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词条 Ten-code
释义

  1. History

     In popular culture 

  2. Official APCO Ten Signals by era

  3. Replacement with plain language

      Clear Speech Procedure    Phrase Word Brevity Code    ICS Clear Text  

  4. Related codes

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{short description|Brevity codes used by US police forces}}Ten-codes, officially known as ten signals, are brevity codes used to represent common phrases in voice communication, particularly by law enforcement and in Citizens Band (CB) radio transmissions. The police version of ten-codes is officially known as the APCO Project 14 Aural Brevity Code.[1]

The codes, developed during 1937–1940 and expanded in 1974 by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), allow brevity and standardization of message traffic. They have historically been widely used by law enforcement officers in North America, but, due to the lack of standardization, in 2006 the U.S. federal government recommended they be discontinued in favor of everyday language.[2]

History

APCO first proposed Morse code brevity codes in the June 1935 issue of The APCO Bulletin, which were adapted from the procedure symbols of the U.S. Navy, though these procedures were for communications in Morse code, not voice.[3]

In August 1935, the APCO Bulletin published a recommendation that the organization issue a handbook that described standard operating procedures, including:[4]

  1. A standard message form for use by all police departments.
  2. A simple code for service dispatches relating to corrections, repetitions, etc.
  3. A standard arrangement of the context of messages, (for example, name and description of missing person might be transmitted as follows: Name, age, height, weight, physical characteristics, clothing; if car used, the license, make, description and motor number. This information would actually be transmitted in the text of the message as follows: John Brown 28-5-9-165 medium build brown eyes dark hair dark suit light hat Mich.35 lic.W 2605 Ford S 35 blue red wheels 2345678 may go to Indiana).
  4. A standard record system for logging the operation of the station.
  5. Other important records in accordance with the uniform crime reporting system sponsored by the International Association of Chiefs of Police.

The development of the APCO Ten Signals began in 1937[5] to reduce use of speech on the radio at a time when police radio channels were limited. Credit for inventing the codes goes to Charles "Charlie" Hopper, communications director for the Illinois State Police, District 10 in Pesotum, Illinois. Hopper had been involved in radio for years and realized there was a need to abbreviate transmissions on State Police bands.[6] Experienced radio operators knew the first syllable of a transmission was frequently not understood because of quirks in early electronics technology. Radios in the 1930s were based on vacuum tubes powered by a small motor-generator called a dynamotor. The dynamotor took from 1/10 to 1/4 of a second to "spin up" to full power. Police officers were trained to push the microphone button, then pause briefly before speaking; however, sometimes they would forget to wait. Preceding each code with "ten-" gave the radio transmitter time to reach full power. An APCO Bulletin of January 1940 lists codes assigned as part of standardization;[7]

In 1954, APCO published an article describing a proposed simplification of the code, based on an analysis conducted by the San Diego Police Department.[8] In the September 1955 issue of the APCO Bulletin, a revision of the Ten-Signals was proposed,[9] and it was later adopted.

The Ten Signals were included in APCO Project Two (1967), "Public Safety Standard Operating Procedures Manual", published as study cards in APCO Project 4 (1973), "Ten Signal Cards", and then revised in APCO Project 14 (1974).[10][11][12][13]

In popular culture

Ten-codes, especially "10-4" (meaning "understood") first reached public recognition in the mid- to late-1950s through the popular television series Highway Patrol, with Broderick Crawford. Crawford would reach into his patrol car to use the microphone to answer a call and precede his response with "10-4".

Ten-codes were adapted for use by CB radio enthusiasts. C. W. McCall's hit song "Convoy" (1975), depicting conversation among CB-communicating truckers, put phrases like 10-4 and what's your twenty? (10-20 for "where are you?") into common use in American English.

The movie Convoy (1978), loosely based on McCall's song, further entrenched ten-codes in casual conversation.

The ten-codes used by the New York Police Department[14] have returned to public attention thanks to the popularity of the television series Blue Bloods. However, it must be noted that the ten-codes used by the NYPD are not the same as those used in the APCO system (see below). For example, in the NYPD system, Code 10-13 means "Officer needs help," whereas in the APCO system "Officer needs help" is Code 10-33.

The New Zealand reality television show Police Ten 7 takes its name from the New Zealand Police ten-code 10-7, which means "Unit has arrived at job".

In the last episode of the anime Kekkai Sensen & Beyond, Leonardo uses the code 10-33 in a message to signal that he is in a situation beyond his control.

The syndicated internet radio countdown program "What's your Twenty"[15] is named after the code for location.

Official APCO Ten Signals by era

SignalAPCO Meaning
1937 APCO1939 First Published Set (17 signals)[16]1940 (APCO Standards Committee)[17][18]1955 (National Operating Procedure Committee)[19][20]APCO Project 2 (1967)[21]APCO Project 4 (1973)APCO Project 14 (1974)[22][23]Clear Speech

(c. 1971)

(plain language to replace Ten Codes)[24]

Phrase Word Brevity Code (c. 1979)[25]
Procedure and Officer Details
Go Ahead
Under Control
In Pursuit
Traffic Stop
10-0————Use caution
10-1Receiving poorly.Receiving poorlyUnable to copy - change locationSignal WeakUnable to copy - change locationUnreadable
10-2Receiving well.Receiving wellSignals goodSignal Good—
10-3Stop transmitting.Disregard last informationStop transmittingStop TransmittingStop transmitting
10-4Acknowledgement.Message receivedAcknowledgementAffirmative (Ok)RogerRoger/Affirmative
10-5Relay.RelayRelayRelay (To)Relay
10-6Busy.Busy, stand byBusy -Stand by unless urgentBusyBusy
10-7Out of service.Out of serviceOut of service (Give location and/or telephone number)Out of ServiceOut at ...Out of Service
10-7 A—Not Available
10-7 B—Off Radio
10-8In service.In serviceIn serviceIn ServiceClearIn Service
10-9Repeat, conditions bad.RepeatRepeatSay AgainSay againSay Again
10-10Out of service--subject to call.On minor detail, subject to callFight in progressNegative—
10-11Dispatching too rapidly.Stay in serviceDog Case... On Duty—On Radio
10-12Officials or visitors present.Visitors or officials presentStand by (stop)Stand By (Stop)Stand byStand By
10-13Advise weather and road conditions.Weather and road conditionsWeather and road reportExisting ConditionsWeather report/road report
10-14Convoy or escort.Convoy or escortReport of prowlerMessage/Information—Prepare to Copy
10-15We have prisoner in custody.We have prisoner in custodyCivil disturbanceMessage DeliveredDisturbance
10-16Pick up prisoner at ...Pick up prisoner atDomestic troubleReply to Message—
10-17Pick up papers at ...Pick up papers atMeet complainantEnroute—Responding
10-17 A————Theft
10-17 B————Vandalism
10-17 C————Shoplifting
10-18Complete present assignment as quickly as possible.Anything for us?Complete assignment quicklyUrgentUrgentPriority
10-19Return to your station.Nothing for youReturn to ...(In) ContactReturn to ...
10-20What is your location?LocationLocationLocationLocation
10-21Call this station by telephone.Call ... by phoneCall ... by telephoneCall (...) by PhoneCall ...Telephone
10-22Take no further action last information.Report in person to ...DisregardDisregardDisregardDisregard
10-23Stand by until no interference.Arrived at sceneArrived at sceneArrived at SceneOn scene
10-24Trouble at station--unwelcome visitors--all units vicinity report at once.Finished with last assignmentAssignment completedAssignment Completed—Available
10-25Do you have contact with...?Operator or officer on duty?Report in person to (meet) ...Report to (Meet) ...Meet ... or contact ...
10-26Can you obtain automobile registration information?Holding subject, rush replyDetaining subject, expediteEstimated Arrival TimeDetaining subject, expedite
10-27Any answer our number...?Request driver's license informationDrivers license informationLicense/Permit InformationDrivers license information on ...
10-28Check full registration information.Request full registration informationVehicle registration informationOwnership InformationRegistration information on ...
10-29Check for wanted.Check record for wantedCheck records for wanted.Records CheckCheck for wanted on ...
Emergency or Unusual
10-30Does not conform to rules and regulations.Does not conform to rules and regulationsIllegal use of radioDanger/Caution—Use Caution
10-31Is lie detector available?Emergency basis, all squads, 10-11Crime in progressPick Up—
10-31 A————Burglary
10-31 B————Robbery
10-31 C————Homicide
10-31 D————Kidnapping
10-31 E————Shooting
10-32Is drunkometer available?Chase, all squads stand byMan with gun... Units Needed (Specify)—
10-33Emergency traffic at this station--clear?Emergency traffic this stationEMERGENCYHelp Me Quick—Help Officer
10-34Clear for local dispatch?Trouble at station, assistance neededRiotTime—
10-35Confidential information.Major crime, blockadeMajor crime alert—Reserved——
10-36Correct time?—Correct time—Reserved——
10-37Operator on duty?No rushInvestigate suspicious vehicle—Reserved——
10-38Station report--satisfactory.Hurry, but do not use red light or sirenStopping suspicious vehicle (Give station complete description before stopping).—Reserved—Traffic stop on ...
10-39Your Nr...delivered to addressee.Use red light and sirenUrgent-Use light and siren—Reserved——
General UsePrivate Use
10-40Advise if Officer...available for radio call.NotificationSilent run - No light or siren—
10-41Tune to ... kcs. for test with mobile unit or emergency service.Car change at ...Beginning tour of duty—
10-42—Crew change at ...Ending tour of dutyOff duty
10-43—Take school crossingInformation—
10-44——Request permission to leave patrol ... for ...Request for ...
10-45——Animal carcass in ... lane at ...—
10-46——Assist motoristAssist motorist
10-47——Emergency road repairs needed—
10-48——Traffic standard needs repairs—
10-49—Hourly report markTraffic light outEast bound green light out (etc.)
Accident and Vehicle Handling
10-50—Auto accident, property damage onlyAccident -- F, PI, PDTraffic (F, PD)

Traffic

  • Hit and run
  • Injury
  • No injury reported
  • Unknown
  • Private property, location
10-51—Auto accident, wrecker sentWrecker needed—
10-52—Auto accident, personal injuries, ambulance sentAmbulance needed—
10-53—Auto accident, fatalRoad blocked—
10-54——Livestock on highway—
10-55—Drunken driverIntoxicated driver—
10-56——Intoxicated pedestrianDrunk pedestrian
10-57——Hit and run -- F, PI, PD—
10-58—Is wrecker on the way?Direct traffic—
10-59—Is ambulance on the way?Convoy or escort—
Net Message Handling
10-60What is next item (message) number?What is your next message number?Squad in vicinity—
10-61Stand by for CW traffic on ... kcs.CW trafficPersonnel in area.—
10-62Unable to copy phone--use CW.Any answer our Nr. ...Reply to message—
10-63Net directed.TimePrepare to make written copyPrepare to copy
10-64Net free.—Message for local delivery—
10-65Clear for item (message) assignment?Clear for message assignmentNet message assignment—
10-66Clear for cancellation?Clear for cancellationMessage cancellation—
10-67Stations...carry this item (message).Clear for net messageClear to read net message—
10-68Repeat dispatch.—Dispatch information—
10-69Have you dispatched...?—Message received—
Fire
10-70Net message (State net traffic).Fire, phone alarmFire alarmFire
10-71Proceed with traffic in sequence (busy here).Box alarmAdvise nature of fire (size, type, and contents of building)—
10-72—Second alarmReport progress on fire—
10-73—Third alarmSmoke report—
10-74—Fourth alarmNegativeNegative
10-75—Fifth alarmIn contact with—
10-76—Fire equipment neededEn RouteEn route ...
10-77—Fire, grassETA (Estimated Time of Arrival)ETA (Estimated time of arrival)
10-78—Set up command postNeed assistanceRequest Assistance
10-79—Report progress on fireNotify coronerNotify coroner (to be done by phone whenever possible)
The 80 series is reserved for assignment by nets for local use.Personal Favors—
10-80... tower lights at this station burned out.——Chase
10-81Officer Nr. ... will be at your station ...———
10-82Reserve room with bath at hotel for officer Nr. ...Reserve hotel roomReserve lodging—
10-83Have officer Nr. ... call this station by telephone.———
10-84Advise telephone Nr. ... your city that officer Nr. ... will not return this date.—If meeting ... advise ETA—
10-85Officer ... left this station for ... (Jefferson City) (Des Moines) at ...—Will be late—
10-86Officer ... left this station for ... at ...———
10-87Officer Nr. ... will be in ... if officer Nr. ... will be in.—Pick up checks for distribution—
10-88What phone number shall we call to make station to station call to officer Nr. ...?Advise phone number for station to station callAdvise present telephone number of ...—
10-89Request radio service man be sent to this station...Radio transmission—Bomb threat
Technical
10-90Radio service man will be at your station ....Transmit on alternate frequencyBank alarmAlarm (type of alarm)
10-91Prepare for inspection (date) ... (time) ...—Unnecessary use of radioPick up prisoner
10-92Your quality poor--transmitter apparently out of adjustment.——Parking complaint
10-93Frequencies to be checked this date.Frequency checkBlockade—
10-94Test--no modulation--for frequency check.Give me a testDrag racing—
10-95Test intermittently with normal modulation for ...——Prisoner in custody
10-96Test continuously with tone modulation for ...—Mental subject—
10-97———Check traffic signal
10-98——Prison or jail breakPrison/jail break
10-99——Records indicate wanted or stolenWanted/stolen

Replacement with plain language

While ten-codes were intended to be a terse, concise, and standardized system, the proliferation of different meanings can render them useless in situations when officers from different agencies and jurisdictions need to communicate.

In the fall of 2005, responding to inter-organizational communication problems during the rescue operations after Hurricane Katrina, the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) discouraged the use of ten-codes and other codes due to their wide variation in meaning.[26][27] The Department of Homeland Security's SAFECOM program, established in response to communication problems experienced during the September 11 attacks also advises local agencies on how and why to transition to plain language,[28] and their use is expressly forbidden in the nationally standardized Incident Command System, as is the use of other codes.[29]

APCO International's current position states that plain speech communications over public safety radio systems is preferred over the traditional 10-Codes and dispatch signals.[30] {{as of|2011}}, ten-codes remain in common use in many areas, but are increasingly being phased out in favor of plain language,[2] with nineteen states changing to plain English {{as of| 2009|alt=as of the end of 2009}}.[31]

Clear Speech Procedure

In 1971, the Public Safety Department of Lakewood, Colorado published a study comparing the APCO Ten-code with the proposed Clear Speech procedure. The study used standards for judgment of both communications procedures based on The Public Safety Communications Standard Operating Procedure Manual, 1970 edition, published by APCO.[24]

Clear Speech Procedure[24]
Was

(Ten-Code)

Now

(Procedure Word)

10-0Use Caution
10-1Unable to copy - change location
10-3Stop transmitting
10-4Roger
10-5Relay
10-6Busy
10-7Out at...
10-8Clear
10-9Say again
10-12Stand by
10-13Weather report/road report
10-15Disturbance
10-17ATheft
10-17BVandalism
10-17CShoplifting
10-18Urgent
10-19Return to...
10-20Location
10-21Call...
10-22Disregard
10-23On scene
10-25Meet...or contact...
10-26Detaining subject, expedite
10-27Drivers License information on...
10-28Registration information on...
10-29Check for wanted on...
10-31ABurglary
10-31BRobbery
10-31CHomicide
10-31DKidnapping
10-31EShooting
10-38Traffic stop on...
10-42Off duty
10-44Request for...
10-46Assist motorist
10-49East bound green light out (etc.)
10-50Traffic
  • F=Fatal
  • PD=Property Damage
  • Hit and run
  • Injury
  • No injury reported
  • Unknown
  • Private property, location
10-56Drunk pedestrian
10-63Prepare to copy
10-70Fire
10-74Negative
10-76En route...
10-77ETA (Estimated time of arrival)
10-78Request assistance
10-79Notify coroner (to be done by phone whenever possible)
10-80Chase
10-89Bomb threat
10-90Alarm (type of alarm)
10-91Pick up prisoner
10-92Parking complaint
10-95Prisoner in custody
10-97Check traffic signal
10-98Prison/jail break
10-99Wanted/stolen
  • Roger—To be used as acknowledgement.
  • AFFIRMATIVE—To be used when "yes" is needed
  • HELP—To be used when in danger and urgent assistance is needed.
Clear Speech status codes[24]
CodeMeaning
CODE ONEInforms all units to STANDBY - STOP TRANSMITTING. Do not transmit, except for emergency messages, while Code 1 is in effect. Dispatch shall announce, "Clear Code 1," when the condition is secured.
CODE TWOIndicates an "urgent" call short of an "emergency" situation. A Code 2 call has priority over all other police activities except "emergencies".

Proceed directly to Code 2 calls as quickly as is consistent with safety. Agents may, in exceptional cases, use their emergency equipment (both visual and audible to comply with state law) to transverse an otherwise clear intersection against a red traffic control device. Once clear of the intersection - turn off the emergency equipment.

CODE THREEIndicates an EMERGENCY call. Red lights and siren are authorized. Proceed as quickly as possible with due regard for safety, and in compliance with the laws governing emergency vehicles.
CODE FOURUsed to indicate that sufficient units have responded to a location, or that assistance is not needed, or is no longer needed.
CODE FIVEUsed when Wanted/Records checks are requested by an agent to alert the agent of a wanted felon, a person known to be dangerous or a person known to be mentally unstable.

A backup unit shall be dispatched Code 2 on all Code 5's.

Personnel will NOT proceed with Code 5 details until the receiving unit requests same. The unit receiving a Code 5 will request the details when he is in a safe position to do so, which might not be until his backup arrives.

CODE SIXWhen an agent is dispatched to a traffic accident, and the dispatcher states, "Code 6," the agent will advise the drivers involved to proceed to the situation to file their reports. This will only be done if there are no injuries, no unusual circumstance and the vehicles are safely operable. Driver Exchange Forms will be completed at the scene to include the C. R. number.
CODE SEVENIndicates "out of service - personal."
CODE EIGHTAssist a fire department.

Phrase Word Brevity Code

About 1979, APCO created the Phrase Word Brevity Code as a direct replacement for the Ten-code.[25]

Phrase Word Brevity Code
Phrase WordEnglish MeaningAPCO TEN CODE
Use CautionCaution: dangerous condition is suspected to exist.10-0
UnreadableRadio signal is too weak to receive.10-1
Out of ServiceUnit, vehicle or person is not working10-7
In ServiceUnit, vehicle or person is working but not necessarily "available" or "on radio."10-8
AvailableUnit is in service ready to accept assignment, not necessarily by radio.10-24
Not AvailableUnit cannot accept another assignment, but may be "on radio."10-7A
Prepare to CopyDispatcher is about to give lengthy message.10-14
Go AheadYou have been given clearance to transmit your message. - -
Roger (Received)Message received and understood.10-4
Say Again (Repeat)Repeat your message.10-9
Stand ByStop transmitting and wait for further instructions.10-12
Disregard (Recall)Cancel your present assignment.10-22
Off RadioUnit is not capable of being contacted by radio, but may be "available."10-7B
On RadioUnit is capable of being contacted by radio, but not necessarily "available."10-11
RespondingUnit is en route to assigned location.10-17
Under ControlSituation is under control when no further assistance is anticipated. - -
Telephone (Tel. # or person)Call by telephone specified number or person.10-21
PriorityWhen transmitted, means that the following transmission must have immediate attention. - -
In PursuitUnit is chasing a vehicle and requires assistance from other units. - -
Traffic StopUnit is going to stop a motorist. - -
Help OfficerHelp me quick (emergency).10-33
AffirmativeYes.10-4

ICS Clear Text

In 1980, the National Incident Management System published a document, ICS Clear Text Guide, which was another attempt to create a replacement for Ten-codes. The list of code words was republished in the 1990 Montana Mutual Aid and Common Frequencies document.[32]

ICS Clear Text Guide[32]
Procedure WordMeaning
UnreadableUsed when signal received is not clear. In most cases, try to add the specific trouble. Example: "Unreadable, background noise."
Loud and ClearSelf-explanatory
Stop TransmittingSelf-explanatory
Copy, CopiesUsed to acknowledge message received. Unit radio identifier must also be used. Example: "Engine 2675, copies."
AffirmativeYes
NegativeNo
Respond, RespondingUsed during dispatch - proceed to or proceeding to an incident. Example: "Engine 5176, respond ..." or "St. Helena, Engine 1375 responding."
EnrouteNormally used by administrative or staff personnel to designate destinations. Enroute is NOT a substitute for responding. Example: "Redding, Chief 2400 enroute RO II."
In-quarters, with Station Name or NumberUsed to indicate that a units is in a station. Example: "Morgan Hill, Engine 4577 in-quarters, Sunol."
UncoveredIndicates a unit is no in-service, because there are no personnel to operate it.
Out-Of-ServiceIndicates a unit is mechanically out of service. Example: "Aburn, transport 2341, out-of-service." Note, when repairs have been completed the following phrase should be used: "Aburn transport 2341, back in-service, available."
In-ServiceThis means that the unit is operating, not in response to a dispatch. Example: "Fortuna, Engine 1283, in-service, fire prevention inspections."
RepeatSelf-explanatory
WeatherSelf-explanatory
Return toNormally used by communications center to direct units that are available to a station or other location.
What is your Location?Self-explanatory
Call ____ by PhoneSelf-explanatory
Disregard Last MessageSelf-explanatory
Stand-BySelf-explanatory
Vehicle Registration CheckSelf-explanatory
Is ____ Available for a Phone Call?Self-explanatory
At SceneUsed when Units arrive at the scene of an incident. Example: "Perris, Engine 6183, at scene."
Available at ResidenceUsed by administrative or staff personnel to indicate they are available and on-call at their residence.
Can HandleUsed with the amount of equipment needed to handle the incident. Example: "Susanville Battalion 2212, can handle with units not at scene."
Burning OperationsSelf-explanatory
Report on ConditionsSelf-explanatory
Fire under ControlSelf-explanatory
Emergency Traffic OnlyRadio users will confine all radio transmissions to an emergency in progress or a new incident. Radio traffic which includes status information such as responding, reports on conditions, at scene and available will be authorized during this period.
Emergency TrafficTerm used to gain control of radio frequency to report and emergency. All other radio users will refrain from using that frequency until cleared for use by the communications center.
Resume Normal TrafficSelf-explanatory

Related codes

{{Main|Police code}}

Brevity codes other than the APCO 10-code are frequently used, and include several types:

  • The California Highway Patrol uses ten-codes, along with an additional set of eleven- and higher codes.[33]
  • California Penal Code sections were in use by the Los Angeles Police Department as early as the 1940s, and these Hundred Code numbers are still used today instead of the corresponding ten-code. Generally these are given as two sets of numbers{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}—"One Eighty-Seven" or "Fifty-One Fifty"—with a few exceptions such as "459"—Burglary, which is given as "Four-Five-Nine". The American public was made aware of these California Penal Code references as a result of the TV series Adam-12, which used them habitually in radio communications and in the main title of the show. The best-known include:
    • "187": Homicide {{further|187 (slang)}}
    • "211": Robbery
    • "415": Disturbance
    • "417": Person with a weapon
    • "502": Intoxicated Driver
    • "5150": Mentally disturbed person (actually a reference to the California Welfare and Institutions Code)
  • The New York Fire Department uses its own ten-code system.[34]
  • The New Zealand Fire Service uses a system of "K-codes" to pass fire appliance availability statuses as well as operational messages. For example, "K1" means "proceeding to incident", while "K99" means "Structure fire, well involved".[35][36] The New Zealand Police also use some K-codes,[37] with completely unrelated meanings to those used by NZFS; Police code "K1" means "no further police action required".
  • Telegraph and teletype procedures
    • Q code and prosigns for Morse code are used in amateur radio, aviation, and marine radio. They provide specific abbreviations for concepts related to aviation, shipping, RTTY, radiotelegraph, and amateur radio.[38] In radiotelegraph operation, a Q code is often shorter,[39] and provides codes standardized by meaning in all languages – essential for international shortwave radio communications.
    • Z codes are used for military radio communications NATO countries, and like Q codes are standardized across languages.

See also

  • Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System
  • Emergency service response codes
  • Law enforcement jargon
  • List of international common standards
  • Spelling alphabet
  • NATO phonetic alphabet
  • Medical Priority Dispatch System
  • Radiotelephony procedure
    • Brevity code
    • List of CB slang
    • Procedure word

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1975-10-017.200.pdf|title=APCO Brevity Code to be "Voluntary Standard" In Florida Communications Plan|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=113738105|title=Plain Talk Eases Police Radio Codes Off The Air|author=Heard on Morning Edition|date=2009-10-13|publisher=NPR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017193802/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=113738105|archivedate=2009-10-17|deadurl=no|accessdate=2010-01-23|df=}}
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6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hendonpub.com/resources/article_archive/results/details?id=3615|title=The End of 10-Codes?|date=August 2006|author=James Careless|accessdate=15 March 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316230251/http://www.hendonpub.com/resources/article_archive/results/details?id=3615|archivedate=16 March 2016|df=}}
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8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.apcohistory.org/apco-collection/search/profile/article/A30356|title=Codes And Signals - More Discussion On The Radio Code Problems|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1955-09-pp008-200.pdf|title=Proposed Revision Of "10" Signals|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=The Origin of The Ten Code|url=http://www.freqofnature.com/index.php?m=articles&p=brevity%20codes|accessdate=27 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618100816/http://www.freqofnature.com/index.php?m=articles&p=brevity%20codes|archivedate=18 June 2015|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=APCO Projects|url=https://www.apcointl.org/about-apco/apco-projects.html|accessdate=27 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618160414/https://www.apcointl.org/about-apco/apco-projects.html|archivedate=18 June 2015|df=}}
12. ^9-Code, 10-Code. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040332/http://www.911dispatch.com/info/tencode.html |date=2015-03-20 }} Dispatch Magazine online.
13. ^{{cite web|title=Official Ten-Code List Association of Public Communications Officers (APCO)|url=http://spiffy.ci.uiuc.edu/~kline/Stuff/ten-codes.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013030055/http://spiffy.ci.uiuc.edu/~kline/Stuff/ten-codes.html|archivedate=2007-10-13|df=}}
14. ^https://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/New_York_City_(NY)_Law_Enforcement. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
15. ^http://www.wddfradio.com/what-s-your-twenty.html
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1976-01-pp014-200.pdf|title=Happy Birthday|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1940-01-p008-200.pdf|title=The APCO Bulletin, January 1940|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1940-04-p012-200.pdf|title=Page Twelve The APCO Bulletin April 1940|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1957-04-pp007-200.pdf|title=Standard "Ten Signals"|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1957-04-pp007-200.pdf|title=Standard "Ten Signals"|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nationaltraining025505mbp|title=A NATIONAL TRAINING MANUAL AND PROCEDURAL GUIDE FOR POLICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://28011b0082f55a9e1ec0-aecfa82ae628504f4b1d229bd9030ae1.r13.cf1.rackcdn.com/1974-proj14-apr-060.200.pdf|title=Public Safety Communication Aural Brevity Code|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncems.org/pdf/dialcode/0157%20APCO%2010-Codes.PDF|title=OFFICIAL TEN SIGNAL LIST|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Associated Public-Safety Communications Officers, Inc.|access-date=}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.911dispatch.com/reference/tencodestudy.pdf|title=Ten Code Versus Clear Speech Communication|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313192708/http://www.911dispatch.com/reference/tencodestudy.pdf|archive-date=2006-03-13|dead-url=bot: unknown|access-date=|df=}}
25. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/87025NCJRS.pdf|title=Phrase Word Brevity Code|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
26. ^The End of the Ten-Code? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722201256/http://www.officer.com/article/article.jsp?siteSection=19&id=26605|date=2009-07-22}}. Tim Dees, Officer.com, 9 November 2005
27. ^10-4 no more?. Megan Scott, asap (AP), 23 November 2005
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.safecomprogram.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5945AFE3-ADA9-4189-83B0-4D8218D0CA2F/0/PlainLanguageGuide.pdf|title=Plain Language Guide|date=|work=SAFECOM program|publisher=Department of Homeland Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234725/http://www.safecomprogram.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5945AFE3-ADA9-4189-83B0-4D8218D0CA2F/0/PlainLanguageGuide.pdf|archive-date=2010-05-27|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2010-01-23|df=}}
29. ^Federal Emergency Management Agency. NIMS Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 2014-12-01 from {{cite web|url=https://www.fema.gov/nims-frequently-asked-questions|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223190939/http://www.fema.gov/nims-frequently-asked-questions|archivedate=2014-12-23|deadurl=no|accessdate=2014-12-02|df=}}.
30. ^APCO position statement on Plain Speech in Public Safety Communications {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509005027/http://www.apcointl.org/advocacy/position-statements.html|date=2012-05-09}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.policeone.com/patrol-issues/articles/1984858-Maine-police-dropping-10-code-switching-to-plain-language/|title=Maine police dropping 10-code, switching to plain language|last=Mack|first=Sharon Kiley|date=January 1, 2010|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|accessdate=October 26, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118082538/http://www.policeone.com/patrol-issues/articles/1984858-Maine-police-dropping-10-code-switching-to-plain-language|archivedate=January 18, 2012|deadurl=no|df=}}
32. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mutualaidcommonf1990mont|title=1990 Montana Mutual Aid and Common Frequencies|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
33. ^{{cite web|url = http://cad.chp.ca.gov/htm.net/glossary.htm|title = CHP Glossary|publisher = California Highway Patrol|accessdate = 2015-11-25|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126100443/http://cad.chp.ca.gov/htm.net/glossary.htm|archivedate = 2015-11-26|df = }}
34. ^F.D.N.Y. Radio Codes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915175458/http://www.nyfd.com/radio.html |date=2010-09-15 }} The Unofficial Home Page of FDNY.
35. ^"K-Codes" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510045941/http://neighbourhood.org.nz/fire_codes.html |date=2016-05-10 }}
36. ^"Fire radio codes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419072833/http://www.radiowiki.org.nz/index.php/Fire_Radio_Codes |date=2016-04-19 }}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.radiowiki.org.nz/index.php?title=Police_K_codes |title=Police K code |publisher=Radio Wiki |date=2012-06-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207045316/http://radiowiki.org.nz/index.php?title=Police_K_codes |archivedate=2013-02-07 |df= }}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://cbradiosource.com/archives/q_codes.pdf |title=Q Codes |publisher=CB Radio Source |date= |accessdate=2010-01-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814025822/http://cbradiosource.com/archives/q_codes.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-14 |df= }}
39. ^Ten-codes require transmission of three prefix characters "10-" and two numbers, so five characters, on top of which digits and punctuation are all long sequences in Morse (5–6 dits or dahs). Letters are all short sequences in Morse (1–4 dits or dahs), so the prefix "Q" and two letters is fewer characters and shorter code sequences.

External links

  • APCO Bulletin—The APCO Bulletin, January 1940. The first official publication showing the 10-codes (see page 8).
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013030055/http://spiffy.ci.uiuc.edu/~kline/Stuff/ten-codes.html Official Ten-Code List Association of Public Communications Officers (APCO)]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ten-Code}}

6 : Brevity codes|Emergency communication|Encodings|Law enforcement in the United States|Telegraphy|Telecommunications-related introductions in 1937
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