| 词条 | Tax competition |
| 释义 |
Tax competition, a form of regulatory competition, exists when governments use reductions in fiscal burdens to encourage the inflow of productive resources or to discourage the exodus of those resources. Often, this means a governmental strategy of attracting foreign direct investment, foreign indirect investment (financial investment), and high value human resources by minimizing the overall taxation level and/or special tax preferences, creating a comparative advantage. Some observers suggest that tax competition is generally a central part of a government policy for improving the lot of labour by creating well-paid jobs (often in countries or regions with very limited job prospects). Others suggest that it is beneficial mainly for investors, as workers could have been better paid (both through lower taxation on them, and through higher redistribution of wealth) if it was not for tax competition lowering effective tax rates on corporations. Some economists argue that tax competition is beneficial in raising total tax intake due to low corporate tax rates stimulating economic growth.[1] [2]Others argue that tax competition is generally harmful because it distorts investment decisions and thus reduces the efficiency of capital allocation, redistributes the national burden of taxation away from capital and onto less mobile factors such as labour, and undermines democracy by forcing governments into modifying tax systems in ways that {{citation needed span|text=voters do not want|date=April 2017}}. It also tends to increase complexity in national and international tax systems, as governments constantly modify tax systems to take account of the 'competitive' tax environment. [3]It has also been argued that just as competition is good for businesses, competition is good for governments as it drives efficiencies and good governance of the public budget.[4] Others point out that tax competition between countries bears no relation to competition between companies in a market: consider, for instance, the difference between a failed company and a failed state—and that while market competition is regarded as generally beneficial, tax competition between countries is always harmful. [5]HistoryFrom the mid 1900s governments had more freedom in setting their taxes, as the barriers to free movement of capital and people were high.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} The gradual process of globalization is lowering these barriers and results in rising capital flows and greater manpower mobility. ImpactWith tax competition in the era of globalization politicians have to keep tax rates “reasonable” to dissuade workers and investors from moving to a lower tax environment. Most countries started to reform their tax policies to improve their competitiveness. However, the tax burden is just one minor part of a complex formula describing national competitiveness. The other criteria like total manpower cost, labor market flexibility, education levels, political stability, legal system stability and efficiency are also important. In general tax competition results in benefits to taxpayers and the global economy.[6] Governments typically react with "carrot-and-stick" policies such as:
Examples
When tax policy is competitive through legal tax avoidance everyone can win. As an example, Florida once taxed all boat sales at 6% with no maximum. As a result, Florida residents did not buy large boats in the state and no sales taxes were collected. In 2010 Florida implemented a maximum $18,000 tax on boat sales. Florida's Revenue Estimating Committee predicted the state would lose $1.6M in tax revenue the first year.[7] A survey was conducted of boat sales for 2011 and found Florida collected $13,486,000 in sales tax revenues, nearly 10 times more than previously collected.[8]
The European Union (EU) also illustrates the role of tax competition. The barriers to free movement of capital and people were reduced close to nonexistence. Some countries (e.g. Republic of Ireland) utilized their low levels of corporate tax to attract large amounts of foreign investment while paying for the necessary infrastructure (roads, telecommunication) from EU funds. The net contributors (like Germany) strongly oppose the idea of infrastructure transfers to low tax countries. Net contributors have not complained, however, about recipient nations such as Greece and Portugal, which have kept taxes high and not prospered. EU integration brings continuing pressure for consumption tax harmonization as well. EU member nations must have a value-added tax (VAT) of at least 15 percent (the main VAT band) and limits the set of products and services that can be included in the preferential tax band. Still this policy does not stop people utilizing the difference in VAT levels when purchasing certain goods (e.g. cars). The contributing factor are the single currency (Euro), growth of e-commerce and geographical proximity. The political pressure for tax harmonization extends beyond EU borders. Some neighbouring countries with special tax regimes (e.g. Switzerland) were already forced to some concessions in this area.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Criticism{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2017}}The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) organized an anti-tax competition project in the 1990s, culminating with the publication of "An Emerging Global Issue" in 1998 and the creation of a blacklist of so-called tax havens in 2000. Blacklisted jurisdictions effectively resisted the OECD by noting that several of the member nations also were tax havens according to the OECD's own definition.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}{{Update after|2010|11|16}} Left-wing economists generally argue that governments need tax revenue to cover debts and contingencies, and that paying to fund a welfare state is an obligation of social responsibility. Another argument is that tax competition is a zero-sum game.[9] Right-wing economists argue that tax competition means that taxpayers can vote with their feet, choosing the region with the most efficient delivery of governmental services. This makes the tax base of a state volitional, because the taxpayer can avoid tax by renouncing citizenship or emigrating and thereby changing tax residence. See also
References1. ^{{Citation | last1 = Brill | first1 = Alex | last2 = Hassett | first2 = Kevin | title = Revenue Maximising Corporate Income Taxes: The Laffer Curve in OECD Countries | journal = Working paper #137 | publisher = American Express Institute | date = 31 July 2007 }} 2. ^{{Citation | last1 = Hines | first1 = James R. | title = Do Tax Havens Flourish? | journal = Tax Policy and the Economy | volume = 19 | pages = 66 | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, MA | year = 2005 }} 3. ^{{Citation | title = Tax Justice Network – Tax Competition | date = Aug 26, 2016 | url = http://www.taxjustice.net/tax-competition/ | accessdate = 26 Sep 2016}} 4. ^{{Citation | title = IFC Forum – Tax Competition | date = | year = | url = http://www.ifcforum.org/show_article.php?id=2#2 | accessdate = 12 April 2011}} 5. ^{{Citation | title = Tax Competition – Was Charles Tiebout Joking? Fools Gold Blog | date = April 23, 2015 | url = http://foolsgold.international/competitiveness-was-charles-tiebout-joking/ | accessdate = 26 Sep 2016}} 6. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mitchell |first= Daniel |author-link= Daniel J. Mitchell| editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title= Tax Competition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= SAGE; Cato Institute |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi= 10.4135/9781412965811.n307|isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages= 500–03 |quote=...low-tax jurisdictions play a valuable and desirable role.|ref= }} 7. ^http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/conferences/revenueimpact/archives/2010/pdf/page%20161-163.pdf 8. ^https://apps.lobbytools.com/publisher/files.cfm?fid=17269 9. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/us/how-local-taxpayers-bankroll-corporations.html |title=As Companies Seek Tax Deals, Governments Pay High Price |first=Louise |last=Story |date=1 December 2012|publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=6 June 2017|via=NYTimes.com |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170522050506/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/us/how-local-taxpayers-bankroll-corporations.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |archivedate=22 May 2017 |deadurl=no }} External links
3 : Competition (economics)|Foreign direct investment|Tax policy |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。