| 词条 | Saccharum officinarum |
| 释义 |
|image = Saccharum officinarum, Mozambique.jpg |image_caption = Saccharum officinarum growing in Mozambique |image2=Saccharum-officinarum-harvest.JPG ||image2_caption=Harvesting sugarcane by hand |genus = Saccharum |species = officinarum |authority = L. }} Saccharum officinarum, sugarcane, is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the genus Saccharum. It originated in New Guinea[1]. Muslims brought it to contemporary Spain (Andalusia, between Málaga and Motril), the only place in Europe where it grows. It arrived in the New World with the Spanish and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar and other products. OriginThere are two centers of domestication for sugarcane: one for Saccharum officinarum by Papuans in New Guinea and another for Saccharum sinense by Austronesians in Taiwan and southern China. Papuans and Austronesians originally primarily used sugarcane as food for domesticated pigs. The spread of both S. officinarum and S. sinense is closely linked to the migrations of the Austronesian peoples. Saccharum barberi was only cultivated in India after the introduction of S. officinarum.[2][3] Saccharum officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. Beginning at around 6,000 BP they were selectively bred from the native Saccharum robustum. From New Guinea it spread westwards to Island Southeast Asia after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with Saccharum spontaneum.[3]The second domestication center is mainland southern China and Taiwan where S. sinense was a primary cultigen of the Austronesian peoples. Words for sugarcane exist in the Proto-Austronesian languages in Taiwan, reconstructed as *təbuS or **CebuS, which became *tebuh in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. It was one of the original major crops of the Austronesian peoples from at least 5,500 BP. Introduction of the sweeter S. officinarum may have gradually replaced it throughout its cultivated range in Island Southeast Asia.[4][5][6][7][8] From Island Southeast Asia, S. officinarum was spread eastward into Polynesia and Micronesia by Austronesian voyagers as a canoe plant by around 3,500 BP. It was also spread westward and northward by around 3,000 BP to China and India by Austronesian traders, where it further hybridized with Saccharum sinense and Saccharum barberi. From there it spread further into western Eurasia and the Mediterranean.[3][6] DescriptionSaccharum officinarum, a perennial plant, grows in clumps consisting of a number of strong unbranched stems. A network of rhizomes forms under the soil which sends up secondary shoots near the parent plant. The stems vary in colour, being green, pinkish, or purple and can reach {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} in height. They are jointed, nodes being present at the bases of the alternate leaves. The internodes contain a fibrous white pith immersed in sugary sap. The elongated, linear, green leaves have thick midribs and saw-toothed edges and grow to a length of about {{convert|30|to|60|cm|abbr=on}} and width of {{convert|5|cm|abbr=on}}. The terminal inflorescence is a panicle up to {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}} long, a pinkish plume that is broadest at the base and tapering towards the top. The spikelets are borne on side branches and are about {{convert|3|mm|abbr=on}} long and are concealed in tufts of long, silky hair. The fruits are dry and each one contains a single seed.[9][10] Sugarcane harvest typically occurs before the plants flower, as the flowering process causes a reduction in sugar content.[11]UsesPortions of the stem of this and several other species of sugarcane have been used from ancient times for chewing to extract the sweet juice. It was cultivated in New Guinea about 8000 years ago for this purpose. Extraction of the juice and boiling to concentrate it was probably first done in India more than 2000 years ago.[9] Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids are grown for the production of sugar, ethanol, and other industrial uses in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The stems and the byproducts of the sugar industry are used for feeding to livestock. Pigs fed on sugarcane juice and a soy-based protein supplement produced stronger piglets that grew faster than those on a more conventional diet.[12] As its specific name (officinarum, "of dispensaries") implies, it is also used in traditional medicine both internally and externally.[9]See also
References1. ^In New Guinea, according to sources cited by Christian Daniels in Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6.3, p. 129ff {{Taxonbar|from=Q3391243}}{{Authority control}}2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=John |last2=Daniels |first2=Christian |title=Sugarcane in Prehistory |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |date=April 1993 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|first1=Andrew H. |last1=Paterson|first2=Paul H.|last2=Moore|first3=Tew|last3=Tom L.|editor1-first=Andrew H. |editor1-last=Paterson|title =Genomics of the Saccharinae|chapter =The Gene Pool of Saccharum Species and Their Improvement|publisher =Springer Science & Business Media|series =|year =2012|pages=43–72|isbn = 9781441959478|chapter-url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=F282fp_IMI8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |title=The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=1984-1985 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=44–67 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16918}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Spriggs |first1=Matthew |title=Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now? |journal=Antiquity |date=2 January 2015 |volume=85 |issue=328 |pages=510–528 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00067910 }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph |editor1-last=Needham|first1= Christian|last1= Daniels|first2=Nicholas K. |last2=Menzies|title =Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry|chapter =|publisher =Cambridge University Press|series =|year =1996|pages=177–185|isbn =9780521419994|url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=DzqPvHlFkV4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PR8#v=onepage&q&f=fals}} 7. ^{{cite book|first1=Salah M.|last1=Aljanabi|editor1-first=M. Raafat|editor1-last=El-Gewely|title =Biotechnology Annual Review|volume=4|chapter =Genetics, phylogenetics, and comparative genetics of Saccharum L., a polysomic polyploid Poales: Andropogoneae|publisher =Elsevier Science B.V.|series =|year =1998|pages=285–320|isbn =9780444829719|chapter-url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=sXuUuIp18n0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA285#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 8. ^{{cite book|first1=Julian|last1=Baldick|editor1-first=|editor1-last=|title =Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan|chapter =|publisher =I.B.Tauris|series =|year =2013|page=2|isbn =9780857733573|url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=7U6oBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP6#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:419977-1 |title=Saccharum officinarum|publisher=Kew Royal Botanic Gardens |accessdate=2012-09-21}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/data/Pf000310.HTM |title=Saccharum officinarum L. |publisher=FAO |accessdate=2012-09-21}} 11. ^"The Biology and Ecology of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) in Australia, Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 2004; p. 10. 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3647e/W3647E03.htm#ch3 |title=Sugar cane |work=Feeding pigs in the tropics |publisher=FAO |accessdate=2012-09-21}} 4 : Saccharum|Flora of New Guinea|Crops originating from Asia|Plants described in 1753 |
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