“S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

AdoMet is a methyl donor for transmethylation. It gives away its methyl group and is also the propylamino donor in polyamine biosynthesis. S-adenosylmethionine synthesis can be considered the rate-limiting step of the methionine cycle.^[2]

As a methyl donor SAM allows DNA methylation. Once DNA is methylated, it switches the genes off and therefore, S-adenosylmethionine can be considered to control gene expression.^[3]

SAM is also involved in gene transcription, cell proliferation, and production of secondary metabolites.^[4] Hence SAM synthetase is fast becoming a drug target, in particular for the following diseases: depression, dementia, vacuolar myelopathy, liver injury, migraine, osteoarthritis, and as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent.^[5]

This article discusses the protein domains that make up the SAM synthetase enzyme and how these domains contribute to its function. More specifically, this article explores the shared pseudo-3-fold symmetry that makes the domains well-adapted to their functions.^[6]

Conserved motifs in the 3'UTR of MAT2A mRNA

A computational comparative analysis of vertebrate genome sequences have identified a cluster of 6 conserved hairpin motifs in the 3'UTR of the MAT2A messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript.^[7] The predicted hairpins (named A-F) have strong evolutionary conservation and 3 of the predicted RNA structures (hairpins A, C and D) have been confirmed by in-line probing analysis. No structural changes were observed for any of the hairpins in the presence of metabolites SAM, S-adenosylhomocysteine or L-Methioninine. They are proposed to be involved in transcript stability and their functionality is currently under investigation.^[7]

Protein overview

The S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme is found in almost every organism bar parasites which obtain AdoMet from their host. Isoenzymes are found in bacteria, budding yeast and even in mammalian mitochondria. Most MATs are homo-oligomers and the majority are tetramers. The monomers are organised into three domains formed by nonconsecutive stretches of the sequence, and the subunits interact through a large flat hydrophobic surface to form the dimers.^[8]

S-adenosylmethionine synthetase N terminal domain

In molecular biology the protein domain S-adenosylmethionine synthetase N terminal domain is found at the N-terminal of the enzyme.

N terminal domain function

The N terminal domain is well conserved across different species. This may be due to its important function in substrate and cation binding. The residues involved in methionine binding are found in the N-terminal domain.^[8]

N terminal domain structure

S-adenosylmethionine synthetase Central domain

Central terminal domain function

The precise function of the central domain has not been fully elucidated, but it is thought to be important in aiding catalysis.

Central domain Structure

S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, C terminal domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, C-terminal domain refers to the C terminus of the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase

C terminal domain function

The function of the C-terminal domain has been experimentally determined as being important for cytoplasmic localisation. The residues are scattered along the C-terminal domain sequence however once the protein folds, they position themselves closely together.^[3]

C terminal domain Structure

References

1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Horikawa S, Sasuga J, Shimizu K, Ozasa H, Tsukada K | title = Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the rat kidney S-adenosylmethionine synthetase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 265 | issue = 23 | pages = 13683–6 |date=August 1990 | pmid = 1696256 | doi = | url = }}
2. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Markham GD, Pajares MA | title=Structure-function relationships in methionine adenosyltransferases. | journal=Cell Mol Life Sci | year= 2009 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 636–48 | pmid=18953685 | doi=10.1007/s00018-008-8516-1 | pmc=2643306 }}
3. ^¹{{cite journal|vauthors=Reytor E, Pérez-Miguelsanz J, Alvarez L, Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA | title=Conformational signals in the C-terminal domain of methionine adenosyltransferase I/III determine its nucleocytoplasmic distribution. | journal=FASEB J | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 10 | pages= 3347–60 | pmid=19497982 | doi=10.1096/fj.09-130187 }}
4. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Yoon S, Lee W, Kim M, Kim TD, Ryu Y | title=Structural and functional characterization of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase from Pichia ciferrii. | journal=Bioprocess Biosyst Eng | year= 2012 | volume= 35 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 173–81 | pmid=21989639 | doi=10.1007/s00449-011-0640-x }}
5. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Kamarthapu V, Rao KV, Srinivas PN, Reddy GB, Reddy VD | title=Structural and kinetic properties of Bacillus subtilis S-adenosylmethionine synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli. | journal=Biochim Biophys Acta | year= 2008 | volume= 1784 | issue= 12 | pages= 1949–58 | pmid=18634909 | doi=10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.06.006 }}
6. ^¹²³{{cite journal|vauthors=Takusagawa F, Kamitori S, Misaki S, Markham GD | title=Crystal structure of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 1996 | volume= 271 | issue= 1 | pages= 136–47 | pmid=8550549 | doi= }}
7. ^¹{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker BJ, Moltke I, Roth A, Washietl S, Wen J, Kellis M, Breaker R, Pedersen JS | title = New families of human regulatory RNA structures identified by comparative analysis of vertebrate genomes | journal = Genome Res. | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 1929–43 |date=November 2011 | pmid = 21994249 | pmc = 3205577 | doi = 10.1101/gr.112516.110 }}
8. ^¹{{cite journal|vauthors=Garrido F, Estrela S, Alves C, Sánchez-Pérez GF, Sillero A, Pajares MA | title=Refolding and characterization of methionine adenosyltransferase from Euglena gracilis. | journal=Protein Expr Purif | year= 2011 | volume= 79 | issue= 1 | pages= 128–36 | pmid=21605677 | doi=10.1016/j.pep.2011.05.004 }}

Function