| 词条 | Tempe, Arizona | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Tempe, Arizona | other_name = {{lang-ood|Oidbaḍ}} | official_name = City of Tempe | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Tempeskyline3.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Tempe, Arizona.jpg | seal_size = | image_map = File:Maricopa County Arizona Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tempe Highlighted 0473000.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location of Tempe in Maricopa County, Arizona. | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | coordinates = {{coord|33|24|46|N|111|56|35|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name1 = Arizona | subdivision_name2 = Maricopa | established_title = Incorporated | established_date = October 15, 1892 | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mark Mitchell (D) | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 104.18 | area_total_sq_mi = 40.23 | area_land_km2 = 103.51 | area_land_sq_mi = 39.97 | area_water_km2 = 0.67 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.26 | elevation_m = 347.47 – 455.68 | elevation_ft = 1140–1495 | population_total = 161719 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_density_km2 = 1763.08 | population_density_sq_mi = 4566.33 | population_est = 185038 | pop_est_as_of = 2017 | pop_est_footnotes = [2] | population_metro = 4,574,531 (US: 12th) | population_rank = US: 133rd | postal_code_type = ZIP code | postal_code = 85281, 85282, 85283, 85284, 85285, 85287 | area_code_type = Area codes | area_code = 480 and 602 | website = {{URL|www.tempe.gov}} | footnotes = | timezone = MST (no DST) |utc_offset = −7 | blank_name = FIPS code | blank_info = 04-73000 | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = [2] }} Tempe ({{IPAc-en|t|ɛ|m|ˈ|p|iː}} {{respell|tem|PEE'}};[3] Oidbaḍ in O'odham), also known as Hayden's Ferry during the territorial times of Arizona, is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, with the Census Bureau reporting a 2017 population of 185,038.[4] The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece. Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix; it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west, Scottsdale on the north, Chandler on the south, and Mesa on the east. Tempe is also the location of the main campus of Arizona State University. HistoryThe Hohokam lived in this area and built canals to support their agriculture. They abandoned their settlements during the 15th century, with a few individuals and families remaining nearby. Fort McDowell was established approximately {{convert|25|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of present downtown Tempe on the upper Salt River in 1865 allowing for new towns to be built farther down the Salt River. US military service members and Hispanic workers were hired to grow food and animal feed to supply the fort, and less than a year later, had set up small camps near the river that were the first permanent communities in the Valley after the fall of the Hohokam. (Phoenix was settled shortly afterward, by 1867–68.) The two settlements were 'Hayden's Ferry', named after a ferry service operated by Charles T. Hayden, and 'San Pablo', and were located west and east of Hayden Butte respectively. The ferry became the key river crossing in the area. The Tempe Irrigating Canal Company was soon established by William Kirkland and James McKinney to provide water for alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats, and cotton. Pioneer Darrell Duppa is credited with suggesting Tempe's name, adopted in 1879, after comparing the Salt River valley near a {{convert|300|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall butte, to the Vale of Tempe near Mount Olympus in Greece.[5] From its founding in 1871 until the early 1960s, Tempe was a sundown town where African Americans were permitted to work but encouraged to live elsewhere.[6] In 1885, the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature chose Tempe for the site of the Territorial Normal School, which became Arizona Normal School, Arizona State Teachers College, Arizona State College and finally Arizona State University. The Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad, built in 1887, crossed the Salt River at Tempe, linking the town to the nation's growing transportation system. The Tempe Land and Improvement Company was formed to sell lots in the booming town. Tempe became an economic hub for the surrounding agricultural area. The city incorporated in 1894. The completion of Roosevelt Dam in 1911 guaranteed enough water to meet the growing needs of Valley farmers. On his way to dedicate the dam, former President Theodore Roosevelt applauded the accomplishments of the people of central Arizona and predicted that their towns would be prosperous cities in the future. Less than a year later, Arizona was admitted as the 48th state, and the Salt River Valley continued to develop. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tempe has expanded as a suburb of Phoenix, and as a center of education and commerce. GeographyTempe is an inner suburb, located between the core city of Phoenix and the rest of the East Valley. Due to this as well as being the home of the main campus of Arizona State University, Tempe has a fairly dense, urbanized development pattern in the northern part of the city with a growing skyline. Going south, development becomes less dense, consisting of single-family homes, strip malls and lower-density office parks. Within Tempe are the Tempe Buttes. The Salt River runs west through the northern part of Tempe; part of the river is dammed in two places to create Tempe Town Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the landlocked city has a total area of {{convert|40.2|sqmi|km2}}. The city of Tempe is bordered by Mesa to the east, Scottsdale to the north, Phoenix and Guadalupe to the west, and Chandler to the south. {{convert|40.1|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.1|sqmi|km2}} of it is water. The total area is 0.32% water including Tempe Town Lake. Tempe is generally flat, except for Hayden Butte (generally known as A-Mountain for Arizona State University's "A" logo located on its south face), located next to Sun Devil Stadium, Twin Buttes and Bell Butte on the western edge of Tempe, and Papago Park northwest of Tempe, inside Phoenix. Elevation ranges from {{convert|1140|ft|m}} at Tempe Town Lake to {{convert|1495|ft|m}} atop Hayden Butte. {{wide image|Tempe Town Lake (3).jpg|1000px|alt=Tempe cityscape from Tempe Town Lake|Tempe cityscape from Tempe Town Lake}}Climate{{Weather box|location = Tempe, Arizona |single line = Y |Jan high F = 69 |Feb high F = 73 |Mar high F = 78 |Apr high F = 86 |May high F = 95 |Jun high F = 107 |Jul high F = 115 |Aug high F = 103 |Sep high F = 100 |Oct high F = 89 |Nov high F = 78 |Dec high F = 68 |Jan low F = 39 |Feb low F = 42 |Mar low F = 46 |Apr low F = 52 |May low F = 60 |Jun low F = 68 |Jul low F = 75 |Aug low F = 75 |Sep low F = 68 |Oct low F = 56 |Nov low F = 45 |Dec low F = 38 |Jan precipitation inch = 1.08 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.20 |Mar precipitation inch = 1.11 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.28 |May precipitation inch = 0.14 |Jun precipitation inch = 0.03 |Jul precipitation inch = 1.06 |Aug precipitation inch = 1.36 |Sep precipitation inch = 0.68 |Oct precipitation inch = 0.64 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.69 |Dec precipitation inch = 1.10 |year precipitation inch =9.37 |source 1 = The Weather Channel[7] |date=August 2010 }} Demographics{{US Census population|1880= 135 |1890= 897 |1900= 885 |1910= 1473 |1920= 1963 |1930= 2495 |1940= 2906 |1950= 7684 |1960= 24897 |1970= 63550 |1980= 106919 |1990= 141865 |2000= 158945 |2010= 161719 |estyear=2017 |estimate=185038 |estref=[4] |align-fn=center }} As of the 2010 census, there were 161,719 people, 63,602 households, and 33,645 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,959.4 people per square mile (1,528.8/km²). There were 67,068 housing units at an average density of 1,674.1 per square mile (646.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 77.51% White, 5.9% Black or African American, 2.9% Native American, 5.7% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 8.49% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. 21.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 63,602 households out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 21.3% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $42,361, and the median income for a family was $55,237. Males had a median income of $36,406 versus $28,605 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,406. About 7.5% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over. Economy{{multiple issues|section=yes|{{refimprove section|date=August 2009}}{{Expand section|date=March 2008}}}} Tempe is the headquarters and executive office of one Fortune 500 company: Insight Enterprises. Limelight Networks,[8] LifeLock,[9] First Solar,[10][11] the Salt River Project, Circle K, Fulton Homes and Mobile Mini are also headquartered in Tempe. Cold Stone Creamery was originally headquartered in Tempe and location #0001 is still in operation today at 3330 S McClintock Drive in Tempe. Tempe is also home to the first and largest campus of Arizona State University. It was the longtime host of the Fiesta Bowl, although the BCS game moved to University of Phoenix Stadium, located in Glendale, in 2007. It then began hosting the Insight Bowl which is now known as the Cheez-It Bowl. As of 2018, there is no bowl game in Tempe because of renovations to Sun Devil Stadium. Edward Jones Investments and State Farm Insurance have regional headquarters in Tempe.[12] Tempe houses several great performance venues including Gammage Auditorium and the Tempe Center for the Arts. Tempe Town Lake is home to many national and international events, such as Ironman Arizona and Rock n Roll Marathon. Gammage Auditorium was also the site of one of the three Presidential debates in 2004, and Super Bowl XXX was played at Sun Devil Stadium. Additionally, Tempe is the spring training host city of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. One of Arizona's largest shopping malls, Arizona Mills, sits near the border with the town of Guadalupe. The city also serves as the first Arizona IKEA branch location, also near the southern boundary. Tempe Marketplace a large open air mall featuring live music and water and laser shows is located just southeast of Tempe Town Lake. Tempe can boast an array of wholesalers and manufacturers. Mill Avenue, located just west of Hayden Butte, is a shopping and entertainment area in the city popular with pedestrians and students. With the completion of Tempe Town Lake, commercial and high-rise development along the reservoir quickly transformed the cityscape of Mill Avenue and the skyline of downtown Tempe. Many gourmet foods are made in Tempe, such as Decio Pasta, Sting and Linger Salsa, Cartel Coffee, Four Peaks Brewery Beer and much more. Tempe is now produces more blue-veined cheese than anywhere else in the country other than Wisconsin, thanks to Arizona Cheese Company. Visit www/tempe.gov/MadeinTempe Top employersState Farm is among the top employers in Tempe, with a regional campus along Tempe Town Lake which opened in 2015. According to Tempe's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[13] the top employers in the city are:
Arts and culture{{Expand section|section|date=October 2010}}The Public Art program coordinates artists with building designers to install permanent and temporary public art projects. Since 1988, more than 50 projects have been commissioned by the Tempe's Cultural Services Division. The Art in Private Development ordinance of 1991 has helped add more than 60 privately owned pieces of art to the city, accessible by the public.[14] Performing artsTempe enjoyed a thriving alternative music scene throughout the 1980s and '90s, producing such acts as the Gin Blossoms, Meat Puppets, Dead Hot Workshop, The Refreshments, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers, Hans Olson, The Maine, and Injury Reserve. Tempe Music WalkThe Tempe Music Walk honors select bands, musicians and musical venues with plaques embedded in the sidewalk on Mill Avenue. Tempe is the first Phoenix Metropolitan Area city to honor its musicians in this way. Honorees are Walt Richardson, The Gin Blossoms, Hans Olson, and Long Wong's. [15]Public librariesTempe Public Library serves Tempe. The children's library is now 18,816 square feet large.[16] TourismMany of the reasons people visit Tempe are places and events, such as P.F. Chang's Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon & 1/2 Marathon, Tempe Marketplace, Arizona Mills, Mill Avenue, and Tempe Town Lake.[17] Downtown Tempe offers more than 175 restaurants, nightclubs and retail shops to cater to city guests.[18] Mill Ave is a famous Arizona bar district in Tempe containing several bars and restaurants that cater to the growing university crowd and Tempe's Music Walk, which honors select bands, musicians and musical venues with plaques embedded in the sidewalk on Mill Avenue. Along with bars and restaurants are business complexes and university buildings. Several longtime bar establishments include Mill Ave Cue Club and Rula Bula Irish Pub. The Tempe Tourism Office, located on Mill Avenue's downtown district, provides maps and additional information about hotels and upcoming city events.[19] Historic properties{{Main|List of historic properties in Tempe, Arizona}}There are numerous properties in the city of Tempe which are considered to be historical and have been included either in the National Register of Historic Places.[20] SportsThere are currently no major league professional sports teams playing in Tempe. However, from 1988 to 2005, Sun Devil Stadium hosted the Arizona Cardinals (named the Phoenix Cardinals from 1988 to 1993) of the National Football League. They have since moved to State Farm Stadium in Glendale for games, but maintain their headquarters and training facility in Tempe. Many residents follow the teams in nearby Phoenix and Glendale. (For more information, read the sports section on the Phoenix page)[21] The Arizona State University Sun Devils compete in football, basketball, baseball, as well as a number of other sports in the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA. The Sun Devils football team plays their games at Sun Devil Stadium. Their nearest rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats, in Tucson. The two teams compete in the "Duel in the Desert" for control of the Territorial Cup. The Sun Devil Stadium had hosted the annual Fiesta Bowl, until the 2007 game moved to the new University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim have their spring training at Tempe Diablo Stadium. Tempe Diablo Stadium was built in 1968 and holds 9,785 people. The Angels moved here in 1993 from Palm Springs, California. The Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football are scheduled to begin play in Tempe in February 2019. Rugby union is a developing sport in Tempe as well as in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The multiple clubs, ranging from men's and women's clubs to collegiate and Under 19, are part of the Arizona Rugby Union.[22] Notable clubs are Arizona State University Rugby Football Club and the Tempe "Old Devils" Rugby Club.[23]Parks and recreation{{Expand section|section|date=October 2010}}Tempe is home to many outdoor activities. Tempe Town Lake is a publicly accessible lake that is run by City of Tempe. The lake provides recreation activities to residents and tourists, but also helps protect the surrounding area from flooding. The City of Tempe estimated that 2.7 million people visited the lake in 2013.[24] Papago and South Mountain Parks offer hiking, mountain and road biking, rock climbing, frisbee golf, and equestrian activities. Tempe is also home to the annual Ironman Triathlon, which takes place in late November. Government{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
The city has had 31 mayors since 1894. {{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Tempe is in Arizona's 9th Congressional District, served by Representative Kyrsten Sinema (D). {{Col-end}}EducationTempe is served by multiple school districts. Most of Tempe is within the Tempe Elementary School District and the Tempe Union High School District; however, other portions are served by the Kyrene School District (K–8), Scottsdale Unified School District (K–12), and Mesa Public Schools (K–12). James Madison Preparatory School and Tempe Preparatory Academy are also located in the area. Emmanuel Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K-8 grade school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Tempe.[25] Tempe also contains one of the state's three major universities, Arizona State University, the Maricopa County Community College District administrative offices and the headquarters of Rio Salado Community College. Tempe is also the home of several career schools, including the University of Phoenix, Brookline College, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Southwest Institute of Healing Arts, Bryan University and Lamson Junior College. Media
InfrastructureTransportation{{Main|Metropolitan Phoenix freeways}}Tempe is one of the most densely populated cities in the state and serves as a crossroads for the area's largest communities. Freeways make up the major transportation system for the Valley. Included in the system surrounding Tempe are Interstate 10 near the western edge as it traverses the Broadway Curve, Loop 202 crossing the northern side, Loop 101 following the eastern border, and U.S. Route 60 running east–west through the geographic center of the city. Valley Metro operates bus routes and the Valley Metro Rail system that serves Downtown Tempe and Arizona State University, providing service to Phoenix and Mesa. The City of Tempe operates a free neighborhood circulator service called Orbit involving five free shuttle routes near Arizona State University that operate on a regular basis seven days a week.[26] Three other FLASH (Free Local Area Shuttle) circulate in northern Tempe around the university. Tempe residents and commuters make extensive use of public transit and service is offered on a more frequent basis than elsewhere in the greater Phoenix valley, or in the entire state. Most Tempe buses offer 15 minute service during rush hour and 30 minute service throughout the rest of the day. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, located {{convert|2|mi|km}} northwest of Tempe, provides extensive air service to points throughout North America and to London, England, and various cities in Hawaii. Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport is located in Mesa, and offers air service to many additional destinations. Tempe was the location of the world's first reported killing of a pedestrian by a self-driving car on 19 March 2018. An Uber car under software control was driving at 38 mph on a 35 mph limit road when it collided with 49-year-old Elaine Herzberg who was crossing the road.[27] Notable people{{See also|List of Arizona State University alumni}}
Twin towns and sister cities{{SisterCities|Tempe|ten}}[33]{{flagdeco|FRA}} Beaulieu-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France {{flagdeco|IRL}} Carlow, Carlow, Ireland {{flagdeco|NZL}} Lower Hutt, New Zealand {{flagdeco|DEU}} Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany {{flagdeco|NMK}} Skopje, North Macedonia[34] {{flagdeco|PRC}} Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China {{flagdeco|MLI}} Timbuktu, Mali {{flagdeco|ECU}} Cuenca, Ecuador {{flagdeco|PER}} Cuzco, Peru {{flagdeco|SWE}}Trollhättan, Sweden Tempe has had a Sister City with Skopje, North Macedonia, since 1971. The newest sister city is Trollhättan, Sweden, in 2015. Tempe has been voted "Best Overall Sister City Program" in 1998, 2004 and 2008.[35] See also{{Portal|Arizona}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 18, 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_04.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 18, 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|title='Tempe' definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tempe|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher=merriamwebster.com|accessdate=September 16, 2011}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=QuickFacts - Tempe city, Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/tempecityarizona/PST045217 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=22 June 2018 |quote="Population estimates, July 1, 2017, (V2017) 185,038"}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Blanton|first=Shirley R.|title=Tempe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUGkeC5lKJIC&pg=PA8|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-4888-3|page=8}} 6. ^{{cite news|title=Black history more readily available with curator's book|first=Jay|last=Mark|work=The Arizona Republic|location=Tucson, Arizona|date=February 21, 2014|page=Z10|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29386164/|via=Newspapers.com|quote=Blacks were slow to settle in Arizona. At the time of Tempe's founding in 1871, only 155 were recorded throughout the territory. ... For its first 90 years, Tempe was considered a 'sundown town' where Blacks were welcomed for agricultural and other daily labors. But they were encouraged to live elsewhere.}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USAZ0233 |title= Monthly Averages for Tempe, AZ | publisher=Weather.com |year=2010 |accessdate=August 17, 2010}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.limelightnetworks.com/|title=Limelight Networks: #1 Ranked CDN for fast, secure, reliable delivery|website=Limelightnetworks.com|accessdate=April 21, 2016}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lifelock.com/about-us|title=Identity Theft Protection From ID & Credit Fraud – LifeLock|website=Lifelock.com|accessdate=April 21, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111113741/http://www.lifelock.com/about-us|archivedate=January 11, 2011|df=mdy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.firstsolar.com/|title=Vertically Integrated Utility-Scale PV Power Solutions Provider – First Solar|website=Firstsolar.com|accessdate=April 21, 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/2009/09/03/20090903biz-honeywell0904.html|title=Honeywell CEO resigns, will head Tempe-based First Solar|website=Azcentral.com|accessdate=April 21, 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.edwardjones.com/en_US/company/headquarters/index.html |title= Headquarters & Campus Locations| publisher= Edward Jones Investments| date= | access-date= August 19, 2009}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tempe.gov/home/showdocument?id=47408 |publisher= City of Tempe, Arizona| website= Tempe.gov| title= Comprehensive Annual Financial Report |date= 2016|accessdate=February 14, 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tempe.gov/arts/publicart/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=November 6, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014221302/http://www.tempe.gov/arts/publicart/ |archivedate=October 14, 2010 }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tempe.gov/government/communication-and-media-relations/tempe-s-music-walk|title=Tempe Music Walk - City of Tempe Councilman Joel Navarro|publisher=}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tempe.gov/library/about/default.htm |title=About Tempe Public Library |publisher=City of Tempe |accessdate=January 11, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127143009/http://www.tempe.gov/library/about/default.htm |archivedate=January 27, 2010 |df=mdy-all }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs025/1102433538132/archive/1103426448394.html |title=News from Tempe Convention & Visitors Bureau |publisher=Archive.constantcontact.com |date= |accessdate=January 22, 2013}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tempe.gov/business/overview/downtown_tempe.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=November 6, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729213716/http://www.tempe.gov/business/Overview/downtown_tempe.htm |archivedate=July 29, 2010 }} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tempetourism.com|title=Tempe Tourism Tempe, AZ Tourism Office – Welcome to Tempe!|work=Tempe Tourism|accessdate=April 21, 2016}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/az/Maricopa/state.html |publisher= American Dreams Inc. | title= Arizona (AZ), Maricopa County| website= NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.com |accessdate= April 21, 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.azcardinals.com/history/franchise.html|title = Arizona Cardinals Franchise|date = |accessdate = October 6, 2014|website = The Official Site of the Arizona Cardinals|publisher = Arizona Cardinals|last = |first = }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arizonarugbyunion.com/ |title=Arizona Rugby Union |publisher=Arizona Rugby Union |date= |accessdate=January 22, 2013}} 23. ^{{cite news| work= East Valley Tribune | title= Rugby, E.V. style: No wimps allowed| date= September 21, 2004| url= http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/article_d9319a74-3744-5053-a11d-67d25ba11e3d.html| access-date= }} 24. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.tempe.gov/city-hall/community-development/tempe-town-lake-|title = Tempe Town Lake|date = 2014|accessdate = October 6, 2014|website = Tempe.gov|publisher = City of Tempe, Arizona|last = |first = |deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141005203509/http://www.tempe.gov/city-hall/community-development/tempe-town-lake-|archivedate = October 5, 2014|df = mdy-all}} 25. ^{{cite web |title=Emmanuel Lutheran School |url=http://www.elstempe.org/default.asp?sec_id=140007386}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tempe.gov/TIM/Bus/NeighborhoodCirculatorExpansion.htm |title= Neighborhood Circulator Expansion |publisher=City of Tempe, Arizona| website= Tempe.gov |accessdate=July 23, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080509194235/http://www.tempe.gov/tim/Bus/NeighborhoodCirculatorExpansion.htm |archivedate=May 9, 2008 }} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/19/uber-self-driving-car-kills-woman-arizona-tempe |title= Self-driving Uber kills Arizona woman in first fatal crash |publisher=The Guardian| website= TheGuardian.com |accessdate=March 21, 2018 }} 28. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1246620.Jules_Asner| title= Jules Asner (Author of Whacked)| website= GoodReads.com| first= | last= | date= | access-date= | quote= ...born Julie Ann White in Tempe, Arizona.... She began her career as an Elite model.}} 29. ^{{cite web | url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2014/08/biggest_arizona_rock_stars.php | publisher=Phoenix New Times | date=August 6, 2014 | last=Leatherman | first=Benjamin | title=The 15 Biggest Rock Stars Who Live in Arizona | accessdate=September 15, 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808164253/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2014/08/biggest_arizona_rock_stars.php | archivedate=August 8, 2014}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Gabe Freeman profile|url=http://scouthoops.scout.com/a.z?s=75&p=9&c=2&cid=200271&nid=720783&fhn=1&ssf=1&RequestedURL=http%3a%2f%2fscouthoops.scout.com%2fa.z%3fs%3d75%26p%3d9%26c%3d2%26cid%3d200271%26nid%3d720783%26fhn%3d1|work=scout.com|accessdate=March 24, 2013}} 31. ^{{cite web | url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000385 | publisher=United States Congress | title=HAYDEN, Carl Trumbull, (1877–1972) | accessdate=September 6, 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226181727/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000385 | archivedate=February 26, 2014}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/putney-pyscher.html| title= Pyle, John Howard (1906–1987) |publisher= The Political Graveyard |accessdate= November 18, 2012}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tempesistercity.org |title= Our Sister Cities |website= TempeSisterCity.org |date= | deadurl= yes| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150423103521/http://www.tempesistercities.org/meet-our-sister-cites| archivedate= April 23, 2015 |accessdate= February 1, 2017}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69|title=Skopje – Twin towns & Sister cities|accessdate=November 4, 2013|work=Official portal of City of Skopje|publisher=Grad Skopje | year= 2013 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024131101/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69| archivedate= October 24, 2013}} 35. ^{{cite book| title= Tempe Sister City Corporation Membership Directory | year= 2009}} External links{{Commons category}}{{wikivoyage|Tempe}}
| title = Articles relating to Tempe and Maricopa County | list ={{Maricopa County, Arizona}}{{Phoenix Metropolitan Area}}{{Arizona}}{{USLargestMetros}}{{Arizona cities and mayors of 100,000 population}} }}{{Authority control}} 8 : Tempe, Arizona|Populated places established in 1865|Cities in Arizona|Cities in Maricopa County, Arizona|University towns in the United States|Phoenix metropolitan area|Populated places in the Sonoran Desert|Sundown towns in the United States |
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