| 词条 | Tawny eagle | ||||
| 释义 |
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = 2012-tawny-eagle-0.jpg | image_caption = From Etosha National Park | genus = Aquila | species = rapax | authority = (Temminck, 1828) | synonyms =Aquila rapax rapax }} The tawny eagle (Aquila rapax) is a large bird of prey. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. It was once considered to be closely related to the migratory steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis, and the two forms have previously been treated as conspecific. They were split based on pronounced differences in morphology and anatomy;[2][3][4] two molecular studies, each based on a very small number of genes, indicate that the species are distinct, but disagree over how closely related they are.[5] It breeds in most of Africa both north and south of the Sahara Desert and across tropical southwestern Asia to India. It is a resident breeder which lays one to three eggs in a stick nest in a tree or crag or on the ground. Throughout its range, it favours open dry habitats such as desert, semidesert, steppes, or savannah plains. DescriptionThis is a large eagle, although it is one of the smaller species in the genus Aquila. It is {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and has a wingspan of {{convert|159|–|190|cm|abbr=on}}. Weight can range from {{convert|1.6|to|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[6][7] It has tawny upperparts and blackish flight feathers and tail. The lower back is very pale. This species is smaller and paler than the steppe eagle, and it does not share that species' pale throat. Immature birds show less contrast than adults, but both show a range of variation in plumage colour. BehaviourThe tawny eagle's diet is largely fresh carrion of all kinds, but it kills small mammals up to the size of a rabbit, reptiles, and birds up to the size of guineafowl.[8] It also steals food from other raptors. The call of the tawny eagle is a crow-like barking, but it is rather a silent bird except in display. GalleryReferences1. ^{{IUCN|id=22696033 |title=Aquila rapax |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2018.2 |year=2018 |accessdate=17 December 2018}} 2. ^Clark, W. S. (1992): The taxonomy of Steppe and Tawny Eagles, with criteria for separation of museum specimens and live eagles. Bull. B.O.C. 112: 150–157 3. ^Olson, Storrs L. (1994): Cranial osteology of Tawny and Steppe Eagles Aquila rapax and A. nipalensis. Bull. B.O.C. 114: 264–267 4. ^Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. Ibis 144(1): 153–159 {{DOI|10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x}} PDF fulltext 5. ^http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/SpeciesResults.asp?specID=8167 6. ^Raptors of the World by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), {{ISBN|0-618-12762-3}}. 7. ^ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201195143/http://www.arkive.org/tawny-eagle/aquila-rapax/#text=Facts#text=Facts |date=2018-02-01 }} (2011). 8. ^Tawny eagle {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201195143/http://www.arkive.org/tawny-eagle/aquila-rapax/#text=Facts#text=Facts |date=2018-02-01 }}, Arkive External links{{Commons category|Aquila rapax}}
6 : Aquila (genus)|Eagles|Birds of prey of Africa|Birds of the Middle East|Birds of South Asia|Birds described in 1828 |
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