| 词条 | Thanom Kittikachorn |
| 释义 |
|name = Thanom Kittikachorn |native_name = ถนอม กิตติขจร |honorific-prefix = Field Marshal |honorific-suffix = PChW SR MPCh MWM |nationality = Thai |image =Thanom Kittikachorn 1960 02.jpg |order = 10th Prime Minister of Thailand |monarch = Bhumibol Adulyadej |term_start = 9 December 1963 |term_end = 14 October 1973 |predecessor = Sarit Thanarat |successor = Sanya Dharmasakti |monarch1 = Bhumibol Adulyadej |term_start1 = 1 January 1958 |term_end1 = 20 October 1958 |predecessor1 = Pote Sarasin |successor1 = Sarit Thanarat |order2 = Minister of Defence |term_start2 = 23 September 1957 |term_end2 = 14 October 1973 |predecessor2 = Plaek Phibunsongkhram |successor2 = Dawee Chullasapya |office3 = Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces |term_start3 = 11 December 1963 |term_end3 = 30 September 1973 |predecessor3 = Sarit Thanarat |successor3 = Dawee Chullasapya |office4 = Commander in Chief of the Royal Thai Army |term_start4 = 11 December 1963 |term_end4 = 1 October 1964 |predecessor4 = Sarit Thanarat |successor4 = Praphas Charusathien |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|8|11}} |birth_place = Mueang Tak, Tak, Siam |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|6|16|1911|8|11}} |death_place = Bangkok, Thailand |spouse = Jongkol Thanad-rob |religion = Theravada Buddhism |signature = Thanom Kittikachorn Signature.svg |rank = Field Marshal Admiral of the Fleet Marshal of the Air Force |allegiance = {{flag|Thailand}} |branch ={{flagicon image|Flag of the Royal Thai Army.svg}} Royal Thai Army |serviceyears = 1929–1973 |commands = Supreme Commander |battles = Franco-Thai War World War II }} Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn ({{lang-th|ถนอม กิตติขจร}}, {{IPA-th|tʰà.nɔ̌ːm kìt.tì.kʰa.t͡ɕɔ̌ːn}}; 11 August 1911 – 16 June 2004) was a military dictator of Thailand. A staunch anti-communist, Thanom oversaw a decade of military rule in Thailand from 1963 to 1973, during which he staged a self-coup, until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down. His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators, followed by a military coup. Early lifeThanom Kittikachorn was born in Tak Province to Khun (ขุน) Sopitbannaraksa (Amphan Kittikachorn) and his wife, Mrs Linchee Kittikachorn. His family was of Thai-Chinese descent. He attended Wat Koak Plu Municipal School, then was admitted to the Army Cadet Academy. After receiving his commission, he reported for duty with Infantry Regiment VII in Chiang Mai. Thanom later studied at the Cartography School and the Infantry School, and graduated from the National Defense College in its first class. Rise to powerAfter serving in the Shan States of Burma during World War II, then Lieutenant Colonel Thanom took part in a successful 1947 coup headed by Colonel Sarit Thanarat. He became a regimental commander and was head of the Lopburi military department. He was soon promoted to colonel, commanding the 11th Infantry Division. Thanom was appointed a member of parliament in 1951, his first political role. He was promoted to major general the same year. In February 1953, Thanom led the suppression of a rebellion against military rule, and was rewarded with promotion to lieutenant general. He represented Thailand at the ceremony to mark the end of the Korean War in July 1953 and was later promoted as commander of the 1st Region Army. He was appointed deputy cooperatives minister in 1955. Thanom supported Sarit in his coup against the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram, and was subsequently appointed defence minister in Pote Sarasin's puppet regime in 1957. Thanom consolidated his power base as the second military leader and right-hand man of Sarit. A few days after the December 1957 general election, in which the pro-government Sahaphum Party ("United Land") had performed disappointingly, Thanom co-founded the National Socialist Party (Chat Sangkhomniyom). He became the deputy leader of this party designed to extend the pro-government camp and win over former members of Phibunsongkhram's Seri Manangkhasila Party who had been reelected to parliament as independents.[1] In 1958, he was made a full general and assumed the offices of prime minister and defence minister. He was prime minister for nine months, after which he was replaced by Sarit himself and made deputy prime minister, defence minister, and armed forces deputy supreme commander. Prime ministerThanom was appointed prime minister one day after Sarit's death in 1963. He subsequently appointed himself commander-in-chief of the army. One year later, he promoted himself to the concurrent ranks of field marshal, admiral of the fleet, and Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force. Thanom continued the pro-American and anti-communist politics of his predecessor, which helped to ensure massive US economic and financial aid during the Vietnam War. Although he was personally popular, his regime was known for massive corruption. He established and led the United Thai People's Party (Saha Prachathai) in October 1968. Thanom reappointed himself prime minister in February 1969 after general elections had been completed. The following year saw the beginnings of the 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand. Then, in November 1971, he staged a coup against his own government, citing the need to suppress communist infiltration. He dissolved parliament and appointed himself Chairman of the National Executive Council, and served as a caretaker government for one year. In December 1972, he appointed himself prime minister for a fourth time, also serving as the defence and foreign ministers. Thanom, his son Colonel Narong, and Narong's father-in-law General Praphas Charusathien became known as the "three tyrants". Public discontent grew, along with demands for a general election to choose a new parliament. Student-led demands for a return to constitutional government, the so-called "14 October 1973 uprising", led to three days of violence followed by the sudden downfall of his regime. Thanom and the other "tyrants" flew to exile in the United States and Singapore. Thanom's departure was followed by a restoration of a democratic rule in Thailand. After Thammasat University massacre{{Main|Thammasat University massacre}}In October 1976, Thanom returned to Thailand in the robes of a novice monk[2] to stay at Bangkok's Wat Bowonniwet. His return triggered student protests, which eventually moved onto the campus of Thammasat University. This was only a year after South Vietnam and Thailand's neighbours Laos and Cambodia had fallen to the communists, and right-wing Thais believed the protesters wished the same fate for their country. On 6 October 1976, right wing militants, aided by government security forces, stormed the Thammasat campus, violently broke up the protests and massacred many protesters. That evening, the military seized power from the elected civilian government of Democrat MR Seni Pramoj and installed hard-line royalist Thanin Kraivichien as premier. Thanom left the monkhood, but never again entered politics. Late in his life, he attempted to rehabilitate his tarnished image and recover properties seized when his government was overthrown. In March 1999, Thanom was nominated to be a member of the honorary Royal Guard by Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai, which led to controversy. Thanom settled the matter by turning down the appointment. Thanom Kittikachorn died in 2004 the age of 92 in Bangkok General Hospital, after suffering a stroke and a heart attack two years earlier. His family's medical expenses were paid by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, which some saw as payback for Thanom's agreeing to leave the country to end the violence in 1973. Thanom's cremation was held on 25 February 2007 at Wat Debsirin. Queen Sirikit presided over the cremation ceremony, lighting the royal flame on behalf of King Bhumibol. Her youngest daughter, Princess Chulabhorn, also presided. His wife died in 2012 aged 98. HonoursThanom received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:[3]
Foreign honour
References1. ^{{Citation |author=Thak Chaloemtiarana |title=Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism |year=2007 |place=Ithaca NY |publisher=Cornell Southeast Asia Program |page=88 |isbn=978-0-8772-7742-2}} 2. ^In the book of exile, Thaksin pens his legacy 3. ^Biography {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120918144958/http://www.rta.mi.th/command/command17.htm |date=18 September 2012 }}, Royal Thai Army website (in Thai). Retrieved on 4 December 2008. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1962.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1962.}} External links
|-{{s-mil}}{{s-bef|before=Sarit Thanarat}}{{s-ttl|title=Supreme Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces|years=1963–1973}}{{s-aft|after=Dawee Chullasapya}}{{s-bef|before=Sarit Thanarat}}{{s-ttl|title=Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army|years=1963–1964}}{{s-aft|after=Praphas Charusathien}}{{s-end}}{{Prime Ministers of Thailand}}{{Royal Thai Army Chiefs}}{{History of Thailand 1932 - 1973}}{{History of Thailand since 1973}}{{Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kittikachorn, Thanom}} 16 : 1911 births|2004 deaths|Army Commanders of the Royal Thai Army|Field marshals of Thailand|Leaders who took power by coup|Marshals of the Royal Thai Air Force|People of the Vietnam War|Prime Ministers of Thailand|Thai anti-communists|Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao|Knights Grand Commander (Senangapati) of the Order of Rama|Honorary Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm|Ministers of Defence of Thailand|Deputy Prime Ministers of Thailand|People from Tak Province|Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
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