| 词条 | Rubus flagellaris |
| 释义 |
|name = Northern dewberry |image = Rubus flagellaris UGA1120430.jpg |image_caption = Berries and leaves of Rubus flagellaris |genus = Rubus |species = flagellaris |authority = Willd. 1809 not Hook. & Arn. 1835 |synonyms_ref = [1] |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=Synonymy |Rubus alacer L.H.Bailey |Rubus arundelanus Blanch. |Rubus ascendens Blanch. |Rubus ashei L.H.Bailey |Rubus bonus L.H.Bailey |Rubus camurus L.H.Bailey |Rubus clausenii L.H.Bailey |Rubus connixus L.H.Bailey |Rubus cordialis L.H.Bailey |Rubus dissitiflorus Fernald |Rubus enslenii Tratt. |Rubus exemptus L.H.Bailey |Rubus flagellaris var. roseoplenus E.J. Palmer & Steyerm. |Rubus frustratus L.H.Bailey |Rubus geophilus Blanch. |Rubus jaysmithii var. angustior L.H.Bailey |Rubus jeckylianus Blanch. |Rubus longipes Fernald |Rubus maltei L.H.Bailey |Rubus neonefrens L.H.Bailey |Rubus occultus L.H.Bailey |Rubus procumbens W.C.Barton |Rubus procumbens Muhl. |Rubus sailori L.H.Bailey |Rubus serenus L.H.Bailey |Rubus subuniflorus Rydb. |Rubus tetricus L.H.Bailey |Rubus tracyi L.H.Bailey |Rubus trivialis Pursh |Rubus villosus L.H.Bailey |}}}} Rubus flagellaris, the northern dewberry,[2] also known as the common dewberry,[2] is a North American species perennial subshrub species of dewberry, in the rose family. The plant is distributed across much of Canada, Mexico, and the United States.[3] It grows in diverse habitats ranging from drier savannas to temperate deciduous forests. DescriptionRubus flagellaris has low-growing stems that range from {{convert|8|-|15|ft|m}} long, and flowering stems that can grow up to {{convert|4|ft|m}} in height. It can grow as a woody vine or low growing shrub. The young stems are green with a scattered arrangement of hairy prickles. The old stems are brown, woody and have hard prickles in comparison to the young stem. Sometimes the tips of the young stems root into the ground and form vegetative offsets.[2][4]The species has its most active growth from mid-spring to early summer. The roots of the northern dewberry consist of a woody taproot.[2][4] The plant has an alternate compound leaf arrangement, with mostly three, but sometimes five leaflets attached. The margins of the leaves are serrated while the leaves show a palmate venation.[5] Each leaflet is ovate, approximately three inches (75 mm) long and one inch (25 mm) wide. The leaflets are green on top, but pale green on the underside.[2] One leaflet of a set is connected by a petiole to the stem while the other leaflets in the set are connected to that terminal leaflet.[4] The plant produces a five-petaled white flower, each flower about one inch (25 mm) in diameter with five petals.[5] The flowers exhibit a terminal inflorescence with one to five flowers per young stem.[13] The flowers are hermaphrodites and have both female and male sex organs.[6] There are five sepals, green in appearance, lanceolate in shape. The ovaries exhibit a superior position relative to the sepals and petals. Several stamen surround a cluster of carpels.[2] The flowers would then open up at daytime, but close up at nighttime.[2][4] Once the flowers of the northern dewberry are fertilized, drupes soon grow and replace each flower.[2] The drupes are a dark-purplish color and range from ½ inch to one inch in diameter.[2][5] Once the fruit has fully ripened it has a tart-sweet flavor.[2][4] Distribution and habitatRubus flagellaris is native to the central and eastern United States (from Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska to the Gulf and East Coasts and the Great Lakes region), eastern Canada (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia) and northern Mexico (Coahuila, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora).[3][4][7]Rubus flagellaris' grows on dry soils, bogs, soft soils and wooded soils.[8] This species is actually especially adapted to coarse textured soils (such as sandy soils), fine textured soils (such as loamy soils) and medium textured soils (such as clay-textured soils).[3] R. flagellaris grows in a wide range of habitats including mesic to dry savannas and sandy savannas, abandoned fields, meadows in wooded areas, and woodland borders.[2][4]Rubus flagellaris' is adapted to a precipitation zone that ranges from 15 to 40 inches/year, tolerates soils ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 pH, and can survive temperatures as low as -23 °F. This species has a low tolerance to drought conditions and an intermediate shade tolerance, when compared to other species with similar growth habits in its natural regions. The plant has no salinity tolerance.[3]EcologyMany animals such as raccoons, fox squirrels, eastern chipmunks, white-footed mice, and other mammals eat the northern dewberry's fruits, and aid in the dispersal of the shrub.[2] When occasional wildfires burn down tall woody trees surrounding Rubus flagellaris, the resulting burning has a positive effect on population growth for the species.[2] Other research has also shown that occasional wildfires are beneficial to the population's growth.[9] The plant has a high tolerance to hedging from livestock or wildlife browsing.[3] PollinatorsThe flowers of Rubus flagellaris, with a fragrant nectar, are excellent at attracting a large number of native bees. They also providing nesting materials and structures for the native bees.[10] Some of the bee species that interact with the plant and pollinate the flowers are mason bees (of the genus Osmia), leaf-cutting bees, cuckoo bees (of the subfamily Nomadine), and miner bees.[2] Other insects that interact with the northern dewberry to help pollinate it are Siphonopora rubi (blackberry aphid), Metallus rubi (blackberry leafminer), Agrilus ruficollis (red-necked cane borer), and Edwardsiana rosae (rose leafhopper).[2] The flowers are also a preferred source of nectar for the Karner blue, an endangered species of blue butterfly found in the Midwestern U.S. and northeastern North America.[11] UsesThe ripe berries are edible and can be eaten raw. They are also used to make preserves, pies, and cobblers.[12] t References1. ^The Plant List, Rubus flagellaris Willd. 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/cm_dewberry.htm|work=Wildflowers of Illinois in Savannas & Thickets|title=Common Dewberry|author=Hilty, John |accessdate=April 29, 2012}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RUFL|work=Plants Database|author=Natural Resources Conservation Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | title=Rubus flagellaris Willd. − northern dewberry |accessdate=April 29, 2015}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Flora of North America, Rubus flagellaris Willdenow, 1809. Northern dewberry, ronce à flagelles 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=397 | publisher=Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation|title=dewberry Rosaceae Rubus flagellaris Willd.|author1=Seiler, John |author2=Jensen, Edward |author3=Niemiera, Alex |author4=Peterson, John |date=2011 |accessdate=April 30, 2012}} 6. ^>{{cite web| url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+flagellaris |work=Plants for a Future|title= Rubus flagellaris - Willd.|accessdate=April 30, 2012}} 7. ^Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=RUBFLA |work=Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium|title= Family Rosaceae Rubus flagellaris Willd|accessdate= April 30, 2012}} 9. ^{{cite journal| jstor=4034296 |author= Taft, John B. |journal=Castanea|volume=70|issue=4 |date=December 2005|pages=298–313 |title=Fire Effects on Structure, Composition, and Diversity in a South-Central Illinois Flatwoods Remnant| doi=10.2179/0008-7475(2005)070[0298:FEOSCA]2.0.CO;2| issn=0008-7475}} 10. ^‘’Lary Bird Johnson Wildflower Center’’, Rubus flagellaris Willd, April 30, 2012 11. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0001:NPSBTK]2.0.CO;2|author1=Grundel, Ralph |author2=Pavlovic, Noel B. |author3=Sulzman, Christina L |year=2000|title= Nectar plant selection by the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=144|issue=1|pages=1–10|jstor=3083005|issn=0003-0031}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://tpwmagazine.com/archive/2013/aug/ed_3_wildharvest/|title=Wild Harvest: Texas’ Bounty of Native Fruits{{!}}{{!}} TPW magazine{{!}}August/September 2013|website=tpwmagazine.com|access-date=2019-03-06}} External links
6 : Rubus|Berries|Flora of North America|Flora of Texas|Butterfly food plants|Plants described in 1809 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。