“Telecommunications in Slovakia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Telecommunications in Slovakia includes fixed and mobile telephones, radio, television, and the Internet.

Telephone

Fixed lines

As in most post-communist Central European countries, the fixed line market in Slovakia was liberalised only recently. Slovak Telecom Inc. (former Slovenské Telekomunikácie, a.s.) was privatised on 18 July 2000. The 51% package of shares was purchased by the German Deutsche Telecom AG for 1 bln. EUR (more than 44 bln. SKK at that time). The outstanding 49% of the shares are still owned by the Slovak government through the Department of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic (34%) and the National Property Fund (15%). As part of the privatisation contract, Deutsche Telecom agreed to provide full digitalisation of the fixed line network by the end of December 2004. Slovak Telecom was rebranded to T-Com in the year 2003.^[1] The legal regulation for liberalisation of the Slovak fixed line market was passed in 2002 and became valid by 1 January 2003, finally allowing competition in the sector of fixed lines.^[2]

In 2010 there were more than 100 companies licensed to provide public fixed line telephone service,^[3] although many of these do not offer commercial service to the wider public. The most notable country-wide providers are T-Com, Orange, Dial Telecom, SWAN and UPC. Several regional providers also operate in the market. Many of these offer triple-play services consisting of a fixed line service, broadband internet access and access to television programmes. The number of triple-play customers has doubled since the service was introduced and currently peaks at 78,049 subscribers.^[4]^[5]

Due to strong penetration of the Slovak market by mobile phones, the fixed lines sector has decreased dramatically in recent years. While there were 1,655,380 fixed lines in use in 1999, their number decreased by 60% to 994,421 in 2010.^[6]

Mobile cellular

Mobile communication in Slovakia first became available in the early 1990s when the first NMT network operator, EuroTel Bratislava, a.s., a subsidiary of the then state owned Slovenské Telekomunikácie a.s. EuroTel, introduced the first GSM service to public in 1997. EuroTel was privatised together with its mother company and was rebranded as T-Mobile on 3 May 2005. It is now fully integrated as part of the international T-Mobile brand. The second GSM network operator started its operation on 15 January 1997 under the name GlobTel a.s. It was acquired by France Télécom (through Atlas Services Belgium, 100% shares) and rebranded to Orange Slovensko on 27 March 2002. Telefónica Europe, the third mobile operator in Slovakia, entered the market in February 2007 under the O2 brand.

Virtual providers are active in the Slovak market, the most notable being Tesco Mobile (associated with Tesco Stores) and FunFón (a virtual operator associated with a popular FM radio station).

Telephone system

Radio

Тelevision

Internet

Slovakia has one of the highest Internet penetration rates in the world and the highest penetration rate in Central and Eastern Europe. Slovakia has a large number of full-area ISP's that offer wired broadband Internet connections, including Slovak Telekom, Orange Slovensko and UPC. They offer a range of connections, from ADSL / ADSL2+ to fiber optic. ADSL or ADSL2+, VDSL is available in almost every town and village in Slovakia.

Internet censorship and surveillance

There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight; however, police monitor Web sites containing hate speech and attempt to arrest or fine the authors.^[10]

The constitution and the law provide for freedom of speech and press. While the government mostly respects these rights in practice, in some instances, it limits these rights to impede criticism and limit actions of groups it considers extremist. The law prohibits the defamation of nationalities, punishable by up to three years in prison, and denial of the Holocaust, which carries a sentence of six months to three years in prison. Criminal penalties for defamation are rarely used. The constitution and the law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. Police must present a warrant before conducting a search or within 24 hours afterwards.^[10]

A new draft law under consideration in 2011 would allow the nation's tax office to block web servers that provide online gambling without a Slovakian license. Opponents argue that the economic interests served by the law are not sufficient to justify online censorship.^[11]

See also

Notes

1. ^Ako prebiehala privatizácia ST? (2000) . Retrieved 21 December 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316105007/http://dennik.inet.sk/clanok/729-ako-prebiehala-privatizacia-st/ |date=16 March 2012 }}
2. ^Mýty o liberalizácii telekomunikačného trhu (zive.sk, Roman Záhorec, 2002) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142538/http://www.zive.sk/spravy/myty-o-liberalizacii-telekomunikacneho-trhu/sc-30-a-252560/default.aspx |date=25 July 2011 }} {{sk icon}}. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
3. ^Providers of networks and services (Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of the Slovak Republic) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721003810/http://www.teleoff.gov.sk/sk/OTR/viewpublic.php?limit=1136 |date=21 July 2011 }} {{sk icon}}. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
4. ^Other Electronic Communication Services - Bundled Offers (Department of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic, 2010) {{sk icon}}. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
5. ^Figure is as of 30 June 2010, as opposed to 41,734 subscribers by 20 June 2008.
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lo.html "Slovakia"], World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 10 September 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Telecommunication Infrastructure (Department of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic, 2010). Retrieved 21 December 2010.
8. ^Active mobile subscribers includes industrial applications such as Alarm systems that use a SIM card for GSM based communication.
9. ^"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012", International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
10. ^¹[https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204337 "Slovakia"], Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 7 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
11. ^[https://opennet.net/news/slovakia-new-draft-law-threatens-internet-freedom "Slovakia: New Draft Law Threatens Internet Freedom"], OpenNet Initiative, 7 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2013.