| 词条 | Tanner scale |
| 释义 |
The Tanner scale (also known as the Tanner stages) is a scale of physical development in children, adolescents and adults. The scale defines physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics, such as the size of the breasts, genitals, testicular volume and development of pubic hair. This scale was first identified by James Tanner, a British pediatrician, and thus bears his name.[1][2][3] Due to natural variation, individuals pass through the Tanner stages at different rates, depending in particular on the timing of puberty. In HIV treatment, the Tanner scale is used to determine which treatment regimen to follow (adult, adolescent or pediatric). Definitions of stagesAdapted from text by Lawrence Neinstein, M.D.[4] Genitals (male)
testicular volume less than 1.5 ml; small penis (prepubertal; typically age nine and younger)
testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged (9–11)
testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml; scrotum enlarges further; penis begins to lengthen (11–12.5)
testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further and darkens; penis increases in length (12.5–14)
testicular volume greater than 20 ml; adult scrotum and penis (14+) Breasts (female)
no glandular tissue: areola follows the skin contours of the chest (prepubertal) (typically age 10 and younger)
breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen (10–11.5)
breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast (11.5–13)
increased breast sizing and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast (13–15)
breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla. (15+) Pubic hair (both male and female)
no pubic hair at all (prepubertal) (typically age 10 and younger)
small amount of long, downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base of the penis and scrotum (males) or on the labia majora (females) (10–11.5)
hair becomes more coarse and curly, and begins to extend laterally (11.5–13)
adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs (13–15)
hair extends to medial surface of the thighs (15+) CriticismThe scale has been criticized by the pornography industry for its potential to lead to false child pornography convictions, such as in the case when United States federal authorities used it to assert that pornographic actress Lupe Fuentes was underage. Fuentes personally appeared at the trial and provided documentation that showed that the DVDs in question were legally produced.[5][6] Tanner, the author of the classification system, has argued that age classification using the stages of the scale represents invalid use. Tanner stages do not match with chronological age, but rather maturity stages and thus are not diagnostic for age estimation.[7] See also
References1. ^{{WhoNamedIt|synd|3082|Tanner's stages}} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Marshall WA, Tanner JM |title=Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys|journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=45 |issue=239 |pages=13–23 |date=February 1970 |pmid=5440182 |pmc=2020414 |doi= 10.1136/adc.45.239.13|url=}} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Marshall WA, Tanner JM |title=Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=44 |issue=235 |pages=291–303 |date=June 1969 |pmid=5785179 |pmc=2020314 |doi= 10.1136/adc.44.235.291|url=}} 4. ^Lawrence S. Neinstein, M.D.: Adolescent Medicine - Children's Hospital Los Angeles CA {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307161350/http://www.chla.org/profile/lawrence-neinstein-md |date=2016-03-07 }} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Lupe-Fuentes-Saves-Man-From-Bogus-Child-Porn-Charge-394003.html |title=Lupe Fuentes Saves Man From Bogus ‘Child Porn’ Charge|date=April 16, 2010|work=AVN}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Adult Film Star Verifies Her Age, Saves Fan From 20 Years In Prison|url=http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2010/04/adult-film-star-verifies-her-age-saves-fan-20-years-prison |work=Radar Online|date=April 21, 2010}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Rosenbloom|first=AL|author2=Tanner, JM |title=Misuse of Tanner puberty stages to estimate chronologic age.|journal=Pediatrics|date=December 1998|volume=102|issue=6|page=1494|doi=10.1542/peds.102.6.1494|pmid=9882230}} External links{{Commons category|Tanner scale}}
6 : Medical scales|Endocrinology|Paraphilias|Pediatrics|Sexology|Sexuality and age |
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