| 词条 | Thaat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
A thaat ({{IAST3|thāṭ}}) is a "Parent scale" in North Indian or Hindustani music.[1][2] The concept of the thaat is not exactly equivalent to the western musical scale because the primary function of a thaat is not as a tool for music composition, but rather as a basis for classification of ragas.[2] There isn't necessarily strict compliance between a raga and its parent thaat; a raga said to 'belong' to a certain thaat need not allow all the notes of the thaat, and might allow other notes. Thaats are generally accepted to be heptatonic by definition. The term thaat is also used to refer to the frets of stringed instruments like the sitar and the veena.[3] It is also used to denote the posture adopted by a Kathak dancer at the beginning of his or her performance.[4] HistoryThe modern thaat system was created by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (1860–1936), an influential musicologist in the field of classical music in the early decades of the twentieth century.[5][6] Bhatkhande modelled his system after the Carnatic melakarta classification, devised around 1640 by the musicologist Venkatamakhin. Bhatkhande visited many of the gharanas (schools) of classical music, conducting a detailed analysis of ragas. His research led him to a system of thirty-two thaats, each named after a prominent raga associated with it. Out of those thirty-two thaats, more than a dozen thaats were popular during his time; however, he chose to highlight only ten such thaats. According to Bhatkhande, each one of the several traditional ragas is based on, or is a variation of, ten basic thaats, or musical scales or frameworks. The ten thaats are Bilawal, Kalyan, Khamaj, Bhairav, Poorvi, Marwa, Kafi, Asavari, Bhairavi and Todi; if one were to pick a raga at random, in theory it should be possible to classify it into one of these thaats. For instance, the ragas Shree and Puriya Dhanashree are based on the Poorvi thaats, Malkauns on the Bhairavi thaat, and Darbari Kanada on the Asavari thaat.[7] SystemIn Indian classical music, musical notes are called swaras. The seven basic swaras of the scale are named shadja, rishabh, gandhar, madhyam, pancham, dhaivat and nishad, and are abbreviated to Sa, Ri (Carnatic) or Re (Hindustani), Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni and written S, R, G, M, P, D, N. Collectively these notes are known as the sargam (the word is an acronym of the consonants of the first four swaras). Sargam is the Indian equivalent to solfege, a technique for the teaching of sight-singing. The tone Sa is not associated with any particular pitch. As in Western moveable solfège, Sa refers to the tonic of a piece or scale rather than to any particular pitch. In Bhatkhande's system, the basic mode of reference is that which is equivalent to the Western Ionian mode or major scale (called Bilawal thaat in Hindustani music, Dheerasankarabharanam in Carnatic). The flattening or sharpening of pitches always occurs with reference to the interval pattern in Bilawal thaat. Each thaat contains a different combination of altered (vikrt) and natural (shuddha) notes with respect to the Bilawal thaat. In any seven-tone scale (starting with S), R, G, D, and N can be natural (shuddha, lit. "pure") or flat (komal, lit. "soft") but never sharp, whereas the M can be natural or sharp (tivra, lit. "fast") but never flat, making twelve notes as in the Western chromatic scale. The sharp or flat tones are called vikrt swara (vikrt, lit. "altered"). Selecting seven tones in ascending order, where S and P are always natural whereas five other tones (R, G, M, D, N) can assume only one of its two possible forms, results in 32 possible modes which are known as thaats. Out of these thirty-two possibilities, Bhatkhande chose to highlight only ten thaats prominent in his days. In effect only heptatonic scales are called thaats.{{sfn|Jairazbhoy|1995}} Bhatkhande applied the term thaats only to scales that fulfil the following rules:
One can arbitrarily designate any pitch as Sa (the tonic) and build the series from there. While all thaats contain seven notes, many ragas (of the audav and shadav type) contain fewer than seven and some use more. A raga need not to use every tone in a given thaat; the assignment is made according to whatever notes the raga does contain (but see note 5). The relatively small number of thaats reflects Bhatkhande's compromise between accuracy and efficiency: the degree of fit between a raga and its thaat is balanced with the desire to keep the number of basic thaats small. Ambiguities inevitably arise. For example, Raga Hindol, assigned to Kalyan thaat, uses the notes S G M D N, which are also found in Marwa thaat. Jaijaiwanti contains both shuddha Ni and komal Ni (and sometimes both versions of Ga as well), which by definition corresponds to no thaat. Bhatkande resolved such cases "by an ad hoc consideration, appealing to musical performance practice" (see Ramesh Gangolli's article, cited in note 4 above).[8] Basic thaatsBhatkhande named his thaats after the prominent ragas associated with those thaats. Many thaats correspond to one or other of the European church modes. The thaats are listed here according to their pitches. Lower-frequency pitches are represented with lowercase letters and higher-frequency pitches with uppercase letters.
Time of performanceRagas are normally ascribed to certain periods of the day and night (See Samay). Narada's Sangita-Makaranda, written sometime between 7th and 11th century, gives warnings to musicians against playing ragas at the incorrect time of day. Traditionally, disastrous consequences are to be expected.{{sfn|Kaufmann|1968}}{{page needed|date=August 2018}} Bhatkhande claimed that the correct time to play a raga had a relation to its thaat (and to its vadi). Notes1. ^Benward and Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.39. Boston: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-294262-0}}. 2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Castellano|first=Mary A.|last2=Bharucha|first2=J. J.|last3=Krumhansl|first3=Carol L.|date=1984|title=Tonal hierarchies in the music of North India.|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.394|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General|language=en|volume=113|issue=3|pages=394–412|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.394|issn=1939-2222}} 3. ^{{cite journal |title=Thāṭ (Instrumental) |journal=Oxford Reference |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4974 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4974?rskey=LEF1wZ&result=4974 |accessdate=5 September 2018 |language=en | subscription=yes}} 4. ^{{Cite journal |title=Thāṭ (Kathak) |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4975?rskey=LEF1wZ&result=4975 |journal=Oxford Reference |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4976 |access-date=5 September 2018 |subscription=yes}} 5. ^{{Cite book |title=Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati |last=Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande |publisher=Sangeet Karyalaya (1990 reprint) |year=1909–1932 |isbn=81-85057-35-4}} This is the four-volume work in which Bhatkhande, after thorough analysis, makes the case for the ten thaats. Originally written in Marathi, it has been widely translated. 6. ^{{Cite book |title=A Short Historical Survey of the Music of Upper India |last=Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande |publisher=Indian Musicological Society |year=1974}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/Thaat.aspx|title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy :: Thaat|website=www.itcsra.org|access-date=2018-12-03}} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.skepticfiles.org/en003/bhat_art.htm |title=Chatura Pandit : V.N.Bhatkhande |last=Ramesh Gangolli |date=1992-12-23 |access-date=2007-04-11}} References
3 : Modes|Indian classical music|Hindustani music |
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