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词条 Tawi-Tawi
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. History

  3. Geography

     Biogeography  Administrative divisions 

  4. Demographics

     Inhabitants   Language   Religion 

  5. Economy

  6. Transportation

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Refimprove|date=March 2013}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tawi-Tawi
| official_name = Province of Tawi-Tawi
| settlement_type = {{PH wikidata|settlement_type}}
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = {{PH wikidata|image_flag}}
| flag_size = 120x80px
| image_seal = Ph_seal_Tawi-Tawi.png
| seal_size = 100x80px
| image_map = {{PH wikidata|image_map}}
| map_caption = Location in the Philippines
| coordinates = {{PH wikidata|coordinates}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{PH wikidata|country}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = {{PH wikidata|region}}
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = September 11, 1973
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = {{PH wikidata|seat}}
| government_type = {{PH wikidata|government_type}}
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = Rashidin Matba
| leader_title1 = Vice Governor
| leader_name1 = Tati Ahaja (Liberal Party)
| area_footnotes = [1]
| area_total_km2 = {{PH wikidata|area}}
| area_rank = 74th out of 81
| elevation_max_m = 535
| elevation_max_point = Mount Sibangkat [2]
| population_footnotes = {{PH census|current|ARMM}}
| population_total = {{PH wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_rank = 63rd out of 81
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 18th out of 81
| demographics_type1 = Divisions
| demographics1_title1 = Independent cities
| demographics1_info1 = 0
| demographics1_title2 = Component cities
| demographics1_info2 = 0
| demographics1_title3 = Municipalities
| demographics1_info3 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke;
| title = 11
| {{PH wikidata|municipalities}}
}}
| demographics1_title4 = Barangays
| demographics1_info4 = 203
| demographics1_title5 = Districts
| demographics1_info5 = Lone district of Tawi-Tawi
| timezone = PHT
| utc_offset = +8
| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| postal_code = {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}
| area_code_type = {{areacodestyle}}
| area_code = {{PH wikidata|area_code}}
| iso_code = {{PH wikidata|iso_code}}
| blank_name_sec1 = Spoken languages
| blank_info_sec1 = {{hlist | Тausug | Sama | English | Malay }}
| blank_name_sec2 = Income classification
| blank_info_sec2 = 3rd class
| website =
}}Tawi-Tawi (Tausug: Wilaya' sin Tawi-Tawi) is an island province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital of Tawi-Tawi is Bongao, per Batas Pambansa Blg. 24 enacted on April 4, 1979.[3]

It is the southernmost province of the country, sharing sea borders with the Malaysian state of Sabah and the Indonesian North Kalimantan province, both on the island of Borneo to the west. To the northeast lies the province of Sulu. Tawi-Tawi also covers some islands in the Sulu Sea to the northwest, the Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi Island and the Turtle Islands, just {{convert|20|km}} away from Sabah.

The municipalities comprising today's Tawi-Tawi province were formerly under the jurisidction of Sulu until 1973.

Etymology

Province was named after its main island. Tawi-Tawi is the Sinama form of jawi-jawi, Malay for "banyan tree;"[4] the island is known for having an abundance of this tree.[5] Early Spanish accounts give the name of the island as Tauitaui,[6] Tavi-Tavi or Tavitavi.[7]

History

{{Further|Sultanate of Sulu|Spanish-Moro Conflict|Moro Province|Department of Mindanao and Sulu}}{{Expand section|date=April 2016}}

Evidence of human presence in Tawi-tawi was carbon-dated to be 6,810 BC to 3,190 BC, signifying one of the earliest known evidence of human presence in Southeast Asia. The bones, jars, shells, and other artifacts and fossils were found in the Bolobok Rock Shelter Cave Archaeological Site, which has been declared as an Important Cultural Treasure by the government in 2017.[8]{{better source needed|date=May 2018}}

Much of the Tawi-tawi area was the center of Bajau culture and arts for hundreds of years. By the 600th century,{{clarification needed|date=May 2018}} Muslim missionaries from Arabia arrived and established the first ever mosque in the Philippines. The area was heavily converted to Islam, especially when the Sultanate of Sulu in nearby Sulu province was founded.

Tawi-Tawi became one of the three integral provinces of the Sultanate of Sulu during its inception and became of its strongest domains in its twilight years. The sultanate's influence of the area have remained to this day, despite the de facto status of the sultanate due to Philippine pressures.

The province was never officially controlled directly by the Spanish as the Sultanate of Sulu was in a perpetual war with Spain, resulting to the preservation of its Muslim and Bajau cultures. However, the sultanate waned and was captured by Spain, only to be handed to American forces after a few years. Sibutu remained under Spanish rule until 1900.

The Tawi-Tawi anchorage was a major base for the Imperial Japanese Navy's Southwest Area Fleet during the Second World War.

Tawi-Tawi was previously part of the province of Sulu. On September 11, 1973, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 302, the new province of Tawi-Tawi was officially created, separate from Sulu.[9] The seat of the provincial government was initially designated as Bato-Bato in the municipality of Balimbing,[9] but was moved to Bongao on April 4, 1979 by virtue of Batas Pambansa Blg. 24.[3]

Geography

The province lies at the southwestern tip of the country, situated between the Sulu Sea in the north and the Celebes Sea in the south. The province is part of the Sulu Archipelago, and consists of Tawitawi Island and 106 surrounding islands and islets with a combined land area of {{convert|1087.4|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.[1] Tawitawi Island itself has an area of {{convert|580.5|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.[10]. The last island of the province at the edge of the Philippine-Malaysia border is Panguan Island.

The province has two seasons: dry and wet. The climate is generally moderate. The wettest months are from August to November. The other months of the year are generally dry with occasional rain showers.[11]

Biogeography

The main island of Tawi-Tawi supports many endemic species and subspecies of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants unique to this island, plus some that are only shared with Sulu Province. These include the Tawitawi brown dove, the Sulu hornbill and the Sulu bleeding-heart, although this latter species may already be extinct.

The rapid expansion of human settlements into forested areas together with clearance for agriculture in the last few decades has dramatically reduced the available habitat for most of the endemic species, many of which are now considered 'Critically Endangered' by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

Administrative divisions

Tawi-Tawi comprises 11 municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district and further subdivided into 203 barangays.{{PSGC detail|nscb}}

  • Bongao — the capital of the province
  • Languyan — created by President Marcos for rebel leader Hadjiril Matba who joined the government in the 1970s
  • Mapun — formerly Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi or Cagayan de Sulu
  • Panglima Sugala — formerly known as Balimbing. However, in the EDSA Revolution, the word "balimbing" acquired a derogatory meaning associated with turncoatism due to the fruit's many sides. It is the former capital of the province.
  • Sapa-Sapa
  • Sibutu — home to the descendants of Malay royalty in Borneo and not necessarily associated with the Sulu royalty
  • Simunul — site of oldest mosque in the Philippines and home of Sheikh Makdum, one of the early pioneers spreading Islam in the country
  • Sitangkai — southernmost municipality in the country.
  • South Ubian
  • Tandubas
  • Turtle Islands — a turtle sanctuary and protected area

Most of the municipalities are located on the islands in the Sulu Archipelago. Two of them, Mapun, and Turtle Islands lie within the Sulu Sea.

{{clear right}}{{col-begin|width=auto}}{{col-break}}{{Color box|white|†|border=darkgray}} {{font|Provincial capital|size=90%}}
Municipality{{thinsp{{ref label|Coord|i|nonePopulation{{PSGC rubricArea{{PSGC detail|nscbDensity{{thinsp{{small|(2015){{abbr|Brgy.|Total number of barangays
{{small|(2015){{PH census|2015|ARMM{{small|(2010){{PH census|2010|ARMMkm2{{nowrap|sq{{thinspmi/km2{{nowrap|/sq{{thinspmi
{{coord|5.0299|N|119.7716|E|name=Bongao|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenBongao†100,527|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 79,362color=true|2015.5835|100,527|2010.3315|79,362}}365.95|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|100,527/365.95|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}35
{{coord|5.2672|N|120.0775|E|name=Languyan|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenLanguyan33,494|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 42,690color=true|2015.5835|33,494|2010.3315|42,690}}581.20|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|33,494/581.20|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}20
{{coord|6.9765|N|118.5136|E|name=Mapun (Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi)|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenMapun26,597|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 24,168color=true|2015.5835|26,597|2010.3315|24,168}}181.29|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|26,597/181.29|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}15
{{coord|5.0721|N|119.8840|E|name=Panglima Sugala (Balimbing)|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenPanglima Sugala{{thinsp}}{{ref label|AltName|ii|none}}44,184|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 38,704color=true|2015.5835|44,184|2010.3315|38,704}}416.66|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|44,184/416.66|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}17
{{coord|5.0896|N|120.2721|E|name=Sapa-Sapa|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenSapa-Sapa30,917|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 28,781color=true|2015.5835|30,917|2010.3315|28,781}}235.61|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|30,917/235.61|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}23
{{coord|4.8452|N|119.4553|E|name=Sibutu|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenSibutu30,387|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 28,532color=true|2015.5835|30,387|2010.3315|28,532}} — — — — 16
{{coord|4.9175|N|119.7894|E|name=Simunul|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenSimunul31,223|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 34,538color=true|2015.5835|31,223|2010.3315|34,538}}167.25|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|31,223/167.25|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}15
{{coord|4.6618|N|119.3949|E|name=Sitangkai|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenSitangkai33,334|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 30,514color=true|2015.5835|33,334|2010.3315|30,514}}792.00|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|33,334/792.00|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}9
{{coord|5.1913|N|120.4877|E|name=South Ubian|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenSouth Ubian25,935|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 27,741color=true|2015.5835|25,935|2010.3315|27,741}}272.04|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|25,935/272.04|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}31
{{coord|5.1355|N|120.3470|E|name=Tandubas|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenTandubas29,390|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 27,748color=true|2015.5835|29,390|2010.3315|27,748}}552.05|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|29,390/552.05|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}20
{{coord|6.0741|N|118.3131|E|name=Turtle Islands (Taganak)|region:PH-TAW_type:city|format=hiddenTurtle Islands4,727|390,715|disp=table|1|pad=yes}} 3,772color=true|2015.5835|4,727|2010.3315|3,772}}62.50|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}{{sigfig|4,727/62.50|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}2
Total390,715366,550{{PAGR|color=true|2015.5835|390,715|2010.3315|366,550—{{ref label|TotalArea&Density|iii|none—{{ref label|TotalArea&Density|iii|none—{{ref label|TotalArea&Density|iii|none—{{ref label|TotalArea&Density|iii|none203
{{Ordered list list_style_type = lower-roman item_style = font-size:88%;Coordnone}The globe  icon marks the town center.AltNamenscb}} despite BP 24 having designated Bongao as such.[3]TotalArea&Density{{convert>3,626.55|km2|ha|disp=or|abbr=on}})[12] is inconclusive as it conflicts with the figures given by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao website ({{convert|108,740|ha|km2|order=flip|abbr=on|disp=or|2}}).[13]
Dashes (—) in cells indicate unavailable information.
}}
{{col-break|gap=0.75em}}{{col-end}}

Demographics

{{Philippine Census
| title = Population census of
Tawi-Tawi
| 1980 = 194651
| 1990 = 228204
| 1995 = 250718
| 2000 = 322317
| 2007 = 450346
| 2010 = 366550
| 2015 = 390715
| footnote = Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015|ARMM}}{{PH census|2010|ARMM}}{{PH census|2010}}
}}

The population of Tawi-Tawi in the {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}} was {{PH wikidata|population_total}} people,{{PH census|current}} with a density of {{convert|{{sigfig|{{PH wikidata|population_total}}/{{PH wikidata|area}}|2}}|PD/km2|disp=or}}.

Inhabitants

{{Expert needed|Philippines|talk=Expert attention needed|date=June 2014}}

Most of the people in Tawi-Tawi belong to the Sama cultural group.[11] Within this group are subgroups and named based on the location of the speaker. Sama Sibutu are those from the Sibutu-Sitangkai Island Group, Sama Simunul are those from Simunul-Manuk Mangkaw Island Group, and so on.

The Jama Mapun are largely found in the Cagayan Mapun and Turtle Island Group. Many of the people from the Turtle Islands and Cagayan Mapun maintain daily commerce with Sabah, since it is only 14 kilometers away.

The Badjao (also called "Sama Dilaut") are widely dispersed across the province, though their population is diminishing due to diseases and migration to other areas in the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia.

The Tausog or Tau Sug, Orang Suluk or Aa Suk are a Moro ethnic group constituting a significant minority in Tawi-Tawi. Historically the Sama people were subordinated to the Tausog and ethnic tensions continue to be a problem.[14]

Language

The Tausug language is the lingua franca of Tawi-Tawi, as in the case of the rest of the provinces in the Sulu Archipelago. Another prevailing local language, Sama, is spoken in varied tones and accentsm with the major ones being Sinama Sibutu (spoken mainly in the Sibutu-Sitangkai Region), Sinama Simunul (concentrated in Simunul-Manuk-Mangkaw Islands), Sinama Kapoan (spoken in the South Ubian-Tandubas and Sapa-Sapa Regions) and Sinama Banguingui (concentrated in Buan Island and spoken by Banguingui people).

Chavacano, Cebuano, and Yakan are also spoken, as is English. Many locals and barter traders can also speak Malay.

Religion

Majority of population of Tawi-Tawi is Muslim with 99% adherence, with minority of Christians (0.7%).

A majority of Tawi-Tawi's Muslim population practice Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i tradition, as taught by Arab, Persian, Indian Muslim, Chinese Muslim and Malaccan missionaries from the 14th century onwards. The oldest mosque in the Philippines, the Sheik Karimol Makdum Mosque, can be found in Simunul, Tawi-Tawi.

Relatively newer Islamic sects, mostly brought by returning veterans of the Afghan wars and missionaries from Pakistan's stricter Sufi traditions, referred to as the Tableegh, have been active in propagating what they believe to be a "purer" Islamic way of life and worship. A very small number who have since married into Iranian or Iraqi families have converted to Shiite Islam.

Majority of Tawi-Tawi Christians are Roman Catholic, they are under the jurisdiction of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zamboanga through its suffragan Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo/Diocese of Jolo. Non-Catholic Christians include Evangelicals, Jesus Miracle Crusade, Episcopalian, and Iglesia ni Cristo (INC), Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and a number of other Protestant denominations. Only the most recent Chinese immigrants adhere to Buddhism or Taoism, while most of the older Chinese families have acculturated and have either converted to Christianity or Islam while retaining most of their Chinese beliefs.

Economy

Agriculture, fishing, and agar-agar (seaweeds) farming are the leading source of livelihood of the people of Tawi-Tawi, with quite a number engaged in the barter trade business. Copra is the top agricultural product, followed by root crops, fruits, and vegetables.

Transportation

Sanga-Sanga Airport, the main airport of the province, is located in the municipality of Bongao.

Cebu Pacific began operating a daily flight from Zamboanga City to Tawi-Tawi Province on October 14, 2011, utilizing its 150-seater Airbus A319 aircraft. In 2012, Philippine Airlines (operated by PAL Express) also started operating flights to and from Zamboanga city but ceased operations thereafter.

A sea connection to other parts of the Philippine archipelago as well as an international route to Semporna, Malaysia is available from Bongao.

See also

  • Andulinang Island
  • Mardanas Island
  • Panguan Island
  • Panampangan Island

References

1. ^1 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Department of Agriculture: Tawi-Tawi {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906050217/http://armm.da.gov.ph/dafbeta/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=60 |date=2012-09-06 }} (There seems to be major discrepancies among authoritative sources: 362,655 ha (NSCB 2007), 120,876 ha (NAMRIA), {{convert|1197|km²|0|abbr=off}} (Department of Tourism), {{convert|999|km²|0|abbr=off}} (Mapcentral))
2. ^{{cite web|last1=Malicdem|first1=Ervin|title=Bud Bongao, Tawi-Tawi's Overwatch and Sacred Peak|url=http://www.s1expeditions.com/2017/06/214-bud-bongao-tawi-tawi-overwatch.html|website=Schadow1 Expeditions|accessdate=15 August 2017|date=7 June 2017}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansa/bataspambansablg24.html |website=Chan Robles Law Library |title=Batas Pambansa Bilang 24 - AN ACT TRANSFERRING THE PROVINCIAL CAPITAL OF TAWI-TAWI FROM BATO-BATO TO BONGAO, AMENDING SECTION TWO OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NUMBERED THREE HUNDRED TWO |date=4 April 1979 |accessdate=12 August 2016 |author=Batasang Pambansa ng Pilipinas}}
4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5H9FAQAAIAAJ |title=A Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language: With a Preliminary Dissertation, Volume 2 |last=Crawfurd |first=John |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |date=1852 |page=59}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=Congressional edition, Volume 5113 |author=United States Congress |date=1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhdHAQAAIAAJ |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}
6. ^{{cite book |date=1667 |last=Combes |first=Francisco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnJUAAAAcAAJ |title=Historia de las islas de Mindanao, Jolo y sus adyacentes |publisher=Herederos de Pablo de Val.}}
7. ^{{cite book |editor=Pio A. De Pazos y Vela-Hidalgo |url=https://archive.org/stream/jolorelatohisto00velagoog/jolorelatohisto00velagoog_djvu.txt |title=Jolo, Relato Historico-Militar: Desde Su Descubrimiento Por Los Espanoles en 1578 A Nuestros Dias (1879) |publisher=Imprenta y Estereotipia de Polo}}
8. ^http://www.ironwulf.net/2009/03/19/tawi-tawi-balobok-rock-shelter/
9. ^1 {{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 302; Creating the Province of Tawi-Tawi|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1973/pd_302_1973.html|website=The LawPhil Project|accessdate=13 January 2016|date=27 September 1973}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=Islands of Philippines |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHE.htm#882 |work=Island Directory |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |accessdate=29 August 2014}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Tawi Tawi|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584534/Tawi-Tawi|website=www.britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=29 August 2014}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces|url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|accessdate=18 April 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=DA-Tawi-Tawi|url=http://armm.da.gov.ph/dafbeta/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=60|website=Department of Agriculture and Fisheries - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|accessdate=18 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906050217/http://armm.da.gov.ph/dafbeta/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=60|archivedate=6 September 2012|quote=Total Land Area; 108, 740 has.}}
14. ^{{cite book| editor1-first = Renato| editor1-last = Rosaldo| title = Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: {{font|size=95%|text = Nation and Belonging in the Hinterlands}}| isbn = 9780520227484| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pphihb0oGJIC&pg=PA29&dq=tausug+tawi-tawi| accessdate = {{date|15 mar 2013}}| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2003}}

External links

{{GeoGroup}}
  • {{Commons category-inline}}
  • {{OSM relation|1513298}}
{{Geographic location
| Centre = Tawi-Tawi
| North = Sulu Sea
| Northeast = Sulu
| East = Celebes Sea
| South = Celebes Sea
| West = Sabah (Malaysia)
}}{{Tawi-Tawi|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Tawi-Tawi
|list1 ={{Bangsamoro}}{{Mindanao lateral}}{{Philippines topics}}
}}

8 : Tawi-Tawi|Provinces of the Philippines|Island provinces of the Philippines|Sulu Archipelago|Bangsamoro Autonomous Region|States and territories established in 1973|1973 establishments in the Philippines|Abu Sayyaf
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