“Romani people in Brazil”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Romani people in Brazil are known by non-Romani ethnic Brazilians as {{lang|pt|ciganos}} ({{IPA-pt|siˈɡɐ̃nus}}), or alternatively by terms such as {{lang|pt|calés}}, {{lang|pt|calós}}, {{lang|pt|calons}}, {{lang|pt|boêmios}}, {{lang|pt|judeus}} (in Minas Gerais) and {{lang|pt|quicos}} (in Minas Gerais and São Paulo), in various degrees of accuracy of use and etymology as well as linguistic prestige.

As implied by some of their most common local names, most Brazilian Romani belong to the Iberian Kale (Kalos) group, like their fellow lusophone Portuguese {{lang|pt|ciganos}}, and the Spanish Romani people, known as {{lang|es|gitanos}}. A 2012 government report indicates that they arrived in Brazil in the second half of the 16th century, after being expelled from Portugal. They were sentenced to prison in Portugal, requested to be exiled instead, and were ultimately sent to Brazil (some were first sent to Africa). The report also indicates that most Romani men in Brazil today "live from trade and the women engage in palm reading".^[1] At one time, they traded horses but now, deal in used cars and other goods.^[2]

The 2010 census data indicates a population of 800,000 {{lang|pt|ciganos}},^[1] or 0.4% of Brazil's population; there are concerns in Brazil about lack of public policy directed at this segment of the population. The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of {{lang|pt|ciganos}} in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). Many still speak the Romani language.^[2] A 2015 report by the United Nations stated that the Roma (Cigano) community who seemed to be "highly invisible" in Brazil. "They are still largely stereotyped […] as thieves, beggars or fortune tellers."^[3]

The 2010 IBGE Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities.^[4] It is the second largest Romani population in the world, after the United States. The first Brazilian president (1956–1961) of direct non-Portuguese Romani origin was Juscelino Kubitschek, 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline. His term was marked by economic prosperity and political stability,^[5] being most known by the construction of Brazil's new capital, Brasília. Nevertheless, Brazil already had a president of Portuguese Kale ancestry before Juscelino's term, Washington Luís who was trained as Lawyer became a career politician, and later focused on historical studies in Brazil .

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar_en/index.php?option=com_content&id=1263:gypsies-in-brazil-ciganos-no-brasil|title=Gypsies in Brazil|first=Bruno Lindbergue -|last=BIBLIOTECA|website=basilio.fundaj.gov.br}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://womennewsnetwork.net/2011/04/04/we-exist-roma-women-brazil/|title=BRAZIL: Roma women and families say 'We exist!' - Woman News Network (WNN)|date=4 April 2011|publisher=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509702-un-rights-expert-urges-brazil-introduce-measures-fulfill-promises-equality|title=UN rights expert urges Brazil to introduce measures to ‘fulfill promises of equality’ for minorities|date=25 September 2015|publisher=}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html |title=Falta de políticas públicas para ciganos é desafio para o governo|publisher=R7|year=2011|quote=|accessdate=2012-01-22 |archiveurl = |archivedate =}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=HOMENAGEADOS › JUSCELINO KUBITSCHEK|url=http://www.ccon.go.gov.br/homenageados_detalhes/Juscelino+Kubitschek+/15|website=Centro Cultural Oscar Niemeyer|accessdate=22 February 2015|language=Portuguese}}