| 词条 | Second Thomas Shoal | |||
| 释义 |
| plural = | name = Second Thomas Shoal | image name = Second Thomas Shoal - 2014-02-28 - Landsat 8 - 15m.png | image caption = Second Thomas Shoal | image size = | pushpin map = South China Sea | native name = | archipelago = Spratly Islands | native name link = | other_names = | location = South China Sea | coordinates = {{coord|9|44|N|115|52|E|display=inline,title|name=Second Thomas Shoal}} | country claim = People's Republic of China | country 1 claim = Philippines | country 2 claim = Republic of China (Taiwan) | country 3 claim = Vietnam | country = Philippines | country admin divisions title = Municipality | country admin divisions = Kalayaan, Palawan }} Second Thomas Shoal (also known as Ayungin Shoal in the Philippines, Bãi Cỏ Mây in Vietnam, and 仁爱礁 in China)[1] is a shoal/atoll in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea, {{convert|105|nmi|km mi}} west of Palawan, Philippines.[2] Claimed by several nations, the shoal is currently militarily occupied by the Philippines. HistoryThe shoal is one of three named after Thomas Gilbert, captain of the {{ship||Charlotte|1784 ship|2}}:
Geographical locationLocated south-east of Mischief Reef ({{coordinates|09|55|N|115|32|E}}), Second Thomas Shoal is near the centre of Dangerous Ground in the north-eastern part of the Spratly Islands; there are no settlements north or east of it.[3][4] It is a tear-drop shaped atoll, {{convert|11|nmi}} long North-South[5] and fringed with coral reefs.[6] The coral rim surrounds a lagoon which has depths of up to {{convert|27|m}} and is accessible to small boats from the East. Drying patches are found east and west of the reef rim. Geographical featuresOn 12 July 2016, the tribunal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration concluded that Second Thomas Shoal is, or in its natural condition was, exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide and, accordingly, has low-tide elevations that do not generate an entitlement to a territorial sea, exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.[7] Territorial claims{{See also|USS Harnett County (LST-821)|l1=BRP Sierra Madre}}Second Thomas Shoal is claimed by the Philippines and China.[8] The Philippine navy maintains a presence of less than a dozen navy personnel on the {{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} long Second World War US-built Philippine Navy landing craft BRP Sierre Madre (LT-57), which was deliberately run aground at the shoal in 1999 in response to the Chinese reclamation of Mischief Reef.[9][10] The Philippines claims that the shoal is part of its continental shelf,[11] while parts of the Spratly group of islands, where Second Thomas Shoal lies, are claimed by China, Brunei, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam. In 2014, the Chinese government asked the Philippines to remove the grounded ship.[12][13] Philippine supply ships subsequently avoided Chinese blockades in order to deliver food, water and other supplies to the garrison.[14] PRC coast guard vessels blocked two attempts by Philippine ships to resupply the garrison on March 9, 2014. Supplies were airdropped to the garrison three days later. A supply ship with replacement troops successfully reached the shoal on March 29, 2014 by sailing through shallow waters where the PRC vessels (with deeper drafts) were unable to follow. During the approach, Philippine crew members and troops on the resupply ship waved the peace sign at the pursuing Chinese coast guard crew.[15] Since then, the Philippine military has been sending monthly relief missions in the form of air dropped provisions to the troops stationed here.[16] Alternate namesThe Singapore National University Gazetteer (Number 75967),[17] and the US NGA Gazetteer[18] list the following as other names for the Second Thomas Shoal:
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Sailing Directions - South China Sea |publisher=UK Hydrographic Office |location=Taunton |url=http://www.ukho.gov.uk}} {{Spratly Islands topics}}{{South China Sea}}2. ^{{cite book |title=Sailing Directions Enroute : Publication 158 - Philippine Islands |year=2013 |publisher=US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)|location=Springfield, Virginia }} 3. ^1 2 NGA Chart 93046 - SE Dangerous Ground 4. ^1 NGA Chart 93045 - NE Dangerous Ground 5. ^{{cite enroute|161|2017|15}} 6. ^{{cite web |title= Imagery - Landsat 7 Path 118 Row 53 |url=http://blog.geogarage.com/2013/05/south-china-sea-tension-mounts-near.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=21 March 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Award |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf}} p.174 8. ^{{cite book |author1=Robert C. Beckman |author2=Ian Townsend-Gault |author3=Clive Schofield |author4=Tara Davenport |author5=Leonardo Bernard |title= Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea: Legal Frameworks |url= http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?id=15237 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978 1 78195 594 9 |page=19}} 9. ^{{cite news |title= A game of shark and minnow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2013/10/27/south-china-sea/ |accessdate= 21 March 2014 |date= 27 October 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times}} 10. ^{{cite web |first= Michael |last= Cohen |title= Manila monitoring Chinese shoal moves |url= http://www.janes.com/article/12853/manila-monitoring-chinese-shoal-moves |publisher= IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |accessdate=21 March 2014}} 11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.ph/2014/03/14/dfa-statement-on-chinas-allegation-that-the-ph-agreed-to-pull-out-of-ayungin-shoal/ | title=DFA statement on China’s allegation that the PH agreed to pull out of Ayungin Shoal | publisher=Official Gazette (Philippines) | work=Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines) | date=March 14, 2014 | accessdate=April 9, 2014}} 12. ^{{cite news |title= China 'posturing' to seize Ayungin – Golez |url= http://www.rappler.com/nation/53374-china-posturing-ayungin-seizure |accessdate=21 March 2014 |newspaper=Rappler |date=19 March 2014}} 13. ^{{cite news |last=Esmaquel |first=Paterno |title=China digs up details vs PH on Ayungin |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/53242-china-philippines-stranded-ship-ayungin-consequences |accessdate=21 March 2014 |newspaper=Rappler |date=18 March 2014}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/31/us-philippines-china-reef-idUSBREA2U02720140331 |title=Philippine ship dodges China blockade to reach South China Sea outpost |last1=de Castro |first1=Erik |last2=Ng |first2=Roli |date=31 March 2014 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Thomson Reuters |accessdate=1 April 2014}} 15. ^Gomez, Jim, Associated Press, "Philippine supply ship evades Chinese blockade", 29 March 2014 16. ^{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Eric |title= Reef Madness |url= http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2014/s4008035.htm |accessdate=23 May 2014 |newspaper=ABC News |date=20 May 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=Spratly Islands - Names |url=http://www.cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/75967_gazetteer.pdf |work= Gazetteer 75967 |publisher=National University, Singapore |accessdate=5 December 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web |url= http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/cntyfile/pg.zip |title=Spratly Islands Gazetteer |publisher= US NGA }} 6 : Shoals of the Spratly Islands|Territorial disputes of China|Territorial disputes of the Republic of China|Territorial disputes of the Philippines|Disputed territories in Southeast Asia|Kalayaan, Palawan |
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