| 词条 | TEV Wahine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The wreck of Wahine is one of the better-known disasters in New Zealand's history, although there have been worse, with far greater loss of life. Radio and television captured the drama as it happened, within a short distance of shore of the eastern suburbs of Wellington, and flew film overseas for world news. Ship backgroundTEV Wahine was designed and built for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, and was one of many ferries that have linked New Zealand's North and South Islands. From 1875[4] ferries have plied Cook Strait and the Kaikoura coast ferrying passengers and cargo, making port at Wellington in the north and Lyttelton in the south. From 1933 the Union Company's Wellington – Lyttelton service was marketed as the "Steamer Express".[5] The introduction of Wahine in 1966 enable the withdrawal of TEV Rangatira (1930–1967) from service in 1965 and TEV Hinemoa (1945–1971) in 1966 and the sale of both Rangatira and Hinemoa in 1967.[6][7] Building WahineWahine was built by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan, Glasgow, Scotland. Plans were made by the Union Company in 1961, and her keel was laid on 14 September 1964 as Hull No. 830.[2] Built of steel, her hull was completed in ten months, and she was christened and launched on 14 July 1965[1] by the Union Company's director's wife. Her machinery, cargo spaces and passenger accommodations were installed in the following months and she was completed in May 1966. She left Greenock, Scotland for New Zealand on 18 June 1966 and arrived at Wellington on 24 July 1966; she sailed on her maiden voyage to Lyttelton one week later, on 1 August.[2]The dimensions were {{convert|488|ft}} long,[2] had a beam of {{convert|71|ft|abbr=on}}[1] and was {{GRT|8948|disp=long}}.[1] At the time Wahine was the Union Company's largest ship and one of the world's largest passenger ferries.[2] The powerplant was turbo-electric transmission, with four boilers supplying steam to two turbo-alternators that drove the twin main propellers, gave a top speed of {{convert|22|kn|km/h}} and the ship also had stern and bow thruster propellers to propel her sideways for easier berthing.[2] She had stabilisers that halved the amount she rolled and the frequency with which she did so.[2] The hull was divided by 13 watertight bulkheads into 14 watertight compartments. The lifeboat complement was eight large fibreglass lifeboats, two {{convert|26|ft|m|adj=on}} motor lifeboats each with a capacity of 50 people, six {{convert|31|ft|m|adj=on}} standard lifeboats each with a capacity of 99 people, and additionally 36 inflatable rafts, each with a capacity of 25 people. ServiceWahine entered service on 1 August 1966 with her first sailing from Wellington[2] replacing TEV Hinemoa (1947–1967). Between then and the end of the year she made 67 crossings to Lyttelton.[2] From August 1966, TEV Wahine and TEV Maori (1953–1972) provided a two-ship regular overnight service between Wellington and Lyttleton, with one ship departing from each port each night and crossing during the night. The arrival of Wahine enabled Hinemoa to be withdrawn from service and TEV Rangatira (1931–1965) that last sailed on 14 December 1965 and Hinemoa were subsequently sold. On a normal crossing Wahine crew complement was usually 126: in the deck department, the master, three officers, one radio operator and 19 sailors managed the overall operation; in the engine department, eight engineers, two electricians, one donkeyman and 12 general workers supervised the operation of the engines; in the victualing department, 60 stewards, seven stewardesses, five cooks and four pursers catered to the needs of the passengers. On trips made during the day she could carry 1,050 passengers,{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} on overnight crossings 927,[2] in over 300 single-, two-, three- and four-berth cabins, with two dormitory-style cabins each sleeping 12 passengers. Common areas included a cafeteria, lounge, smoke room, gift shop, two enclosed promenades and open decks. Wahine had two vehicle decks with a combined capacity for more than 200 cars.[2] Final crossingOn the evening of 9 April 1968 she departed from Lyttelton for a routine overnight crossing, carrying 610 passengers and 123 crew. Extreme weather conditionsIn the early morning of Wednesday, 10 April, two violent storms merged over Wellington, creating a single extratropical cyclone that was the worst recorded in New Zealand's history. Cyclone Giselle was heading south after causing much damage in the north of the North Island. It hit Wellington at the same time as another storm that had driven up the West Coast of the South Island from Antarctica.[8] The winds in Wellington were the strongest ever recorded. At one point they reached {{convert|275|km/h}} and in one Wellington suburb alone ripped off the roofs of 98 houses. Three ambulances and a truck were blown onto their sides when they tried to go into the area to rescue injured people. As the storms hit Wellington Harbour, Wahine was making her way out of Cook Strait on the last leg of her journey. Although there were weather warnings when she set out from Lyttelton, there was no indication that storms would be severe or any worse than those often experienced by vessels crossing the Cook Strait.[8] Aground in Wellington HarbourAt 0550 hrs, with winds gusting at between {{convert|100|km/h}} and {{convert|155|km/h}},[2] Captain Hector Gordon Robertson decided to enter harbour. Twenty minutes later the winds had increased to {{convert|160|km/h}}, and she lost her radar. A huge wave pushed her off course and in line with Barrett Reef. Robertson was unable to turn her back on course, and decided to keep turning around and back out to sea. For 30 minutes she battled into the waves and wind, but by 0610 hrs she was not answering her helm[2] and had lost control of her engines.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} At 0640 hrs she was driven onto the southern tip of Barrett Reef,[2] near the harbour entrance less than a mile from shore. She drifted along the reef, shearing off her starboard propeller and gouging a large hole in her hull on the starboard side of the stern, beneath the waterline. Passengers were told that she was aground but there was no immediate danger.[2] They were directed to don their lifejackets and report to their muster stations[2] as a routine "precautionary measure". The storm continued to grow more intense. The wind increased to over {{convert|250|km/h}} and she dragged her anchors and drifted into the harbour. At about 1100 hrs, close to the western shore at Seatoun, her anchors finally held.[2] At about the same time the tug Tapuhi reached her and tried to attach a line and bring her in tow, but after 10 minutes the line broke.[2] Other attempts failed, but the deputy harbourmaster, Captain Galloway, managed to climb aboard from the pilot boat.[2] Throughout the morning, the danger of the ship sinking seemed to pass as the vessel's location was in an area where the water depth did not exceed 10 meters (30 ft), and the crew's worst-case scenario was the clean-up once the vessel either arrived in Wellington or had grounded in shallower water. There was indication that the ship would even sail again that evening as usual, albeit later than scheduled while the damage done by the reef was repaired. Disaster unfoldingAt about 1315 hrs the combined effect of the tide and the storm swung Wahine around, providing a patch of clear water sheltered from the wind. As she suddenly listed further and reached the point of no return, Robertson gave the order to abandon ship.[2] In an instance similar to what had occurred during the sinking of the Italian passenger liner {{SS|Andrea Doria||2}} off the coast of New England in 1956, the severe starboard list left the four lifeboats on the port side useless: only the four on the starboard side could be launched. The first starboard motor lifeboat, boat S1, capsized shortly after being launched.[2] Those aboard were thrown into the water, and many were drowned in the rough sea, including two children and several elderly passengers.[2] Survivor Shirley Hick, remembered for losing two of her three children in the disaster, recalled this event vividly, as her three-year-old daughter Alma had drowned in this lifeboat. Some managed to hold onto the overturned boat as it drifted across the harbour to the eastern shore, towards Eastbourne. The three remaining standard lifeboats, which according to a number of survivors were severely overcrowded, did manage to reach shore. Lifeboat S2 reached Seatoun beach on the western side of the channel with about 70 passengers and crew, as did Lifeboat S4, which was severely overcrowded with over 100 people. Heavily overcrowded Lifeboat S3 landed on the beach near Eastbourne, about {{convert|3|mi|0}} away on the opposite side of the channel.[9] Wahine launched her life rafts, but waves up to {{convert|6|m|0}} high capsized some of them and many people were killed.[2] She sank in {{convert|38|ft}} of water.[2] forcing hundreds of passengers and crew into the rough sea. When the weather cleared, the sight of her foundering in the harbour urged many vessels to race to the scene, including the ferry {{ship|GMV|Aramoana}},[2] tugs, fishing boats, yachts and small personal craft. They rescued hundreds of people. Over 200 passengers and crew reached the rocky shore of the east side of the channel, south of Eastbourne. As this area was desolate and unpopulated, many survivors were exposed to the elements for several hours while rescue teams tried to navigate the gravel road down the shoreline. It was here that a number of bodies were recovered.[9]At about 1430 hrs Wahine rolled completely onto her starboard side.[2] Some of the survivors reached the shore only to die of exhaustion or exposure.[2] Fifty-one people died at the time, and two more died later from their injuries, 53 victims in all. Most of the victims were middle-aged or elderly, but included three children; they died from drowning, exposure or injuries from being battered on the rocks. Forty-six bodies were found; 566 passengers were safe, as were 110 crew, and six were missing. Aftermath{{refimprove|section|date=April 2018}}InvestigationTen weeks after the disaster, a Court of Inquiry found errors of judgement had been made, but stressed that the conditions at the time had been difficult and dangerous. The free surface effect caused Wahine to capsize due to a build-up of water on the vehicle deck,[2] although several specialist advisers to the inquiry believed that she had grounded a second time, taking on more water below decks. The report of the inquiry stated that more lives would almost certainly have been lost if the order to abandon ship had been given earlier or later. The storm was so strong that rescue craft would not have been able to help passengers any earlier than about midday.[10] Charges were brought against her officers but all were acquitted. Early hopes that she could be salvaged were abandoned when the magnitude of structural damage became clear. As the wreck was a navigational hazard, preparations were made over the next year to refloat her and tow her into Cook Strait for scuttling. However a similar storm in 1969 broke up the wreck, and it was dismantled (partly by the Hikitia floating crane) where it lay. MemorialsWahine Memorial Park marks the disaster with a bow thruster, near where the survivors reached the shore at Seatoun. J G Churchill Park in Seatoun has a memorial plaque, the ship's anchor and chain (one link per victim), and replica ventilators. A plaque and the fore mast are at the parking area next to Burdans Gate on the eastern side of the harbour, on the coast where many of the survivors and dead washed up. The main mast is part of another memorial in Frank Kitts Park in central Wellington. The Museum of Wellington City & Sea has a permanent commemorative exhibition on its maritime floor that includes artifacts and a film about the storm and the sinking. In 2013, Ngaire Lilly ( née Bowen ), a survivor of the Wahine, wrote her own book about the event. Replacement shipIt was more than a year before the Union Company ordered a ferry to replace Wahine. In May 1969 it ordered {{ship|TEV|Rangatira|1971|6}}, built by a different British shipyard and to a new design.[11] She had accommodation for 159 fewer passengers, and like Wahine could carry more than 200 cars.[5][11] Rangatira did not enter service until March 1972,[5][11] almost four years after Wahine was wrecked. She was a commercial failure, carrying on average only just over half the number of passengers and a third of the vehicles for which she had capacity.[5][11] From 1974 the NZ Ministry of Transport subsidised the "Steamer Express", but in 1976 it withdrew the subsidy and the service ceased.[5][11]References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=844 |last1=Cameron |first1=Stuart |last2=Strathdee |first2=Paul |last3=Biddulph |first3=Bruce |last4=Campbell |first4=Colin |title=Wahine |work=Clydebuilt database |publisher=Clydesite.co.uk |date=2002–2013 |accessdate=2 May 2013}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 {{cite web |url= http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/wahine.htm |last=Castell |first=Marcus |title=The Turbo Electric Vessel WAHINE, 1966–1968 |publisher=The New Zealand Maritime Record |date=2003–2007 |accessdate=22 May 2013}} 3. ^Initially the official toll was 51, but two names were added 22 and 40 years later.{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=Kerry |title=Recognition 53rd Wahine victim |newspaper=The Dominion Post |date=9 April 2008 |accessdate=10 April 2008 |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4470696a11.html }} 4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.kiwirail.co.nz/about-us/history-of-cook-strait-ferries |title=History of Cook Strait ferries |work=KiwiRail |year=2011 |accessdate=11 May 2012}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url= http://www.nzcoastalshipping.com/steamerexpress.html |title=Steamer Express |work=New Zealand Coastal Shipping |date=2003–2009 |accessdate=29 May 2013}} 6. ^T.E.V. Rangatira 1930 - 1967, Retrieved 11 April 2018 7. ^Union Steam Ship Company's T.E.V. "Hinemoa", Retrieved 11 April 2018 8. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://library.christchurch.org.nz/kids/nzdisasters/wahine.asp |title=Wahine Shipwreck |work=New Zealand Disasters |publisher=Christchurch City Libraries |accessdate=7 June 2008}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.thewahine.co.nz/Questions.html |title=Questions and Answers |publisher=The Wahine |date= |accessdate=31 July 2011}}{{Subscription required|date=July 2011}} 10. ^Lambert, Max; Hartley, Jim (1974) [1969]. The Wahine Disaster]. Auckland; [ Wellington ]: Collins Fontana Silver Fern; [ AH & HW Reed ]. {{ISBN|0589003771}}; Retrieved 11 April 2018. 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url= http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/r4.htm |last=Castell |first=Marcus |title=The Turbo Electric Vessel Rangatira of 1971 |publisher=The New Zealand Maritime Record |date=2003–2005 |accessdate=29 May 2013}} Further reading
External links
9 : 1968 in New Zealand|Cook Strait ferries|History of the Wellington Region|Maritime incidents in 1968|Ships of the Union Steam Ship Company|Shipwrecks of Cook Strait|Turbo-electric steamships|Wellington Harbour|1960s in Wellington |
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