“Semestre bianco”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The {{lang|it|semestre bianco}} (in English, "white semester") is an Italian legislative term referring to the last six months of the President of Italy's seven-year term of office. According to Article 88 of the Italian Constitution, the President cannot dissolve the Italian Parliament and call a new election during the last six months of his term.^[1] The prohibition was initially absolute. However, a constitutional amendment was passed in November 1991 creating an exception in cases where the normal five-year term of the parliament ends during the last six months of the President's term.^[2]^[3] The 1991 amendment came about when Francesco Cossiga's term as President was due to expire on 3 July 1992, only one day after the natural expiration of the 10th Italian Legislature (2 July 1991), thus leaving no one constitutionally empowered to call the next election.^[4]

The 2013 Italian general election on 24-25 February resulted in a hung parliament. By early April 2013, a government had still not been formed. President Giorgio Napolitano was by that time in the semestre bianco of his term and would have been unable to call a new election if it were needed to resolve the deadlock.^[5]^[6] However, on 20 April 2013, he agreed to run in the Italian presidential election, and was elected to an unprecedented second term, thus renewing his mandate to call a new election if necessary.^[7]^[8]

References

1. ^Koff, Stephen P. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bGX71gYPgP4C&pg=RA1-PA221&dq=%22white+semester%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ABp1UZv1CojHPJDzgOgM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22white%20semester%22&f=false Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic], p. 221. Routledge.
2. ^ Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GFBPlYjuJYsC&pg=PA161&dq=%22white+semester%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ABp1UZv1CojHPJDzgOgM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22white%20semester%22&f=false Introduction to Italian Public Law], p. 161. Giuffrè Editore
3. ^Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana, Article 88 and Note 11. Retrieved 22 April 2013 {{it}}.
4. ^La Repubblica (24 May 1991). "Il semestre bianco". Retrieved 22 April 2013 {{it}}.
5. ^Cinelli, Francesca (21 April 2013). [https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/19/us-italy-vote-idUSBRE93I08I20130419 "Italy center-left leader Bersani quits after vote debacle"]. Reuters. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
6. ^Scarpetta, Vincenzo (26 February 2013). "Italian elections have triggered fresh uncertainty in the eurozone. What happens next?". Il Sole 24 Ore. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
7. ^L'Arena (22 April 2013). "Si prepara il Governo del presidente e potrebbero entrare due veronesi". Retrieved 22 April 2013 {{it}}.
8. ^BBC News (20 April 2013). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22232305 "Italy crisis: President Giorgio Napolitano re-elected"]. Retrieved 22 April 2013.