| 词条 | Satala Aphrodite |
| 释义 |
| name = Satala Aphrodite | image = File:Head and left hand from a bronze cult statue of Anahita, a local goddess shown here in the guide of Aphrodite, 200-100 BC, British Museum (8167358544).jpg | image_caption = The head and hand of the Satala Aphrodite on display in the British Museum | material = Bronze | size = head: {{convert|35.5|×|31|×|23.6|cm|abbr=on}}[1] | writing = | created = 4th−1st centuries BC, Asia Minor | discovered_place = Satala (present-day Sadak, Gümüşhane Province, Turkey) | discovered_coords = | discovered_date = 1872 | discovered_by = | location = British Museum, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities | id = | map = | website = }} Satala Aphrodite is the name given to the larger than life-size head of an ancient Hellenistic statue discovered in Satala (historical Armenia Minor, in present-day village of Sadak, Gümüşhane Province, Turkey). It was acquired by the British Museum in 1873 and is on display in the museum's Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Whether it depicts Greek Aphrodite or her Armenian equivalent Anahit is debated. It is usually dated around the 2nd−1st centuries BC. DiscoveryIn 1872, a man digging his field near the village of Sadak, in what was once the ancient Roman fortress of Satala, on the Kelkit River, north of Erzincan,[3] uncovered several bronze statue fragments including a head and a hand. The head was acquired in Constantinople by Savas Kougioumtsoglou, a Greek antiquities dealer, who passed it to another dealer, Photiades, who took it to Rome, where it was sold to the art dealer Alessandro Castellani, who in turn sold it to the British Museum in 1873. The hand was donated to the museum three years later. The rest of the statue was never found.[1] DescriptionThe head weighs {{convert|10|kg}} and is between {{convert|35.5|cm|abbr=on}}[1] and {{convert|38.1|cm|abbr=on}} high. The head and the hand belonged to a statue, from which they were removed. The back of the head is severely damaged, though the face has been largely preserved.[1] The top of the head was damaged during excavation. The eyes originally had either inlaid gemstones or glass. The hand, which was found together with the head, holds a fragment of drapery.[1] The head was first described by German archaeologist Richard Engelmann in 1878.[2]{{sfn|Margaryan|2003|p=236}} OriginThe precise date and location of creation of the statue is debated. According to the British Museum it is from the first century BC. James R. Russell suggests that it was probably cast in western Asia Minor in the 2nd-1st centuries BC.[3] Vrej Nersessian writes that it was probably created in Asia Minor in the mid-4th century BC.[1] Terence Mitford argued, based on its style, that it is a work of the "late Hellenistic or early Roman period".[15] He cites Reynold Higgins, who suggested that "it may be a cast from a mould made in c. 150 B.C., whether a Greek or Hellenistic original, or a Roman copy."[15] Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway writes that it is dated no earlier than the Augustan period.[17] Babken Arakelyan argued based on a stylistic analysis that the head is similar to statues created in Asia Minor in the 2nd century BC.[3] Aphrodite or AnahitVrej Nersessian writes that it has been "usually interpreted as representing Aphrodite."[1] However, it has also been attributed to Anahit,[4][5][6] the Armenian equivalent of Aphrodite, mainly because a temple dedicated to her at Erez (present-day Erzincan) was located nearby.[1]{{sfn|Margaryan|2003|p=235}} Satala, along with Erez, was located in the Acilisene province of Armenia Minor.[1][25] The first scholar to suggest that the head comes from a statue of Anahit was Ghevont Alishan in 1890.[7]{{sfn|Margaryan|2003|p=236}} The British Museum website describes it as a "bronze head from a cult statue of Anahita in the guise of Aphrodite or Artemis." Armenian scholar Mardiros Ananikian wrote in The Mythology of All Races (1925) that it is a "Greek work (probably Aphrodite), found at Satala, worshiped by the Armenians."[8] James R. Russell described it as "of the Greek Aphrodite type [...] believed to be from a statue of Anahit but more probably from a Roman temple."[3][9] Zhores Khachatryan, a leading Armenian archaeologist of the Hellenistic period, stated that "the Armenian origin of the statute still has to be proven." He believes that "it is more possible that it may be the statue of a Roman pagan goddess" as it was found near the site of a Roman camp inhabited during the time period its assumed creation.[31][10] Khachatryan had no doubt that it is a replica of Aphrodite of Knidos.[11] Dyfri Williams wrote that it comes from a Greek cult statue, "probably made in a Greek city in Turkey" and found at Satala (in Armenia Minor).[12] Terence Mitford suggests that it is "normally assigned to Aphrodite" and an attribution to Anaitis (Anahita) is "wholly implausible."[15] Babken Arakelyan found Artemis to be a more probable subject of the statue than Aphrodite.[36] ReceptionIn the westAs early as 1894 American art historian Arthur Frothingham described the bronze head as "one of the glories of the British Museum."[13] James R. Russell described it as a "piece of very fine workmanship."[3] The head appears on the cover of The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World (2002).[14] "Head of Anahit/British Museum" by Armenian-American poet Peter Balakian was published in Poetry in 2016.[15] In ArmeniaBabken Arakelyan considered it to be the most prominent of all Hellenistic statues found in Armenia.[36] A replica of the head is on display at the History Museum of Armenia in Yerevan since 1968.[16] It also appears on the 5,000 Armenian dram banknotes, which were in use from 1995 to 2005. The obverse side of the banknote depicted the Hellenistic Temple of Garni.[17] It was also depicted on a postage stamp issued jointly by Armenia and Greece in 2007.[18] Still life with Anahit's mask, a painting by Lavinia Bazhbeuk-Melikyan inspired by the head of Anahit, hangs at the President's Residence in Yerevan.[19]Efforts to move to ArmeniaIn February 2012 Armen Ashotyan, the Minister of Education and Science of Armenia from the ruling Republican Party (RPA), called for moving the fragments of the statue to Armenia.[20] Ashotyan claimed it is a personal and not a political initiative.[31] By the end of February some 20,000 signatures were collected by the RPA-affiliated Armenia Youth Fund demanding moving the fragments to Armenia.[21][22] Some one hundred people demonstrated in front of the British embassy in Yerevan on March 7, 2012 chanting "Anahit, come home!" A letter was handed over to the embassy thanking the United Kingdom for preserving the fragments, but claimed that "historical justice requires" that they "be repatriated and find refuge in the country of their origin."[31] One proponent of the campaign argued that the "sentimental value of the goddess Anahit's statue is worth far more to the Armenians than to the tourists and visitors of the British Museum."[23] Zhores Khachatryan, a leading Armenian archaeologist of the Hellenistic period, criticized the campaign as "pointless" and "populism that failed from the start." Head of the Ministry of Culture’s Agency for the Preservation of Historical-Cultural Heritage, noted that the fragments were "not illegally exported from [Armenia], nor was it a war trophy, so that the ministry could try to return it with references to international treaties. It’s possible only as an act of good will."[31] References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Burn|first1=Lucilla|title=Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus|date=2004|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=9780892367764|pages=[https://books.google.am/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&pg=PA87 87–88]}} [24][25][26][27][28][29]2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Engelmann|first1=Richard|title=Ein Bronzekopf des British Museum|journal=Archäologische Zeitung|date=1878|pages=150–152|publisher=German Archaeological Institute|location=Berlin|language=de}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Arakelian|first1=B. N.|authorlink1=Babken Arakelyan|title=Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն [History of the Armenian People]|chapter=Հայկական մշակույթը հելլենիստական դարաշրջանում [Armenian culture during the Hellenistic period]|date=1971|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|location=Yerevan|page=[https://archive.org/stream/Hzhp01HayMshakuyte/Hzhp01_Hay_mshakuyte#page/n87/mode/2up 874]|language=hy}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Lang|first1=David M.|authorlink1=David Marshall Lang|editor1-last=Yarshater|editor1-first=Ehsan|editor1-link=Ehsan Yarshater|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods|chapter=Iran, Armenia and Georgia|date=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://books.google.am/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA534&lpg=PA534&dq=Anahit+Aphrodite+satala 534]|quote=A bronze head of Aphrodite/Anahit from Satala is in the British Museum.}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Lang|first1=David Marshall|authorlink1=David Marshall Lang|title=Armenia: Cradle of Civilization|date=1980|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London|page=149|quote=All the more interest attaches to a singularly fine bronze head of Aphrodite/Anahit, which has been in the British Museum Greek and Roman Gallery for nearly a century. This head, which is about one and a half times life size, is from a colossal statue of Aphrodite/Anahit, reputedly from Satala, the modern Sadagh, in eastern Anatolia, not far from Erzinjan.}} 6. ^Information on a photograph of the head by Helmut Koester, kept at the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard Divinity School. {{cite web|title=Head of Anahit|url=http://via.lib.harvard.edu/via/deliver/deepcontentItem?recordId=olvwork285250%2CDIV.LIB.FACULTY%3A888804|website=lib.harvard.edu|publisher=Harvard University Library Visual Information Access}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Alishan|first1=Ghevont|authorlink1=Ghevont Alishan|title=Այրարատ [Ayrarat]|date=1890|location=San Lazzaro degli Armeni|language=hy|p=40}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Ananikian|first1=Mardiros H.|title=The Mythology of All Races Volume VII: Armenian and African|chapter=Armenian|date=1925|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/stream/themythologyofal07alexuoft#page/n49/mode/2up 26–27]|quote=Bronze Head of Anahit, a Greek work (probably Aphrodite), found at Satala, worshiped by the Armenians}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=J. R.|authorlink1=James R. Russell|title=Armenian Religion|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iii|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=December 15, 1986}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Sakayan|first1=Mano|title=The Curse of Anahit|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2013/07/18/the-curse-of-anahit/|work=Armenian Weekly|date=18 July 2013}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last=Khachatryan|first=Zhores|title=Անահիտ դիցուհու պաշտամունքն ու պատկերագրությունը Հայաստանում և նրա աղերսները հելլենիստական աշխարհի հետ [The Cult and Iconography of Goddess Anahit in Armenia and Its Relations with the Hellenistic World]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|date=1985|issue=1|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/4209/|language=hy|p=128}} 12. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Dyfri|authorlink1=Dyfri Williams|title=Masterpieces of Classical Art|date=2009|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292721470|page=204}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Frothingham, Jr.|first1=A. L.|authorlink1=Arthur Frothingham|title=Archæological News|journal=American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts|date=1894|volume=9|issue=3|page=411|jstor=496192}} 14. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Boardman|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Griffin|editor2-first=Jasper|editor3-last=Murray|editor3-first=Oswyn|editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian)|editor2-link=Jasper Griffin|editor3-link=Oswyn Murray|title=The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192801371|url=https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-oxford-history-of-greece-and-the-hellenistic-world-9780192801371}} This book reproduces the text of The Oxford History of the Classical World: Greece and the Hellenistic World (1988, {{ISBN|978-0192821652}}) 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Balakian|first1=Peter|authorlink1=Peter Balakian|title=Head of Anahit/British Museum|journal=Poetry|date=September 2016|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/detail/90303|publisher=Poetry Foundation}} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Madatyan|first1=Marine|title=Արմեն Աշոտյանը խանդավառել է սփյուռքահայերին. արդեն 500 ստորագրություն կա|url=http://hetq.am/arm/news/10924/armen-ashotyany-khandavarel-e-spyurqahayerin-arden-500-storagrutyun-ka.html|work=Hetq Online|date=21 February 2012|language=hy|quote=1968թ.-ից արձանի կրկնօրինակը գտնվում է Հայաստանի պատմության թանգարանում:}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Banknotes out of Circulation - 5000 drams|url=https://www.cba.am/en/SitePages/detailsncbrabanknotesnotcirculated.aspx?nominal=8|website=cba.am|publisher=Central Bank of Armenia}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Armenian-Greek joint issue. Anahit|url=https://www.haypost.am/en/1385213780|website=haypost.am|publisher=HayPost}} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Demonstration Areas |url=http://www.president.am/en/gallery/#albms[pp_gal]/1/ |publisher=president.am}} 20. ^{{cite news|last1=Gevorgyan|first1=Siranuysh|title=Bring the Goddess Home: Education Minister launches initiative on returning divine Anahit to Armenia|url=https://www.armenianow.com/arts_and_culture/35325/armenian_goddess_anahit_british_museum|work=ArmeniaNow|date=6 February 2012}} 21. ^{{cite news|title=Group Calls on British Museum to Return Bronze Head of Goddess Anahit|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/10788/group-calls-on-british-museum-to-return-bronze-head-of-goddess-anahit.html|work=Hetq|date=12 February 2012}} 22. ^{{cite news|title=Armen Ashotyan is sure - "Anahit" Goddess to return to homeland|url=https://www.armenpress.am/eng/news/683039/|agency=Armenpress|date=7 March 2012}} 23. ^{{cite web|first=Gevorg|last=Martirosyan|title=Campaign for Anahit's return to Armenia from British Museum|url=http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2012-04-09-campaign-for-anahit-s-return-to-armenia-from-british-museum-|date=9 April 2012|website=The Armenian Reporter|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413200549/http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2012-04-09-campaign-for-anahit-s-return-to-armenia-from-british-museum-|archivedate=13 April 2012|df=}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last1=Abrahamyan|first1=Gayane|title=Armenia: Could a Goddess Influence an Election Campaign?|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65135|work=EurasiaNet|date=12 March 2012}} 25. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Ridgway|first1=Brunilde Sismondo|authorlink1=Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway|title=Hellenistic Sculpture, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299118242|page=[https://books.google.am/books?id=RwtXN2n6FoYC&pg=PA324&dq=Satala+bronze 324]}} 26. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=James R.|authorlink1=James R. Russell|title=Zoroastrianism in Armenia|date=1987|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-96850-6|url=https://archive.org/details/JamesRussellZoroastrianismInArmenia|p=62}} 27. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Mitford|first1=T. B.|authorlink1=Terence Mitford|title=Biliotti's Excavations at Satala|journal=Anatolian Studies|date=1974|volume=24|jstor=3642610|publisher=British Institute at Ankara|p=236}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|authorlink=Vrej Nersessian|first=Vrej|last=Nersessian|title=Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art|url=http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366397.html|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|location=Los Angeles|year=2001|isbn=9780892366392|chapter=Bronze Head of Aphrodite/Anahit|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_2vxGAgAAQBAJ#page/n115/mode/1up 114–115]}} 29. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Arakelyan|first=Babken|authorlink=Babken Arakelyan|title=Քանդակագործությունը հին Հայաստանում (VI դ. մ. թ. ա.-III դ. մ. թ.) [Sculpture in Ancient Armenia (4th century BCE–3rd century CE]|journal=Patma-Banasirakan Handes|date=1969|issue=1|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/1310/|language=hy|p=62}} }} Bibliography
5 : Greek and Roman objects in the British Museum|Statues|Hellenistic and Roman bronzes|Archaeological discoveries in Turkey|1872 archaeological discoveries |
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