| 词条 | Tawang |
| 释义 |
| name = Tawang | native_name = | native_name_lang = bo | other_name = | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Tawang-town.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Tawang with Tawang Monastery in background | nickname = | pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India | coordinates = {{coord|27|35|18|N|91|51|55|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name1 = Arunachal Pradesh | subdivision_name2 = Tawang | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = Municipal corporation | governing_body = Nagar Palika | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 2669 | population_total = 11202 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | registration_plate = AR | website = | footnotes = | | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = Cwb }} Tawang is a town in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, situated at an elevation of approximately {{convert|3,048|m}} to the east of Bhutan. The town once served as the district headquarters of West Kameng district, and became the district headquarters of Tawang district when it was formed from West Kameng. The area is part of the wider dispute between India and China concerning Arunachal Pradesh and is claimed by China as a part of Tibet.[1][2] HistoryTawang was historically part of Tibet inhabited by the Monpa people. The Tawang Monastery was founded by the Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso in 1681 in accordance with the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, and has an interesting legend surrounding its name, which means "Chosen by Horse". The sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, was born in Tawang. The 1914 Simla Accord defined the McMahon Line as the new boundary between British India and Tibet. By this treaty Tibet relinquished several hundred square miles of its territory, including Tawang, to the British, but it was not recognised by China.{{sfn|Shakya|1999|p=279}} According to Tsering Shakya, the British records show that the border agreed in 1914 was conditional upon China accepting the Simla Convention. Since the British were unable get China's acceptance, the Tibetans regarded the MacMahon line "invalid".{{sfn|Shakya|1999|p=279}} According to Jia Liang, the British did not take possession of Tawang, which continued to be administered by Tibet. When the British botanist Frank Kingdon-Ward crossed the Sela Pass and entered Tawang in 1935 without permission from Tibet, he was briefly arrested. The Tibetan government lodged a formal complaint against Britain.[4] This drew the attention of the British, who re-examined the Indo-Tibetan border and rediscovered that Tibet had ceded Tawang to British India, and attempted to revive the McMahon Line, in November, the British government demanded Tibet to implement the 1914 Simla Accord, this met with rejection from the Tibetan government which rejected the validity of the McMahon Line.[4] Tibet refused to surrender Tawang, partly because of the importance attached to the Tawang Monastery. In 1938 the British made a cautious move to assert sovereignty over Tawang by sending a small military column under Capt. G.S. Lightfoot to Tawang.{{sfn|Goldstein|1991|pp=299–307}} The invasion was met with strong resistance from the Tibetan government and local people, a serious protest was lodged against the British Indian government.[4] Lightfoot's brief visit elicited a strong diplomatic protest from Tibet but did not cause any territorial change. After the outbreak of the war between China and Japan in 1941, the government of Assam undertook a number of 'forward policy' measures to tighten their hold on the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) area, which later became Arunachal Pradesh. In 1944 administrative control was extended over the area of the Tawang tract lying South of the Sela Pass when J.P. Mills set up an Assam Rifles post at Dirang Dzong and sent the Tibetan tax-collectors packing. Tibetan protests were brushed aside. However, no steps were taken to evict the Tibetan from the area North of the pass which contained Tawang town.[5] The situation continued after India's independence but underwent a decisive change in 1950 when Tibet lost its autonomy and was incorporated into the newly established People's Republic of China. In February 1951, Major Ralengnao 'Bob' Khathing led an Assam Rifles column to Tawang town and took control of the remainder of the Tawang tract from the Tibetans, removing the Tibetan administration.[6][7] During the Sino-Indian war of 1962, Tawang fell briefly under Chinese control, but China voluntarily withdrew its troops at the end of the war. Tawang again came under Indian administration, but China has not relinquished its claims on most of Arunachal Pradesh including Tawang.[8] The MLA (August 2016) of Tawang constituency is Tsering Tashi. GeographyTawang town is located approximately {{convert|555|km}} from Guwahati and {{convert|320|km}} from Tezpur. Tawang has an average elevation of {{convert|2669|m}}. ClimateThe climate is warm and temperate in Tawang. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Tawang than in summer. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Cwb. The average temperature in Tawang is 10.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 915 mm.[9] {{Weather box| location = Tawang | metric first = yes | single line = yes | Jan high C = 10.1 | Feb high C = 11.6 | Mar high C = 14.5 | Apr high C = 17.3 | May high C = 19.5 | Jun high C = 21.5 | Jul high C = 21.6 | Aug high C = 21.1 | Sep high C = 20.2 | Oct high C = 17.8 | Nov high C = 14.2 | Dec high C = 11.4 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 2.0 | Feb mean C = 4.0 | Mar mean C = 7.2 | Apr mean C = 10.5 | May mean C = 13.5 | Jun mean C = 16.6 | Jul mean C = 17.0 | Aug mean C = 16.7 | Sep mean C = 15.1 | Oct mean C = 11.2 | Nov mean C = 6.5 | Dec mean C = 3.3 | year mean C = | Jan low C = -6.1 | Feb low C = -3.5 | Mar low C = 0.0 | Apr low C = 3.8 | May low C = 7.6 | Jun low C = 11.4 | Jul low C = 12.4 | Aug low C = 11.8 | Sep low C = 10.1 | Oct low C = 4.6 | Nov low C = -1.1 | Dec low C = -4.7 | year low C = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 3 | Feb precipitation mm = 6 | Mar precipitation mm = 22 | Apr precipitation mm = 40 | May precipitation mm = 95 | Jun precipitation mm = 186 | Jul precipitation mm = 203 | Aug precipitation mm = 176 | Sep precipitation mm = 124 | Oct precipitation mm = 48 | Nov precipitation mm = 9 | Dec precipitation mm = 3 | year precipitation mm = | source 1 = [10] }} DemographicsAs of the 2011 census, Tawang had a population of 11,202.[11] Tawang MonasteryTawang Monastery was founded by the Mera Lama Lodre Gyatso in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama, Nagwang Lobsang Gyatso. It belongs to the Gelugpa sect and is the largest Buddhist monastery in India. The name Tawang ({{bo|t=རྟ་དབང་|w=Rta-dbang}}) means Horse Chosen.[14][12] It is said to be the biggest Buddhist monastery in the world outside of Lhasa, Tibet.[13] It is a major holy site for Tibetan Buddhists as it was the birthplace of the sixth Dalai Lama.[14]When the 14th Dalai Lama fled from Tibet to escape from Chinese army, he crossed into India on 30 March 1959 and spent some days at the Tawang Monastery before reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April.[15] Prior to 1959, the Dalai Lama refused to recognize India's sovereignty over South Tibet of China including Tawang. In 2003, the Dalai Lama said that "Arunachal Pradesh was actually part of Tibet". In January 2007, he said that in 1914, both the Tibetan government and Britain recognized the McMahon Line.[4] In 2008, he said that "Arunchal Pradesh was a part of India under the agreement signed by Tibetan and British representatives".[16] The Dalai Lama visited Tawang on 8 November 2009. About 30,000 people, including those from neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, attended his religious discourse.[17] TransportationThe nearest airports are at Salonibari Airport in Tezpur ({{convert|319|km}}) and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, Guwahati. By road, Tawang is {{convert|440|km}} from capital Itanagar and is connected with buses run by APSRTC and private services. The nearest railway station is at Naharlagun, which is connected to major cities. A broad-gauge railway line connecting Missamari in Assam with Tawang has been proposed and a survey for the line was sanctioned in 2011.[18] TourismTawang receives snowfall every year during December–January.[19] There is also a ski lift in town. Visitors to Tawang, as is the case with the entire Arunachal Pradesh, require special Inner Line Permit (ILP) issued by the concerned government body and can be obtained from offices based in Kolkata, Guwahati, Tezpur, and New Delhi. Most of the travel from the plains is on a steep hill road journey, crossing Sela Pass at {{convert|4176|m}}. Tourists can travel to Tawang from Tezpur, Assam by road and Tezpur has direct flights from Kolkata. In Oct 2014, two times a week helicopter service from Guwahati was started by the Arunachal Pradesh government. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/behind-tawang-row-two-nations-enslaved-by-history-dalai-lama-arunachal-pradesh-tenzin-gyatso-4602552/|title=Behind Tawang row, two nations enslaved by history}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/11/27/chinas-new-passport-sparks-controversy/ |title=China's New Passport Sparks Controversy |author=J Michael Cole |publisher=The Diplomat |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=25 May 2013}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.beontheroad.com/2012/06/ugyenling-monastery-birth-place-of-6th.html#|title=Ugyenling Monastery: Birth Place of the 6th Dalai Lama|last=|first=|date=10 June 2012|work=Be On The Road {{!}} Live your Travel Dream!|access-date=2017-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034019/http://www.beontheroad.com/2012/06/ugyenling-monastery-birth-place-of-6th.html|archive-date=28 December 2016|dead-url=yes|language=en-US|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^1 2 3 Jia Liang, Tawang’s history affirms China’s sovereignty, Global Times, 13 April 2017.{{unreliable source?|date=September 2017}} 5. ^India's China War, Neville Maxwell (Anchor Books, 1972), pp.50–51. 6. ^India's China War, Neville Maxwell (Anchor Books, 1972), page 66 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://assamrifles.gov.in/news_view.aspx?id=1300|title=Assam Rifles|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195802/http://assamrifles.gov.in/news_view.aspx?id=1300|archivedate=29 May 2013|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^India's China War, Neville Maxwell (Anchor Books, 1972), pp.384–502 9. ^en.climate-data.org 10. ^en.climate-data.org 11. ^http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1201_PART_B_DCHB_TAWANG.pdf 12. ^1 Tawang District: The Land of Monpas {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022324/http://tawang.nic.in/history.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} 13. ^Young Buddhist monks lead insular lives in India 14. ^{{cite news |title= Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=4 June 2008 | url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-04/india/27742278_1_tawang-dalai-lama-tibetan-spiritual-leader |accessdate=20 August 2012}} 15. ^Richardson (1984), p. 210. 16. ^{{cite news |title= Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=4 June 2008 | url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |accessdate=20 August 2012}} 17. ^Thousands flock to see Dalai Lama in Indian state 18. ^{{cite news |title= Defence Ministry allots 4 more strategic rail lines to NE|publisher=newsbharati |date=21 June 2013| url= http://en.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2013/6/21/Defence-Ministry-allots-4-more-strategic-rail-lines-to-NE.aspx|accessdate=21 June 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/tourists-overjoyed-as-tawang-receives-seasonss-1st-snowfall/|title=Tourists overjoyed as Tawang receives Seasons's 1st Snowfall|work=Biharprabha News|accessdate=14 December 2013}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|Tawang}}
3 : Tawang Town|Hill stations in Arunachal Pradesh|Tourism in North East India |
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