legend, The Keep,^[11] Firestarter,^[12] Flashpoint^[13] and Near Dark.^[14]^[15]

Tangerine Dream also composed the soundtrack score for the video game Grand Theft Auto V.^[16]

In 2016, Tangerine Dream released their own version of the theme music for the television series Stranger Things.^[17] Tangerine Dream had inspired music for the series.^[17]

Going independent

Several of the band's albums released during the 1990s were nominated for Grammy Awards.^[18] Since then, Tangerine Dream with Jerome Froese took a directional change away from the new-age leanings of those albums and toward an electronica style. After Jerome's departure, founder Edgar Froese steered the band in a direction somewhat reminiscent of material throughout their career.

In later years, Tangerine Dream released albums in series. The Dream Mixes series began in 1995 with the last being released in 2010. The Divine Comedy series, based on the writings of Dante Alighieri, spanned 2002–2006. From 2007 to 2010, the Five Atomic Seasons were released. Most recently, the Eastgate Sonic Poems series, based on the works of famous poetic authors such as Edgar Allan Poe and Franz Kafka, began in 2011, with the last appearing in 2013. Also, beginning in 2007, Tangerine Dream released a number of EPs, referred to as "CupDiscs" by the band.

Edgar Froese also released a number of solo recordings, which are similar in style to Tangerine Dream's work. Jerome Froese released a number of singles as TDJ Rome, which are similar to his work within the Dream Mixes series. In 2005 he released his first solo album Neptunes under the name Jerome Froese. In 2006 Jerome left Tangerine Dream to concentrate on his solo career. His second solo album Shiver Me Timbers was released on 29 October 2007, and his third, Far Side of the Face, was released in 2012. Beginning in 2011, Jerome Froese joined with former Tangerine Dream member Johannes Schmoelling and keyboardist Robert Waters to form the band Loom, which plays original material, as well as Tangerine Dream classics. Thorsten Quaeschning, leader of Picture Palace Music, was brought into Tangerine Dream in 2005 and contributed to most of the band's albums and CupDiscs since then.

The group had recording contracts with Ohr, Virgin, Jive Electro, Private Music, and Miramar, and many of the minor soundtracks were released on Varese Sarabande. In 1996, the band founded their own record label, TDI, and more recently, Eastgate. Subsequent albums are today generally not available in normal retail channels but are sold by mail-order or through online channels. The same applies to their Miramar releases, the rights to which the band bought back. Meanwhile, their Ohr and Jive Electro catalogs (known as the "Pink" and "Blue" Years) are currently owned by Esoteric Recordings.

Concert updates

To celebrate their 40th anniversary (1967–2007), Tangerine Dream announced their only UK concert at London Astoria on 20 April 2007. Tangerine Dream also played a totally free open-air concert in Eberswalde on 1 July 2007 and at the Alte Oper in Frankfurt on Main on 7 October 2007. 2008 saw the band in Eindhoven Netherlands playing at E-Day (an electronic music festival); later in the year they also played the Night of the Prog Festival in Loreley, Germany, as well as concerts at the Kentish Town Forum, in London on 1 November, at the Picture House, Edinburgh on 2 November, and their first live concert in the USA for over a decade, at the UCLA Royce Hall, Los Angeles on 7 November.

In 2009 the group announced that they would play a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London, on 1 April 2010, titled the Zeitgeist concert, 35 years after their milestone concert there on 2 April 1975. The entire concert was released as a 3-CD live album on 7 July 2010.^[19]

Tangerine Dream embarked in spring and summer 2012 on a tour of Europe, Canada and the USA called The Electric Mandarine Tour 2012:^[20] The 1st leg was a 5-date European tour, beginning on 10 April in Budapest (Hungary) via Padua (Italy), Milano (Italy), Zurich (Switzerland), and ending on 10 May in Berlin (Germany). The 2nd leg was a North-American tour which started with the Jazz Festival in Montréal (Canada) on 30 June, followed by a concert on 4 July at the Bluesfest in Ottawa (Canada) and continued as a 10-date US journey beginning in July in Boston, then New York, Philadelphia, Washington, and California. On 16 November 2014, Tangerine Dream performed in Melbourne, Australia, as part of Melbourne Music Week. They were the final shows with Froese.^[21] Tangerine Dream will play two consecutive nights at the Union Chapel, Islington London on April 23 & 24, the second supported by ex Japan and Porcupine Tree musician Richard Barbieri.

After Edgar Froese's death

Edgar Froese died suddenly in Vienna on 20 January 2015 from a pulmonary embolism.^[22]^[23] On 6 April 2015, the group's remaining members (Quaeschning, Schnauss and Yamane) and Bianca Acquaye (Froese's widow), pledged to continue working together in an effort to fulfill Froese's vision for the group. However, ex-member Jerome Froese announced in his Facebook time line that in his opinion Tangerine Dream will not exist without his father.^[24]

Tangerine Dream played their first show following Froese's death on 9 June 2016 in Szczecin, Poland.^[25]

On 29 September 2017, Tangerine Dream released their new studio album entitled Quantum Gate, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the band's foundation.^[26]

Artistic connections

Influences

Tangerine Dream began as a surreal rock band, with each of the members contributing different musical influences and styles. Edgar Froese's guitar style was inspired by Jimi Hendrix,^[27] while Chris Franke contributed the more avant garde elements of Karlheinz Stockhausen and Terry Riley. Yes-like progressive rock influence was brought in by Steve Jolliffe on Cyclone. The sample-based sound collages of Johannes Schmoelling drew their inspiration from a number of sources; one instance is Steve Reich's Music for 18 Musicians on, for example, parts of Logos Live, and the track "Love on a Real Train" from the Risky Business soundtrack.

Classical music has had some influence on the sound of Tangerine Dream over the years. György Ligeti, Johann Sebastian Bach, Maurice Ravel, and Arcangelo Corelli are clearly visible as dominant influences in the early albums. A Baroque sensibility sometimes informs the more coordinated sequencer patterns, which has its most direct expression in the La Folia section that comes at the very end of the title track of Force Majeure. In live performances, the piano solos often directly quoted from Romantic classical works for piano, such as the Beethoven and Mozart snippets in much of the late 1970s – early 1980s stage shows. In the bootleg recording of the Mannheim Mozartsaal concert of 1976 (Tangerine Tree volume 13), the first part of the first piece also clearly quotes from Franz Liszt's Totentanz. The first phrase is played on a harpsichord synthesizer patch and is answered by the second half of the phrase in a flute voicing on a Mellotron. During the 1990s, many releases included recordings of classical compositions: Pictures at an Exhibition (on Turn of the Tides), Largo (from Xerxes) (on Tyranny of Beauty), Symphony in A Minor (by J. S. Bach), and Concerto in A Major / Adagio (by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) (both on Ambient Monkeys).

Since the 1990s, Tangerine Dream have also recorded cover versions of Jimi Hendrix' "Purple Haze" (first on 220 Volt Live) and The Beatles' "Eleanor Rigby", "Back in the U.S.S.R.", "Tomorrow Never Knows", and "Norwegian Wood".

An infrequently recurring non-musical influence on Tangerine Dream, and Edgar Froese in particular, have been 12th–19th century poets. This was first evident on the 1981 album Exit, the track title "Pilots of the Purple Twilight" being a quote from Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem Locksley Hall. Six years later, the album Tyger featured poems from William Blake set to music; and around the turn of the millennium, Edgar Froese started working on a musical trilogy based on Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, completed in 2006. Most recently, the 2007 album Madcap's Flaming Duty features more poems set to music, some again from Blake but also e.g. Walt Whitman.

Pink Floyd were also an influence on Edgar Froese and Tangerine Dream, the band in its very early psychedelic rock band phase playing improvisations based on Pink Floyd's "Interstellar Overdrive". Madcap's Flaming Duty is dedicated to the memory of the late Syd Barrett. The title refers to Barrett's solo release "The Madcap Laughs".

The band's influence can be felt in ambient artists such as Deepspace, The Future Sound of London, David Kristian, and Global Communication, as well as rock, pop, and dance artists such as Porcupine Tree, M83, DJ Shadow, Ulrich Schnauss, Cut Copy, and Kasabian. The band also clearly influenced 1990s and 2000s Trance music, where lush soundscapes and synth pads are used along with repetitive synth sequences, much like in their 1975 releases Rubycon and Ricochet, as well as some of their music from the early 1980s. The group have also been sampled countless times, more recently by Recoil on the album SubHuman, by Sasha on Involver, and on several Houzan Suzuki albums. Michael Jackson also cited Tangerine Dream as one of his favourite bands, especially their 1977 soundtrack for Sorcerer.

In popular culture

Personnel

Members

It should also be noted that Bianca Froese-Acquaye, Edgar's widow, has taken up the mantle of continuing the legacy of the group and works closely in a non-musical capacity with the remaining members.

Line-ups

Timeline

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Guest musicians

Discography

Tangerine Dream has released over one hundred albums (not counting compilations and fan releases) over the last four decades. A project to collect and release fan concert recordings, known as the Tangerine Tree, was active from 2002 to 2006.

References

1. ^{{cite web|author=Bush, John|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tangerine-dream-mn0000002411/discography|title=Tangerine Dream Discography|publisher=AllMusic}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/alpha-centauri-ultima-tima-thule-mr0000381037|title=Free Union Records}}
3. ^{{cite web|author=Swan, Glenn|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rubycon-mw0000198494|title=Rubycon - Tangerine Dream|publisher=AllMusic}}
4. ^{{cite web |last=Fatali |first=Liberi |title=Tangerine Dream: Madcap's Flaming Duty |work=Sputnikmusic |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/15463/Tangerine-Dream-Madcaps-Flaming-Duty/}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=Perrone, Pierre|title=Edgar Froese : Leader of electronic band Tangerine Dream whose influence has been felt for more than four decades|date=27 January 2015|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/edgar-froese-leader-of-electronic-band-tangerine-dream-whose-influence-has-been-felt-for-more-than-10006676.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=8 August 2017}}
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7. ^{{cite news |title=Tangerine Dream founder Edgar Froese dies |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 January 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/23/tangerine-dream-founder-edgar-froese-dies}}
8. ^{{cite book |first=Jim |last=DeRogatis |authorlink=Jim DeRogatis |title=Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock |date=2003 |location=Milwaukee |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |page=263 |isbn=0-634-05548-8}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Stump |first=Paul |title=Digital Gothic: A Critical Discography of Tangerine Dream |date=1999 |publisher=Firefly Publishing |isbn= 0-946719-18-7 |pages=29–48}}
10. ^{{cite vitn |title=Edgar Froese |url=__ef.htm}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/movies/tangerine-dreams-music-in-bamcinematek-series.html |work=The New York Times |title=Underscoring the Drama in the Dark |author=Rapold, Nicolas |date=June 1, 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0CE0DD1E38F932A25756C0A962948260 |title=SCREEN: 'FIRESTARTER', A STEPHEN KING STORY |authorlink=Vincent Canby |author=Canby, Vincent |date=May 11, 1984}}
13. ^{{cite web |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9805E3DB1038F932A0575BC0A962948260 |title=SCREEN: 'FLASHPOINT', WITH KRIS KRISTOFFERSON |authorlink=Janet Maslin |author=Maslin, Janet |date=August 31, 1984}}
14. ^{{cite web |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE0D71439F937A35753C1A961948260 |title=Film: 'Near Dark', a Tale of Vampires on the Road |author=James, Caryn |date=October 4, 1987}}
15. ^{{cite film|title=Film: 'Identification of a Woman' |author=Michelangelo, Antonioni |date=October 21, 1982}}
16. ^{{cite news |author=Shamoon, Evan |title=Inside The Grand Theft Auto V Soundtrack |work=Rolling Stone |date=28 August 2013 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside-the-grand-theft-auto-v-soundtrack-20130828}}
17. ^¹²{{cite web |work=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-tangerine-dreams-eerie-take-on-stranger-things-theme-w439301 |title=Hear Tangerine Dream's Spooky Cover of 'Stranger Things' Theme |author=Kreps, Daniel |date=12 September 2016}}
18. ^{{allmusic |last=Brenholts |first=Jim |title= Tangerine Dream — The Grammy Nominated Albums |date=2014 |id=the-grammy-nominated-albums-mw0000616820}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=Zeitgeist Concert - 3CD Set |website=Eastgate Music Shop |url=https://www.ssl-id.de/edgarfroese.de/shop/products.php?p=51be2a |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150127130909/https://www.ssl-id.de/edgarfroese.de/shop/products.php?p=51be2a |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-01-27 }}
20. ^{{cite web |title=Concert Dates |website=Tangerinedream-music.com |url=http://www.tangerinedream-music.com/index.php?/concert_dates.php|accessdate=2012-01-27}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=Melbourne Music Week Tangerine Dream |website=Victorian Government |url=http://www.vic.gov.au/event/2014/11/melbourne-music-week-tangerine-dream.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033753/http://www.vic.gov.au/event/2014/11/melbourne-music-week-tangerine-dream.html |archivedate=29 November 2014}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/23/tangerine-dream-founder-edgar-froese-dies|title=Tangerine Dream founder Edgar Froese dies|work=The Guardian|date=23 January 2015|accessdate=24 January 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/Music/article/rip_tangerine_dreams_edgar_froese|title=R.I.P. Tangerine Dream's Edgar Froese|work=Exclaim!|date=23 January 2015|accessdate=23 January 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=784787968275463&set=a.109533702467563.23956.100002328016962&type=1 |title=Jerome Froese - Timeline Photos |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2016-01-27}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Internationales Festival für Elektronische Musik|first=Edgar|last=Froese|url=http://www.schwingungen-festival.de/programm/tangerine-dream/|website=Schwingungen-festival.de}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kscopemusic.com/artists/tangerinedream/|title=Tangerine Dream – The new studio album, Quantum Gate Celebrating 50 years of Tangerine Dream – Listen to first song "Tear Down the Grey Skies" above|date=September 2017|website=Kscopemusic.com|accessdate=19 September 2017}}
27. ^{{cite news |last=Joyce |first=Mike |title=Spotlight; The Group With a Synth Of Adventure; Tangerine Dream's Long Electronic Music Quest |work=The Washington Post |date=7 September 1988 |url=http://www.arm.ac.uk/~ath/music/td/postings/td_washingtonpost.html}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/backstage-with-steven-wilson/ |title=Backstage with Steven Wilson |first=Tushar |last=Menon |location=London, United Kingdom |date=24 June 2012 |accessdate=17 July 2016 |magazine=Rolling Stone India}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=Obsessed with "Stranger Things?" Meet the musicians behind the show’s spine-chilling synth score |author=Maerzm Jennifer |date=23 July 2016 |url=http://www.salon.com/2016/07/23/obsessed_with_stranger_things_meet_the_band_behind_the_shows_spine_chilling_theme_and_synth_score/ |work= Salon}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://santabarbara.fr.free.fr/introduction.htm |website=Santabarbara.fr}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/black-mirror-bandersnatch-soundtrack/|title=Black Mirror: Bandersnatch Soundtrack|date=2018-12-28|website=What's on Netflix|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}