| 词条 | Tarragon |
| 释义 |
|name = Tarragon |image = Estragon 1511.jpg |image_upright = 1.15 |genus = Artemisia |species = dracunculus |authority = L.[1] not Hook.f. 1881 |synonyms_ref = [2] |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=Synonymy |Achillea dracunculus Hort. ex Steud. |Artemisia aromatica A.Nelson |Artemisia cernua Nutt. |Artemisia changaica Krasch. |Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh |Artemisia glauca Pall. ex Willd. |Artemisia inodora Hook. & Arn. |Artemisia inodora Willd. |Artemisia nutans Pursh |"Artemisia nuterobioio Proik |Artemisia nuttalliana Besser |Artemisia redowskyi Ledeb. |Draconia dracunculus (L.) Soják |Dracunculus esculentus Garsault |Oligosporus dracunculiformis (Krasch.) Poljakov |Oligosporus dracunculus (L.) Poljakov |Oligosporus glaucus (Pall. ex Willd.) Poljakov |Artemisia dracunculina S.Watson }}}} Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), also known as estragon, is a species of perennial herb in the sunflower family. It is widespread in the wild across much of Eurasia and North America, and is cultivated for culinary and medicinal purposes.[3][4][5][6]One subspecies, Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa, is cultivated for use of the leaves as an aromatic culinary herb. In some other subspecies, the characteristic aroma is largely absent. The species is polymorphic.[7] Informal names for distinguishing the variations include "French tarragon" (best for culinary use[8]), "Russian tarragon," and "wild tarragon" (covers various states). Tarragon grows to {{convert|120|–|150|cm|abbr=on}} tall, with slender branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate, {{convert|2|–|8|cm|abbr=on}} long and 2–10 mm broad, glossy green, with an entire margin. The flowers are produced in small capitula 2–4 mm diameter, each capitulum containing up to 40 yellow or greenish-yellow florets. French tarragon, however, seldom produces any flowers (or seeds).[9] Some tarragon plants produce seeds that are generally only sterile. Others produce viable seeds. Tarragon has rhizomatous roots that it uses to spread and readily reproduce. CultivationFrench tarragon is the variety used for cooking in the kitchen and is not grown from seed, as the flowers are sterile; instead it is propagated by root division. Russian tarragon (A. dracunculoides L.) can be grown from seed but is much weaker in flavor when compared to the French variety.[9] However, Russian tarragon is a far more hardy and vigorous plant, spreading at the roots and growing over a meter tall. This tarragon actually prefers poor soils and happily tolerates drought and neglect. It is not as strongly aromatic and flavorsome as its French cousin, but it produces many more leaves from early spring onwards that are mild and good in salads and cooked food. Russian tarragon loses what flavor it has as it ages and is widely considered useless as a culinary herb, though it is sometimes used in crafts. The young stems in early spring can be cooked as an asparagus substitute. Horticulturists recommend that Russian tarragon be grown indoors from seed and planted out in the summer. The spreading plants can be divided easily. A better substitute for French tarragon is Spanish tarragon (Tagetes lucida), also known as Mexican mint marigold, Mexican tarragon, Texas tarragon, or winter tarragon.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} It is much more reminiscent of French tarragon, with a hint of anise. Although not in the same genus as the other tarragons, Spanish tarragon has a stronger flavor than Russian tarragon that does not diminish significantly with age. HealthTarragon has an aromatic property reminiscent of anise, due to the presence of estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in mice. The European Union investigation revealed that the danger of estragole is minimal even at 100–1,000 times the typical consumption seen in humans.[10] Estragole concentration in fresh tarragon leaves is about 2900 mg/kg.[11] UsesCulinary useTarragon is one of the four fines herbes of French cooking, and is particularly suitable for chicken, fish, and egg dishes. Tarragon is the main flavoring component of Béarnaise sauce. Fresh, lightly bruised sprigs of tarragon are steeped in vinegar to produce tarragon vinegar. Tarragon is used to flavor a popular carbonated soft drink in the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (where it originally comes from) and, by extension, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The drink, named Tarkhuna , is made out of sugary tarragon concentrate and colored bright green. In Iran, tarragon is used as a side dish in sabzi khordan (fresh herbs), or in stews and in Persian style pickles, particularly khiar shoor (pickled cucumbers). In Slovenia, tarragon is used in a variation of the traditional nut roll sweet cake, called potica. In Hungary a popular kind of chicken soup is flavored with tarragon. cis-Pellitorin, an isobutyramide eliciting a pungent taste, has been isolated from the tarragon plant.[12]ChemistryA. dracunculus oil contained predominantly phenylpropanoids such as methyl chavicol (16.2%) and methyl eugenol (35.8%).[13] Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of trans-anethole (21.1%), α-trans-ocimene (20.6%), limonene (12.4%), α-pinene (5.1%), allo-ocimene (4.8%), methyl eugenol (2.2%), β-pinene (0.8%), α-terpinolene (0.5%), bornyl acetate (0.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.5%) as the main components.[14] The organic compound capillin was initially isolated from Artemisia capillaris in 1956.[15]QuotesJames Andrew Beard American cookbook author, teacher, syndicated columnist and television personality was quoted as saying “I believe that if ever I had to practice cannibalism, I might manage if there were enough tarragon around.”[16]Fernand Point French chef and restaurateur and is considered to be the father of modern French cuisine was quoted as saying “A Bearnaise sauce is simply an egg yolk, a shallot, a little tarragon vinegar, and butter, but it takes years of practice for the result to be perfect.” [17]References1. ^Artemisia dracunculus was described in Linnaeus's Species Plantarum 2:849. 1753.{{GRIN | accessdate = 2017-12-11}} 2. ^{{ThePlantList |id=gcc-35490 |taxon=Artemisia dracunculus}} 3. ^{{eFloras|1|200023201|Artemisia dracunculus |first=Leila M. |last=Shultz |tribe=Anthemideae}} 4. ^{{eFloras|2|200023201|Artemisia dracunculus |first1=Yourun |last1=Lin |first2=Christopher J. |last2=Humphries |first3=Michael G. |last3=Gilbert |volume=20–21}} 5. ^{{Tropicos|32|2723663|Artemisia dracunculus|L.|access-date=2018-08-19}} 6. ^Altervista Flora Italiana, Assenzio dragoncello, Artemisia dracunculus L. 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/f179/artemisia-dracunculus.aspx | title = Artemisia dracunculus | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden }} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.finegardening.com/french-tarragon|title=French Tarragon|last=Yeoman|first=Andrew|date=|website=Fine Gardening|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |author1=McGee, R. M. |author2=Stuckey, M. | title = The Bountiful Container | publisher = Workman Publishing | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7611-1623-3 }} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products|title=Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing estragole|journal=European Medicines Agency|date=2015-03-31|issue=Rev 1|page=3|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Public_statement/2014/12/WC500179557.pdf|accessdate=25 November 2016}} 11. ^{{cite journal |author1=Zeller, A. |author2=Rychlik, M. | title = Impact of estragole and other odorants on the flavour of anise and tarragon | journal = Flavour and Fragrance Journal | year = 2007 | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–113 | doi = 10.1002/ffj.1765 }} 12. ^Gatfield, I. L.; Ley, J. P.; Foerstner, J.; Krammer, G.; Machinek, A. Production of cis-pellitorin and use as a flavouring. World Patent WO2004000787 A2 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Lopes-Lutz | first1 = D. S. | last2 = Alviano | first2 = D. S. | last3 = Alviano | first3 = C. S. | last4 = Kolodziejczyk | first4 = P. P. | title = Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils | journal = Phytochemistry | year = 2008 | volume = 69 | issue = 8 | pages = 1732–1738 | doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.014 | pmid = 18417176 }} 14. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Sayyah | first1 = M. | last2 = Nadjafnia | first2 = L. | last3 = Kamalinejad | first3 = M. | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.021 | title = Anticonvulsant activity and chemical composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. Essential oil | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 94 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 283–287 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15325732 }} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Nash|first1=B. W.|last2=Thomas|first2=D. A.|last3=Warburton|first3=W. K.|last4=Williams|first4=Thelma D.|title=535. The preparation of capillin and some related compounds, and of some substituted pent-4-en-2-yn-1-ones|journal=J. Chem. Soc.|date=1965|pages=2983–2988|doi=10.1039/JR9650002983}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/101271-i-believe-that-if-ever-i-had-to-practice-cannibalism|title=A quote by James Beard|author=|date=|website=www.goodreads.com|accessdate=18 March 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/qtarragon.html|title=Food Quotes: Tarragon|author=|date=|website=www.foodreference.com|accessdate=18 March 2018}} External links{{Wiktionary|tarragon}}
8 : Artemisia (genus)|Herbs|Plants described in 1753|Flora of Europe|Flora of Asia|Flora of North America|Medicinal plants|Edible Asteraceae |
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