| 释义 |
- {{anchor|Names and etymology}}Names and etymology
- History Early history Foreign domination Capital of Georgia Mongol domination and the following period of instability Iranian control Russian control Brief independence Soviet rule Post-independence
- Politics and administration
- Geography Location Climate
- People and culture Demographics Sports Media Architecture Main sights Nightlife
- Economy
- Transportation Airport Metro Tram Minibus Municipal bus Aerial tramways
- Education
- International relations Twin towns and sister cities Partnerships
- See also
- References Bibliography
- External links
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Tbilisi
| native_name = თბილისი |native_name_lang=ka
| settlement_type = Capital city
|image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Tbilisi, Georgia — View of Tbilisi.jpg
| photo2a = Georgia 2011 343b (5680901287).jpg
| photo2b = Tbilisi Kartlis Deda monument IMG 8855 1920.jpg
| photo3a = Tbilisi 1464.jpg
| photo3b = 2014 Tbilisi, Widoki z Twierdzy Narikala (36).jpg
| photo4a = Narikala, Tbilisi (cropped).jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 2
| color =
| border = 0
| foot_montage = {{nobreak|From top: View of Tbilisi,}}
Holy Trinity Cathedral (Sameba), Kartlis Deda,
Abanotubani, view from Narikala,
Narikala Fortress
}}
|image_flag = Flag of Tbilisi.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Tbilisi, Georgia.svg
| mapsize = 230px
| map_caption =
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=325|frame-height=325|zoom=10|frame-lat=41.720|frame-long=44.810|type=shape-inverse|id=Q994|title=Tbilisi}}
| pushpin_map = Georgia Tbilisi#Georgia#Greater Europe#Asia
| pushpin_relief = 1
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{GEO}}
|established_title = Established
|established_date = c. AD 479 {{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Kakha Kaladze[1]
|area_magnitude = 1 E9
|area_total_km2 = 504.2
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_footnotes = [2]
|population_as_of = 2018
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 1,158,700[3]
|population_metro = 1,485,293
|population_density_km2 = 3,194.38
|population_demonym = Tbilisian
Tbilisite
|blank_name = GDP[4]
|blank_info = 2018
|blank1_name = – Total
|blank1_info = GEL20.5bil.
(${{To USD|21|GEO|2018|round=yes}}B)
|blank2_name = – Per capita
|blank2_info = GEL17,700
(${{To USD|17700|GEO|2018|round=yes}})
|blank3_name = HDI (2017)
|blank3_info = 0.861[5] – very high
|timezone = Georgian Time
|utc_offset = +4
|coordinates = {{coord|41|43|N|44|47|E|region:GE|display=it}}
|elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m =|elevation_ft =|elevation_max_m = 770|elevation_max_ft =|elevation_min_m = 380|elevation_min_ft =|area_code = +995 32|website = http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/|footnotes =}}Tbilisi ({{IPAc-en|lang|t|ə|b|ɪ|ˈ|l|iː|s|i|,_|t|ə|ˈ|b|ɪ|l|ɪ|s|i}} {{respell|tə|bih|LEE|see|,_|tə|BIL|ih|see}};[{{cite EPD|18}}]
7. ^Tbilisi is known by its former name Tiflis in a number of languages, notably in Persian, German, Turkish and others. Pre-1936 Russian sources use "Tiflis" as well.
8. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1539743.html |script-title=ka:„როცა ტფილისი გახდა თბილისი.“] |trans-title=When Tiflis became Tbilisi |publisher=Radio Tavisupleba |language=ka |date=17 February 2005 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.georgianbiography.com/history4.html|publisher=Dictionary of Georgian National Biography|title=The Golden Age Of Georgia|accessdate=2 February 2008}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.investingeorgia.info/georgia_profile/country_overview/|title=Country Overview|publisher=Invest in Georgia|accessdate=2 February 2008|quote=This early Georgian renaissance ... preceded its European analogue by several hundred years |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080101022941/http://www.investingeorgia.info/georgia_profile/country_overview/|archivedate = 1 January 2008}}
11. ^Suny, pp. 58–59
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/9137125|title=Relations between Tehran and Moscow, 1797–2014|accessdate=15 December 2014}}
13. ^Timothy C. Dowling [https://books.google.nl/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=QnOXVJXpCcz7UPevhPAK&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=russo%20persian%20war%201804-1813&f=false Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond] pp 728–729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014. {{ISBN|978-1598849486}}
14. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA351&dq=alexander+mikaberidze+gulistan+treaty+georgia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAWoVChMIl_W72tP_yAIVwkYPCh3v2gwm#v=onepage&q=alexander%20mikaberidze%20gulistan%20treaty%20georgia&f=false Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia] ABC-CLIO, 22 jul. 2011 {{ISBN|978-1598843378}} p 351
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Kazemzadeh|first1=Firuz|authorlink1=Firuz Kazemzadeh|title=Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar Iran|date=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0857721730|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aWEBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=1801+persia+loses+georgia+to+russia#v=onepage&q=1801%20persia%20loses%20georgia%20to%20russia&f=false}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=The making of the Georgian nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA116|accessdate=16 November 2011|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20915-3|pages=116–}}
17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{ru icon}} Ethno-Caucasus, население Кавказа, республика Грузия, население Грузии
18. ^{{cite book|first=David|last=Marshall|authorlink=David Marshall Lang|year=1962|title=History of Modern Georgia|page=211}}
19. ^{{cite book|title=Socialism in Georgian Colors|first=Stephen F. |last=Jones|location=London |year=2005}}
20. ^{{cite book|first=David|last=Marshall|authorlink=David Marshall Lang|year=1962|title=History of Modern Georgia}}
21. ^{{cite journal|last=Бабенко|first=Виталий|date=October 1983|script-title=ru:...внутри драгоценного круга|journal=Vokrug Sveta|volume=1983|issue=10 (2517)|url=http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/2120/|accessdate=19 August 2012|language=Russian}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/workingpaper/nbgwp01.08.pdf|title=Analysis of Tbilisi's Real Estate Boom|last=Rukhadze|first=Vasili|author2=Tobias Moerschen |year=2007|accessdate=22 November 2009}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rustavi2.com/news/news_text.php?id_news=39070&pg=1&im=main |title=Rustavi 2 |publisher=Rustavi 2 |accessdate=3 June 2011}}
24. ^{{cite web|author=Sergey Gevenov |url=http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=7945 |title=Tbilisi railway project to start : Story by Nino Edilashvili : Georgia Today on the Web |publisher=Georgiatoday.ge |accessdate=3 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031152/http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=7945 |archivedate=21 July 2011 |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_1/10.htm |title=Issue 1, 2010 – Tbilisi 2010 |publisher=Investor.ge |accessdate=3 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007010159/http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_1/10.htm |archivedate=7 October 2011 |df= }}
26. ^{{cite news|title=Georgia flood: Tbilisi residents warned over zoo animals after devastating flood|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33125879|accessdate=15 June 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=14 June 2015}}
27. ^{{ge icon}} საქართველოს დედაქალაქის – თბილისის შესახებ. The Parliament of Georgia. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
28. ^Karl Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for Travelers (Arno Press, 1971, reprint of 1914 ed.), p. 467.
29. ^JSC IBERIA Realty Architectural Competition.
30. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/37545.htm |script-title=ru:Погода и Климат | publisher = Pogodaiklimat.ru| language = Russian| accessdate = 19 October 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=209| title = World Weather Information Service – Tbilisi| publisher = World Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 19 October 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/GA/37549.TXT| title = Tbilisi/Novoalexeye Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = 19 October 2016}}
33. ^1 2 3 {{ru icon}} Тифлис // Географическо-статистический словарь Российской империи.St. Petersburg, 1885, p. 133 (Note: this is a 'one-day census' of unknown scope and methodology).
34. ^1 {{cite book|author=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=The making of the Georgian nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA368|accessdate=29 December 2011|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20915-3|page=368}} (one-day census of Tiflis)
35. ^{{ru icon}} Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.. Изд. Центр. стат. комитета МВД: Тифлисская губерния. — St. Petersburg, 1905, pp. 74—75.(Note: The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation)[https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIB-FlHjs0C&pg=PA29]
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114005707/http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf |archivedate=14 November 2009 |title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units |date=14 November 2009 |accessdate=19 December 2012}}
37. ^{{Georgian census 2014}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114005707/http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf |archivedate=14 November 2009 |title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units |date=14 November 2009 |accessdate=19 December 2012}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2153&lang=eng|title=GeoStat.Ge|website=www.geostat.ge|access-date=2017-01-31}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.georgianholidays.com/sights/churches-in-tbilisi/saint-peter-and-paul-catholic-church|title=Saint Peter and Paul Catholic Church|website=www.georgianholidays.com|access-date=2017-01-31}}
41. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/world/180620152|title=Yezidis of Georgia celebrate new temple in Tbilisi|newspaper=Rudaw|access-date=2017-01-31}}
42. ^Tbilisi Municipal Portal – Radio {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224836/http://new.tbilisi.gov.ge/?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=294%3Flang%3Deng |date=17 December 2013 }}
43. ^{{cite book|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|editor1-last=Curtis|editor1-first=Glen E.|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia|date=1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0788128134|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&dq=persian+architecture+tbilisi|quote=(...) Persian occupation added a new element, and in the nineteenth century Russian domination created a hybrid architectural style visible in many buildings in Tbilisi. The so-called Stalinist architecture of the mid-twentieth century also left its mark on the capital."}}
44. ^{{cite news|last1=House|first1=Arthur|title=Clubbers, forget London and Berlin – the place to dance is eastern Europe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/sep/21/clubbing-london-berlin-eastern-europe-closure-fabric|accessdate=11 February 2017|work=The Guardian|date=21 September 2016}}
45. ^{{cite news|last1=Lynch|first1=Will|title=Tbilisi and the politics of raving|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/2666|accessdate=11 February 2017|work=Resident Advisor|date=15 August 2016}}
46. ^{{cite web|title=Regional Statistics|url=http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=1181&lang=eng|publisher=Geostat|accessdate=6 April 2016}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Passenger Traffic up by 23% at Georgian Airports|url=http://georgiatoday.ge/news/13646/Passenger-Traffic-up-by-23%25-at-Georgian-Airports|publisher=Georgian today|accessdate=10 December 2018}}
48. ^{{cite journal |url=http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/New-metro-stations-to-link-center-and-outskirts-of-Tbilisi.html |title=New metro stations to link center and outskirts of Tbilisi |journal=Vestnik Kavkaza |date=22 October 2018 |accessdate=2019-01-15}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.subways.net/georgia/tbilisi.htm|accessdate=24 December 2010|title=Subways and Trams In Georgia: Tbilisi|date=24 December 2010}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5011&Itemid=70|accessdate=24 December 2010|title=georgiandaily.com – Nostalgic Tbilisi residents want their tramway back|date=24 December 2010|quote=-}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/tbilisi-tram-design-contract-signed.html|accessdate=24 December 2010|title=Railway Gazette: Tbilisi tram design contract signed|date=24 December 2010}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=8365 |accessdate=24 December 2010 |title=Trams to return? : by Salome Kobalava : Georgia Today on the Web |date=24 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119032646/http://georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=8365 |archivedate=19 January 2011 |df= }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://commersant.ge/?view=post&id=136776&lang_id=ge |title= თბილისის ქუჩები, სადაც სამარშრუტო ტაქსები მხოლოდ გაჩერების ადგილებზე გაჩერდებიან |website= commersant.ge | date= 28 December 2017 | access-date= 7 April 2018}} {{ka icon}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Tbilisi buys 143 new longer, gas-powered buses|url=http://dfwatch.net/tbilisi-buys-143-new-gas-powered-buses-43718|date= 13 July 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Tbilisi City Hall to Convey 90 New Buses|url=http://cbw.ge/georgia/tbilisi-city-hall-to-convey-90-new-buses/|date= 8 August 2018 |accessdate=17 October 2016}}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Gov't launches 'Green Policy – Eco-friendly Transport' project: What's in store for Tbilisi?|url=http://agenda.ge/en/news/2018/2188|date= 22 October 2018 |accessdate=23 October 2018}}
57. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/category.php?id=87&size=wide&gallery=86|title=Tbilisi Ropeway|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9907/01/france.cable.car.04/list.html |title=Major worldwide cable car accidents since 1976 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=19 December 2012}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.ge/en/contact/university|title=Contact|accessdate =30 May 2017}}
60. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571|title=Tbilisi Sister Cities|accessdate=5 August 2013|work=Tbilisi City Hall|publisher=Tbilisi Municipal Portal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571|archivedate = 24 July 2013}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje |accessdate=27 July 2013 |work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) |language=Slovenian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075304/http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |archivedate=26 June 2013 |df= }}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |title=Bristol City – Town twinning |publisher=Bristol City Council |accessdate=17 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075325/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |archivedate=28 July 2011 |df= }}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/|title=Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities|accessdate=4 November 2013|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|publisher=Yerevan Municipality}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|script-title=hy:ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ|publisher=Yerevan Municipality|accessdate=5 August 2013|trans-title=Yerevan expanding its international relations|language=Armenian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|archivedate=12 May 2013}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526|title=Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]|publisher=Primăria Municipiului Chişinău|archivedate=3 September 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Romanian}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://qatar.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=844&lang=2|title=Legal Framework|publisher=Embassy of Georgia to the State of Qatar|accessdate=7 July 2018}}
67. ^{{Cite web|url=https://en.tripyar.com/searching/iran/markazi/arak/|title=Arak Tourist Attractions And Info - Iran Travel Guide - Trip Yar|website=en.tripyar.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-15}}
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70. ^{{cite web|url=http://agenda.ge/news/35540/eng|publisher=Agenda.ge|accessdate=20 May 2015|title=Tbilisi-Tehran direct flights will start next month}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/news/2355|publisher=Tbilisi City Hall|accessdate=19 April 2016|title=თბილისსა და სტამბოლს შორის დაძმობილების შესახებ მემორანდუმი გაფორმდა}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |accessdate=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=Polish |trans-title=Kraków -Partnership Cities |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archivedate= 2 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=5 August 2013|date=18 July 2013|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ [Portal "Foreign Affairs"]|language=Czech|trans-title=Prague – Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =25 June 2013}}
Bibliography{{See also|Timeline of Tbilisi#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Tbilisi}}{{refbegin|colwidth=81em}}- {{cite book|last1=Abuladze|first1=David|last2=Kurtishvili|first2=Irina|editor1-last=Stiller|editor1-first=Adolph|title=Tiflis: Architektur am Schnittpunkt der Kontinente|date=March 2016|publisher=Muery Salzmann|location=Salzburg|isbn=978-3990141366|language=English, German|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Baulig|first=Josef |author2=Maia Mania |author3=Hans Mildenberg |author4=Karl Ziegler|title=Architekturführer Tbilisi|publisher=Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken/Technische Universität Kaiserslautern|isbn=978-3-936890-39-6|language=German, Georgian|ref=harv|year=2004 }}
- {{cite book|last1=Floor|first1=Willem M.|title=Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri|date=2008|publisher=Mage Publishers|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1933823232|pages=1–324|ref = harv}}
- {{cite encyclopedia | article = GEORGIA ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations | last = Hitchins | first = Keith | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-ii-history- | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4 | pages = 464–470 | location = | year = 2001 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Kazemzadeh|first=Firuz|chapter=Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921|title=The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0521200950|ref=harv| editor-given1 = Avery | editor-surname1 = Peter | editor-given2 = Gavin | editor-surname2 = Hambly | editor-given3 = Charles | editor-surname3 = Melville }}
- {{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|page=628|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&dq=tiflis+persian+for+tbilisi|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Rayfield|first1=Donald|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|date=2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1780230702|ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Salukvadze|first1=Joseph|last2=Golubchikov|first2=Oleg|title=City as a geopolitics: Tbilisi, Georgia — A globalizing metropolis in a turbulent region|journal=Cities|date=March 2016|volume=52|pages=39–54|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.013|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275115300056|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}External links{{wiktionary|თბილისი}}{{wiktionary|Tbilisi}}{{Commons category|Tbilisi}}{{Wikiquote}}{{Wikivoyage|Tbilisi}}- Official website of the City of Tbilisi
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