| 词条 | Tantrum |
| 释义 |
A tantrum, temper tantrum, meltdown or hissy fit is an emotional outburst, usually associated with those in emotional distress, that is typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, violence, defiance, angry ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification, and, in some cases, hitting, and other physically violent behavior. Physical control may be lost; the person may be unable to remain still; and even if the "goal" of the person is met, he or she may not be calmed.[1][2][3][4][5][6] A tantrum may be expressed in a tirade: a protracted, angry speech.[1][2] In early childhoodTantrums are one of the most common forms of problematic behavior in young children, but tend to decrease in frequency and intensity as the child grows older. For the toddler, tantrums can be considered as normal, even as gauges of a developing strength of character.[7]While tantrums are sometimes seen as a predictor of future anti-social behaviour,[8] in another sense they are simply an age-appropriate sign of excessive frustration, and will diminish over time given a calm and consistent handling.[9] Parental containment where a child cannot contain itself—rather than what the child is ostensibly demanding—may be what is really required.[10] Selma Fraiberg warned against "too much pressure or forceful methods of control from the outside" in child-rearing: "if we turn every instance of pants changing, treasure hunting, napping, puddle wading and garbage distribution into a governmental crisis we can easily bring on fierce defiance, tantrums, and all the fireworks of revolt in the nursery".[11]Intellectual disabilitesSome people who have psychiatric disorders such as autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability could be more vulnerable to tantrums than others, although anyone experiencing brain damage (temporary or permanent) can suffer from tantrums. Anyone may be prone to tantrums once in a while, regardless of gender or age.[12] However, a meltdown due to sensory overload (which even neurotypical children can experience) is not the same as a temper tantrum.[13] AberrationsFreud considered that the Wolf Man's development of temper tantrums was connected with his seduction by his sister: he became "discontented, irritable and violent, took offence on every possible occasion, and then flew into a rage and screamed like a savage".[14] Freud linked the tantrums to an unconscious need for punishment driven by feelings of guilt[15]—something which he thought could be generalised to many other cases of childhood tantrums.[16]Heinz Kohut contended that tantrums were narcissistic rages,[17] caused by the thwarting of the infant's grandiose-exhibitionist core. The blow to the inflated self-image, when a child's wishes are (however justifiably) refused, creates fury because it strikes at the feeling of omnipotence.[18]Jealousy over the birth of a sibling, and resulting aggression, may also provoke negativistic tantrums, as the effort at controlling the feelings overloads the child's system of self-regulation.[19][20]In later lifeThackeray claimed that in later life "you may tell a Tantrum as far as you can see one, by the distressed and dissatisfied expression of its countenance—'Tantrumical', if we may term it so".[21]Heinz Kohut contended that "the infant's core is likely to contain a self-centred, grandiose-exhibitionist part", and that "tantrums at being frustrated thus represent narcissistic rages"[17] at the blow to the inflated self-image. With "a child confronted with some refusal ... regardless of its justifications, the refusal automatically provokes fury, since it offends his sense of omnipotence".[18]The willingness of the celebrity to throw tantrums whenever thwarted to the least degree[22] is a kind of Acquired Situational Narcissism[23] or tantrumical behavior. If tantrums are shown by older people they might often be signs of immaturity and a mental disability; however, many people can have them under extreme stress.[24] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.babycentre.co.uk/toddler/penelopeleach/whatisatantrum/ |title=What is a tantrum? |publisher=Babycentre.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-03-20}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/tantrums.html |title=Temper Tantrums |publisher=Kidshealth.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-20}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.babycenter.com/0_tantrums_11569.bc |title=Tantrums |publisher=BabyCenter |date= |accessdate=2011-03-20}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalchild.org/jan_hunt/tantrum.html |title=When a Child Has a Tantrum – The Natural Child Project |publisher=Naturalchild.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-20}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Mullen|first=J.K.|date=1983|title=Understanding and managing the temper tantrum|journal=Child Care Quarterly|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–70|doi=10.1007/BF01258080}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=E.R.|first=Geelerd|date=1945|title=Observations on temper tantrums in children|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1945.tb04937.x|journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry|volume=15(2)|pages=238-246|via=}} 7. ^Robin Skynner/John Cleese, Families and how to survive them (London 1993) p. 177 8. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Potegal, Michael, L.P. |author2=Davidson, Richard J. | title = Temper Tantrums in Young Children| journal = Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics| volume = 24| issue = 3| pages = 140–147| date = June 2003}} 9. ^Roy Benaroch, Solving Health and Behavioral Problems from Birth Through Preschool (2008) p. 157 10. ^Patrick Casement, Further Learning from the Patient (London 1990) p. 113-4 11. ^Selma H. Fraiberg, The Magic Years (New York 1987), p. 65 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://autism.lovetoknow.com/Temper_Tantrums_and_Autism|title=Temper Tantrums and Autism - LoveToKnow|publisher=|accessdate=25 March 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Bennie|first1=Maureen|title=Tantrum vs Autistic Meltdown: What Is The Difference?|url=https://autismawarenesscentre.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-tantrum-and-an-autistic-meltdown/|website=Autism Awareness|publisher=Autism Awareness Centre Inc.|accessdate=9 June 2017|date=2 February 2016}} 14. ^Sigmund Freud, Case Histories II (PFL 9) p. 242 15. ^Freud, p. 257 16. ^Sigmund Freud, Case Histories II (PFL 9) p. 257-8 and p. 242 17. ^1 H. and I. Goldenberg, Family Therapy (2007) p. 172 18. ^1 Edmund Bergler in J. Halliday/P. Fuller eds., The Psychology of Gambling (London 1974) p. 182 19. ^Selma H. Fraiberg, The Magic Years (New York 1987) p. 152 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tracy|first=A. Dennis|date=2006|title=Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay approach reactivity, and control capacities|url=|journal=Developmental psychology|volume=42(1)|pages=84-97|via=}} 21. ^William Makepeace Thackeray, The Irish Sketch Book (1848) p. 138 22. ^Cooper Lawrence, The Cult of Celebrity (2009) p. 72 23. ^Simon Crompton, All about Me (London 2007) p. 176 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/health-news/adult-temper-tantrums-1.1126134|title=North Jersey|website=North Jersey|accessdate=25 March 2018}} External links
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