“Taps”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Taps" is a bugle call played at dusk, during flag ceremonies, and at military funerals by the United States Armed Forces. The official military version is played by a single bugle or trumpet, although other versions of the tune may be played in other contexts (e.g., the U.S. Marine Corps Ceremonial Music site has recordings of two bugle and one band version^[1]). It is also performed often at Boy Scout, Girl Scout, and Girl Guide meetings and camps. The tune is also sometimes known as "Butterfield{{'}}s Lullaby", or by the first line of the lyric, "Day Is Done". The duration may vary to some extent; the typical recording below is 59 seconds long.

Etymology

"Taps" originates from the Dutch taptoe, meaning "close the (beer) taps (and send the troops back to camp)". An alternative explanation, however, is that it carried over from a term already in use before the American Civil War. Three single, slow drum beats were struck after the sounding of the Tattoo or "Extinguish Lights". This signal was known as the "Drum Taps", "The Taps", or simply as "Taps" in soldiers' slang.^[3]^[4]

History

The tune is a variation of an earlier bugle call known as the "Scott Tattoo", which was used in the U.S. from 1835 until 1860,^[5]^[6] and was arranged in its present form by the Union Army Brigadier General Daniel Butterfield, an American Civil War general and Medal of Honor recipient who commanded the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division in the V Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac while at Harrison's Landing, Virginia, in July 1862 to replace a previous French bugle call used to signal "lights out". Butterfield's bugler, Oliver Wilcox Norton,^[7] of East Springfield, Pennsylvania,^[8] was the first to sound the new call. Within months "Taps" was used by both Union and Confederate forces. It was officially recognized by the United States Army in 1874.^[9]

"Taps" concludes many military funerals conducted with honors at Arlington National Cemetery and elsewhere in the United States.^[9] The tune is also sounded at many memorial services in Arlington's Memorial Amphitheater and at grave sites throughout the cemetery. It is also regularly played at the American Cemetery in Normandy, France, to commemorate the sacrifice made, at & around that site, by United States servicemen in WWII, during the allied effort to liberate Europe from the Nazis.

Captain John Francis Tidball, West Point Class of 1848, started the custom of playing "Taps" at military funerals. In early July 1862 at Harrison's Landing, a corporal of Tidball's Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery, died. He was, Tidball recalled later, "a most excellent man". Tidball wished to bury him with full military honors, but, for military reasons, he was refused permission to fire 7 rifles three times (21-shot salute) over the grave. Tidball later wrote, "The thought suggested itself to me to sound taps instead, which I did. The idea was taken up by others, until in a short time it was adopted by the entire army and is now looked upon as the most appropriate and touching part of a military funeral." As Tidball proudly proclaimed, "Battery A has the honor of having introduced this custom into the service, and it is worthy of historical note."^[10]

"Taps" is sounded during each of the military wreath ceremonies conducted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every year, including the ones held on Memorial Day. The ceremonies are viewed by many people, including veterans, school groups, and foreign officials. "Taps" also is sounded nightly in military installations at non-deployed locations to indicate that it is "lights out", and often by Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and Girl Guides to mark the end of an evening event such as a campfire.

Melody and lyrics

The melody of "Taps" is composed entirely from the written notes of the C major triad (i.e., C, E, and G, with the G used in the lower and higher octaves). This is because the bugle, for which it is written, can play only the notes in the harmonic series of the instrument's fundamental tone; a B-flat bugle thus plays the notes B-flat, D, and F. "Taps" uses the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth partials.

"Taps" is a bugle call - a signal, not a song. As such, there is no associated lyric. Many bugle calls had words associated with them as a mnemonic device but these are not lyrics. A Horace Lorenzo Trim {{citation needed|date=March 2019}} wrote a set of words intended to accompany the music:

Several later lyrical adaptations have been created.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Legends

There are several legends concerning the origin of "Taps". The most widely circulated one states that a Union Army infantry officer, whose name often is given as Captain Robert Ellicombe, first ordered "Taps" performed at the funeral of his son, a Confederate soldier killed during the Peninsula Campaign. This apocryphal^[12]^[13]^[14] story claims that Ellicombe found the tune in the pocket of his son's clothing and performed it to honor his memory, but there is no record of any man named Robert Ellicombe holding a commission as captain in the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign.^[15]

That Daniel Butterfield composed "Taps" has been sworn to by numerous reputable witnesses including his bugler Norton,^[16] who first performed the tune. While scholars continue to debate whether or not the tune was original or based on an earlier melody, few researchers doubt that Butterfield is responsible for the current tune.

Another, perhaps more historically verifiable, account of "Taps" first being used in the context of a military funeral involves John C. Tidball, a Union artillery captain who during a break in fighting ordered the tune sounded for a deceased soldier in lieu of the more traditional—and much less discreet—three volley tribute. Army Col. James A. Moss, in an Officer's Manual initially published in 1911, reports the following:

While not necessarily addressing the origin of the "Taps", this does represent the first recorded instance of "Taps" being sounded as part of a military funeral. Until then, while the tune had meant that the soldiers' day of work was finished, it had little to none of the connotation or overtone of death, with which it so often is associated today.

Another lesser-known legend is that of Lieutenant William Waid paying saloon-keepers to shut off the taps to the kegs when the song was played in a neighboring army camp. Lt. Waid's name has not been found in Union or Confederate records.

Non-military variants

Although primarily used within the military, several local or special variations of the tune are performed, primarily by organizations such as the Boy Scouts of America or American military schools. It is also played all over the world in remembrance of the dead.

Echo Taps and Silver Taps

Echo Taps or Silver Taps is a tradition in which "Taps" is played at U.S. military schools—such as Norwich University, Texas A&M University, New Mexico Military Institute, The Citadel, and Virginia Tech—when a member or former member of a school's corps of cadets is killed in action. Echo Taps ceremonies involve some arrangement of "Taps" for two buglers, playing antiphonally to represent both the cadet's branch of service and their college. Silver Taps ceremonies may use such an arrangement, or some other version for two or more instruments.

At Norwich University, the ceremony is held on the Upper Parade Ground, where the Corps of Cadets forms up silently at 2145 (9:45 p.m.) for tattoo, and then stands in silence until 2200 (10:00 p.m.) when "Echo Taps" is sounded, at which time unit commanders tacitly will give the commands of attention and present arms. The regimental bugler stands either near the flagpole in front of Jackman Hall or on Jackman's balcony and plays the main tune of "Taps". The echoing bugler will stand on the steps of Dewey Hall facing the Parade Ground and echo each series of notes. Following the sounding of "Taps", the Corps of Cadets dismisses in silence.

At Texas A&M, Echo Taps is held on the Corps of Cadets Quad at 10:30 p.m. For the ceremony, the Corps falls out and both students and cadets gather to form around the Quad. A bugler is posted at the megaphone on the south end and another is at the arches on the north end. Cadets salute and the bugler on the south end plays the first three notes of Silver Taps, the bugler on the north end echoes, the bugler on the south end plays the next three notes and is echoed for the rest of the song. Cadets and students then return to their dorms.

By far, one of Texas A&M's most honored traditions is Silver Taps. Silver Taps is the student body's final tribute paid to an Aggie who, at the time of their death, was enrolled in undergraduate or graduate studies. This final tribute is held the first Tuesday of the month when a student has died the previous month. The first Silver Taps was held in 1898 and honored Lawrence Sullivan Ross, the former governor of Texas and president of A&M College. Silver Taps is currently held in the Academic Plaza. On the day of Silver Taps, a small card with the deceased student's name, class, major, and date of birth is placed as a notice at the base of the academic flagpole, in addition to the memorial located behind the flagpole. The A&M student newspaper, The Battalion, dedicates their Tuesday issue on a Silver Taps day to sharing stories of who the deceased students were. Around 10:15 that night, the lights are extinguished and hymns chime from Albritton Tower. Students silently gather at the statue of Lawrence Sullivan Ross. At 10:30 p.m., the Ross Volunteer Firing Squad marches into the plaza and fires three rifle volleys totaling 21 shots fired. Six buglers then play a special rendition of Silver Taps by Colonel Richard Dunn (Aggie Band Director, 1924-1946). Taps is played three times from the dome of the Academic Building: once to the North, South, and West. It is not played to the East because the sun will never rise on that Aggie again. After the buglers play, the students silently return to their homes. Students return to their dorms, and lights remain extinguished until Reveille the next morning.

At New Mexico Military Institute, "Echo Taps" (otherwise known as "Silver Taps") is played by three trumpets on a night designated by the alumni association. This ceremony is held in the Hagerman Barracks to remember all the alumni who had died of normal causes or killed in action that year. This ceremony also includes the lighting and extinguishing of a candle for every alumni of the year. One bugler is posted at the north, south, and west side of the barracks and the candles at the east. After this early "Taps", complete silence marks the rest of the night.

Army Regulation 220-90, Army Bands dated December 2007, Paragraph 2-5h(1) states the following: "'Echo Taps' or 'Silver Taps', the practice of performing 'Taps' with multiple buglers, is not authorized. 'Echo Taps' is not a part of Army tradition and improperly uses bugler assets."

Army Regulation 600-25, Salutes, Honors, and Visits of Courtesy, dated September 2004, Glossary, Section two states the following: "Taps The traditional 'lights out' musical composition played at military funerals and memorials. The official version of 'Taps' is played by a single bugle. In accordance with AR 220–90, 'Echo or Silver Taps', which is performed by two buglers, is not authorized."

Field Manual 12-50, U.S. Army Bands, dated October 1999, Appendix A, Official And Ceremonial Music, Appendix A, Section 1 – Ceremonial Music, Paragraph A-35 "A-35. Signals that unauthorized lights are to be extinguished. This is the last call of the day. The call is also sounded at the completion of a military funeral ceremony. Taps is to be performed by a single bugler only. Performance of 'Silver Taps' or 'Echo Taps' is not consistent with Army traditions, and is an improper use of bugler assets."

Scouting

Many Scouting and Guiding groups around the world sing the first verse of "Taps" ("Day is Done...") at the close of a camp or campfire. Scouts in encampment may also have the unit's bugler sound taps once the rest of the unit has turned in, to signify that the day's activities have concluded and that silence is expected in the camp.^[17]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marineband.marines.mil/AudioResources/CeremonialMusic.aspx |website=U.S. Marines|title= Ceremonial music. Links to two bugle versions and a band version of 'Taps'}}
2. ^E.g.* {{cite web|url=http://www.west-point.org/taps/Taps.html|title=24 Notes That Tap Deep Emotions|author=Villanueva, Jari A. |website=west-point.org]}} (see notes about the author contained therein).* {{cite web |url= http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/celebrate/taps.pdf |type= The Story of Taps |website= U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs|title=Taps}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Taps|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/taps|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=26 August 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=Villanueva|first1=Jari|title=Why the Name "Taps"?|url=http://tapsbugler.com/why-the-name-taps/|website=tapsbugler.com|accessdate=26 August 2014}}
5. ^{{cite news|author=Booth, Russell H.|title=Butterfield and 'Taps'|work=Civil War Times|date=December 1977|pages= 35–39}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.west-point.org/taps/Taps.html |title=Detailed History of Taps |publisher=West-point.org |date=1969-07-04 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pa-roots.com/pacw/|title=Pennsylvania in the Civil War|website=www.pa-roots.com}}
8. ^'The 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteers in the Civil War' p. 8
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cem.va.gov/mhg.asp|title=Military Funeral Honors – Burial and Memorial Benefits|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814092056/http://www.cem.va.gov/mhg.asp|archivedate=2009-08-14|df=}}
10. ^John C. Tidball, "Second U.S. Artillery", November 21, 1890, Papers re Second U.S. Artillery, M 727, entry 64, Records of the Office of the Adjutant General, RG, NA, 14–15. See also Tidball, Eugene C., No Disgrace to my Country: The Life of John C. Tidball, Kent, Kent State University Press, 2002, pp. 250–251.
11. ^¹{{cite web|last=Villanueva|first=USAF Master Sergeant Jari A.|title=History of Taps|url=http://www.militaryfuneralhonors.osd.mil/intro.html|work=Military Funeral Honors Web Page|publisher=United States Department of Defense|accessdate=4 March 2011}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/taps.htm |title=Tapping the Admiral |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-03-23}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bltaps.htm |title=The Story of 'Taps' – Netlore Archive |publisher=Urbanlegends.about.com |date=1999-03-26 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.breakthechain.org/exclusives/taps.html |title=The Origin of "Taps"? |publisher=BreakTheChain.org |date=2003-04-18 |accessdate=2011-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212103210/http://breakthechain.org/exclusives/taps.html |archivedate=2010-12-12 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/t/taps.htm |title=The story behind the military song "taps"-Fiction! |publisher=Truthorfiction.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-23}}
16. ^"Taps" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220205005/http://pmel.org/Taps.htm |date=2005-02-20 }} from Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratories
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usscouts.org/mb/Taps.asp|title=Taps Bugle Call|website=www.usscouts.org}}