“Scythopolis (see)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Diocese of Scythopolis is a titular see in Israel/Jordan and was the Metropolitan of the Roman province of Palestina II. It was centered on Modern Beth Shean (Bêsân).

Historical (arch)diocese

Scythopolis (today's Beit She'an or Bêsân) had a Christian community headed by a bishop even before the Edict of Milan of 313 legalized profession of Christianity in the Roman Empire. When the Roman province of Palaestina Secunda was set up in the 4th century, with Scythopolis as its capital, the bishopric became the metropolitan see of the province.^[1] It was part of what was called the Decapolis.^[1] one of the Decapolis cities,^[2] a group of cities founded by retired veterans of Alexander the Great, in this case probably a Scythian unit.

Under Emperor Diocletian, Saint Procopius of Scythopolis died as a martyr on 7 July 303. In the fourth century the bishopric was strongly Arian. When it became a metropolitan see, it had Pella (Palestine) as one of its suffragans.

Copious archaeological remains were found dating to the Byzantine period (330 CE – 636 CE) and were excavated by the University of Pennsylvania Museum from 1921–23. A rotunda church was constructed on top of the tell and the entire city was enclosed in a wall.^[3] Textual sources mention several other churches in the town.^[4] Beit She'an was primarily Christian, as attested to by the large number of churches, but evidence of Jewish habitation and a Samaritan synagogue indicate established communities of these minorities. The pagan temple in the city centre was destroyed, but the nymphaeum and Roman baths were restored. Many of the buildings of Scythopolis were damaged in the Galilee earthquake of 363. It became the capital of the new province of Palaestina Secunda established in 390. Dedicatory inscriptions indicate a preference for donations to religious buildings, and many colourful mosaics, such as that featuring the zodiac in the Monastery of Lady Mary, or the one picturing a menorah and shalom in the House of Leontius' Jewish synagogue, were preserved. A Samaritan synagogue's mosaic was unique in abstaining from human or animal images, instead utilising floral and geometrical motifs. Elaborate decorations were also found in the settlement's many luxurious villas, and in the 6th century especially, the city reached its maximum size of 40,000 and spread beyond its period city walls.

The city was taken by Muslim armies in AD 634 and the city was devastated by the Golan earthquake of 749.

The city was taken by the Crusaders. Under their rule, the Latin see was moved to Nazareth, but the Eastern Orthodox Church continued for a long time further to maintain two separate sees.^[1]

Bishops

Bishop Patrophilus of Scythopolis was an intimate friend of Arius, whom he welcomed when exiled to Palestine in 323. A supporter of Arianism, he took part in the First Council of Nicaea (325) and various councils of Arians until 360. Sozomen and Socrates Scholasticus say that in 354-5 he acted together with Acacius of Caesarea (Caesarea was then the metropolitan see for both Scythopolis and Jerusalem) to depose Bishop Maximus of Jerusalem, who supported the Nicene Creed, and to replace him with Cyril of Jerusalem, whom they wrongly thought to be an Arian.^[5] He also supervised the exile of Eusebius of Vercelli to Scythopolis – Eusebius calls him his "jailer". In 359 he was a member of a delegation sent to Emperor Constantius II to protest against depositions of Arian clergy by Basil of Caesarea.^[6] He was deposed by the Council of Seleucia in 359 and died soon after. Philostorgius mentions that in 361 his body was disinterred and his bones scattered during the pagan reaction under Julian.^[7]

Other bishops of Scythopolis include Philip and Athanasius,^[8] both Arians; Saturninus, present at the First Council of Constantinople in 381; Theodosius, friend of Saint John Chrysostom; Acacius, friend of Saint Cyril of Alexandria; Servianus, killed by Monophysites in 452;^[9] John, who wrote in defence of the Council of Chalcedon; Theodore, who in about 553 was compelled to sign an anti-Origenist profession of faith, still preserved (Le Quien, "Oriens christianus." III, 681-94).^[10]

List of residential (arch)bishops

Other notable Christians of Scythopolis

In the 6th century there were four churches at Scythopolis, dedicated to the Apostles St Thomas and John the Evangelist, Saint Procopius and St Basil, another local martyr. Many monks lived in the town and its environs, occupied in making baskets and fans from the palms in the neighbouring forests (Sozomen, "Hist. ecclés.", VIII, 13); with them the four Tall Brothers took refuge when expelled from Egypt by Patriarch Theophilus for so called Origenist ideas.^[10]

Titular Metropolitan see

Since its nominal restoration in 1621, the Latin Metropolitan (the highest of three ranks) see of Scythopolis is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.^[17]

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^Catholic encyclopedia.
2. ^Historia Naturalis", v. 18, 74.
3. ^Rowe, Alan [1930], The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930. p 50
4. ^Rowe above p50
5. ^Theophanes, 60B-61B, in Philip Amidon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wYmvCypzVUAC&lpg=PA221&ots=YzL6bP9TPH&dq=Patrophilus%20of%20Scythopolis&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q=Patrophilus%20of%20Scythopolis&f=false Philostorgius: Church History] p.221
6. ^Philostorgius, book 4, section 10; Amidon p.69.
7. ^Amidon, p.227
8. ^Athanasius, Bishop of Scythopolis
9. ^¹Saint Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, Martyr
10. ^¹²³Siméon Vailhé, "Scythopolis" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)
11. ^Timothy David Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire (Harvard University Press, 2001)[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IjqCjU8GevAC&pg=PA340&lpg=PA340&dq=diocese+of+scythopolis&source=bl&ots=rQxJu7p_u7&sig=fIy4qPfLi01dVZihyJtffpyc1BE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=N4XvVPWTO8G2mQW_moLgAw&ved=0CBYQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=diocese%20of%20scythopolis&f=false page 15].
12. ^Athanasius, Bishop of Scythopolis
13. ^Servianus at newadvent.org.
14. ^Aimé Georges Martimort, Deaconesses: An Historical Study(Ignatius Press, 1986) [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4QP1JzaY-dMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=diocese+of+scythopolis&source=bl&ots=eFnjWpKl7a&sig=esTaAii46j302xpUxoW8FXz_oyY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uoPvVJKjNoO2mAXwpoK4Bg&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=diocese%20of%20scythopolis&f=false page 124].
15. ^Kenneth M. Setton, Norman P. Zacour, Harry W. Hazard, A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1 Sep 1985) [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=tgfMNfBIgSwC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=diocese+of+scythopolis&source=bl&ots=kgipPpSwqF&sig=SuJt-6igQuCxd3M0oS58fX5P_ko&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r4HvVJSPI8OomgWMyYHwBA&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=diocese%20of%20scythopolis&f=false page 242].
16. ^The Life of Our Holy Monastic Father Saint John the Silent.
17. ^Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 966
18. ^Scythopolis at catholic-hierarchy.org.
19. ^Titular Metropolitan See of Scythopolis at GCatholic.org.
20. ^Greek-Melkite Archdiocese of AkkA.