词条 | Television Infrared Observation Satellite |
释义 |
Participants in the TIROS project included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), United States Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Radio Corporation of America, the United States Weather Bureau, the United States Naval Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[4] DescriptionThe 270 lb (122 kg) satellite was launched into a nearly circular low earth orbit by a Thor Able rocket. Drum-shaped with a 42-inch (1.1 m) diameter, and height of 19 inches (48 cm), the TIROS satellite carried two six-inch (15 cm) long television cameras. One of the cameras had a wide-angle lens with an f /1.6 aperture that could view an 800-mile-wide area of the Earth. The other camera had a telephoto lens with an f /1.8 aperture and 10- to 12-power magnification{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} compared to the wide angle camera. The satellite itself was stabilized in its orbit by spinning like a gyroscope. When it first separated from the rocket's third stage, it was spinning at about 136 revolutions per minute (rpm). To take unblurred photographs, a de-spin mechanism slowed the satellite down to 12 rpm after the orbit was accomplished. The camera shutters made possible the series of still pictures which were stored and transmitted back to earth via 2-watt FM transmitters as the satellite approached one of its ground command points. After transmission, the tape was erased or cleaned and readied for more recording. SeriesTIROS continued as the more advanced TIROS Operational System (TOS), and eventually was succeeded by the Improved TIROS Operational System (ITOS) or TIROS-M, and then by the TIROS-N and Advanced TIROS-N series of satellites. NOAA-N Prime is the last in the TIROS series of NOAA satellites that observe Earth’s weather and the environment.[5] The naming of the satellites can become confusing because some of them use the same name as the over-seeing organization, such as "ESSA" for TOS satellites overseen by the Environmental Science Services Administration (for example, ESSA-1) and "NOAA" (for example, NOAA-M) for later TIROS-series satellites overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[5]
As of June 2009, all TIROS satellites launched between 1960 and 1965 (with the exception of TIROS-7) were still in orbit.[6] TIROS Operational System
ITOS/TIROS-M
TIROS-N
Advanced TIROS-NThe Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft were similar to the NOAA-A through -D satellites, apart from an enlarged Equipment Support Module to allow integration of additional payloads. A change from the TIROS-N through NOAA-D spacecraft was that spare word locations in the low bit rate data system TIROS Information Processor (TIP) was used for special instruments such as the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBE) and SBUV/2. The search and rescue (SAR) system became independent, utilizing a special frequency for transmission of data to the ground.[8]
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Space-Based Remote Sensing of the Earth: A Report to the Congress|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880008662|work=NASA|publisher=NASA Technical Reports Server|accessdate=4 October 2011}} 2. ^Modern Mechanix: How Tiros Photographs the World 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tiro|title=tiro - Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-19}} 4. ^EXPLORES! (EXPloring and Learning the Operations and Resources of Environmental Satellites!) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970724201633/http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/Guide/Tiros_Html/tiros1.html |date=1997-07-24 }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web | title = NOAA-N Prime | work = NP-2008-10-056-GSFC | publisher = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | date = 16 December 2008 | url = http://www.osd.noaa.gov/Spacecraft%20Systems/Pollar_Orbiting_Sat/NOAA_N_Prime/NOAA_NP_Booklet.pdf | accessdate = 8 October 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130216120005/http://www.osd.noaa.gov/Spacecraft%20Systems/Pollar_Orbiting_Sat/NOAA_N_Prime/NOAA_NP_Booklet.pdf | archivedate = 16 February 2013 | df = }} 6. ^{{cite web |url = http://usspaceobjectsregistry.state.gov/search/index.cfm |publisher = Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs |title = U.S. Space Objects Registry |accessdate = 2009-06-25 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090521121750/http://usspaceobjectsregistry.state.gov/search/index.cfm |archivedate = 2009-05-21 |df = }} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=History of NOAA's environmental satellites|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/titan/g14/020620history.html|website=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=7 June 2015|date=22 June 2002}} 8. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Kidwell|editor1-first=Katherine B.|title=NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User’s Guide|date=November 1998|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|location=National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/satellite/publications/podguides/TIROS-N%20thru%20N-14/pdf/NCDCPD-ch1.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2015|at=sec. 1.1}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{Citation |last= |first= |year=1998 |title=NOAA-K |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |publication-place=Greenbelt, Maryland |page=20 |url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/strat_a_f/NOAA-K.pdf |accessdate=12 June 2015 |type= Booklet | id=NP-1997-12-052-GSFC }} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=POES Decommissioned Satellites|url=http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/POES/decommissioned.html|website=Office of Satellite and Product Operations|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=5 June 2015|date=30 September 2014}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=POES Operational Status|url=http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Operations/POES/status.html|website=Office of Satellite and Product Operations|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=5 June 2015}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|title=NOAA retires NOAA-16 polar satellite|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2014/20140609_goes16.html|website=NOAA News Archive|accessdate=7 June 2015|date=9 June 2014|quote=NOAA exclusively operates afternoon polar orbit spacecraft, while its key international partner, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), flies mid-morning orbit spacecraft.}} 13. ^{{cite news| author = Justin Ray| title = History Abounds in Launch of Crucial Weather Satellite| quote = A last-of-its-kind weather observatory...| publisher = Spaceflight Now| date = February 6, 2009| pages =| url = http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/sfn-090206-noaan-prime-launch.html| accessdate = 25 October 2010}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Harrod|first1=Emily D.|title=PSB - All POES, All Instruments, Switch to NOAA-19 as Operational Afternoon Satellite, 2 June 2009|url=http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/data/ppp/notice_files/may2809.html|website=Office of Satellite and Product Operations|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=7 June 2015|date=28 May 2009}} External links{{Commons category|Television Infrared Observation Satellite}}
6 : 1960 in spaceflight|1961 in spaceflight|1962 in spaceflight|1963 in spaceflight|Weather satellites|Weather satellites of the United States |
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