| 词条 | The Advocate (LGBT magazine) |
| 释义 |
| title = The Advocate | image_file = Advocate-Issue994.jpg | image_alt = The cover of the American LGBT-interest magazine The Advocate, No. 994, October 9, 2007; Hillary Clinton is on the cover | image_caption = The Advocate No. 994, October 9, 2007; Hillary Clinton is on the cover | editor = Zach Stafford[1] | editor_title = Editor in Chief | frequency = Bi-monthly | circulation = 175,000 | category = Newsmagazine | company = Here Media | founded = 1967 | firstdate = | country = United States | language = English | website = www.advocate.com | issn = 0001-8996 }} The Advocate is an American LGBT-interest magazine, printed bi-monthly[2] and available by subscription. The Advocate brand also includes a website. Both magazine and website have an editorial focus on news, politics, opinion, and arts and entertainment of interest to lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and transgender (LGBT) people. The magazine, established in 1967,[3] is the oldest and largest LGBT publication in the United States and the only surviving one of its kind that was founded before the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, an incident that is generally credited as the beginning of the LGBT rights movement. HistoryThe Advocate was first published as a local newsletter by the activist group Personal Rights in Defense and Education (PRIDE) in Los Angeles. The newsletter was inspired by a police raid on a Los Angeles gay bar, the Black Cat Tavern, on January 1, 1967, and the demonstrations against police brutality in the months following that raid.[4] Richard Mitch (using the pseudonym "Dick Michaels") and Bill Rau (under the name "Bill Rand") joined PRIDE and, along with Aristide Laurent and artist Sam Winston, transformed the newsletter into a newspaper titled The Los Angeles Advocate.[5] The first issue bore a cover date of September 1967, and was sold for 25 cents in gay bars in Los Angeles. By early 1968, PRIDE was struggling to stay viable and Mitch and Rau paid the group one dollar for ownership of the paper in February of that year.[6] In 1969 the newspaper was renamed The Advocate and distributed nationally. By 1974, Mitch and Rau were printing 40,000 copies for each issue.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The newspaper attracted the attention of David B. Goodstein, an investment banker from San Francisco who bought the publication in 1974. Under Goodstein's direction, The Advocate transformed into a bi-weekly national news magazine covering events important to the GLBT community, including the gay rights movement, along with arts and culture. Goodstein also worked toward reducing sex-oriented advertisements in favor of more mainstream sponsors.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Goodstein and Dr. Rob Eichberg created The Advocate Experience. Loosely based on the then-popular EST (Erhardt Seminars Training), it was a two-weekend, all-day series of extensive self-realization workshops to bring self-acceptance, awareness and tolerance within the LGBT community. Goodstein and Eichberg facilitated the workshops for much of their duration. Goodstein's later editorials remained strongly opposed state intervention during the early years of the AIDS epidemic. He argued even though "our lifestyle can become an elaborate suicidal ritual...our safety and survival depends on each of us and our individual behaviour," as opposed to government public health regulations.[7] Soon after Goodstein's death in 1985, the magazine was transformed from a tabloid-size newspaper format in two sections (with the second section carrying sexually explicit advertisements) to a standard magazine format, beginning with the October 1, 1985 issue.[8] Breakthroughs in straight celebrity covers came under the flamboyant command of editor in chief, Richard Rouilard in the 1980s and early 1990s. After his death from AIDS, this editorial trend continued successfully with editor in chief Jeff Yarbrough. It was during this time that the magazine stopped carrying sexually explicit advertisements, and in 1992 it launched a sister publication, Advocate Classifieds. Under the leadership of its first female editor in chief, Judy Wieder, (1996—2002; editorial director, 2002-2006), The Advocate brought in a variety of voices, won numerous mainstream publishing awards, and set records for newsstand sales, circulation, and advertising.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Wieder and her staff's coming-out interviews with such diverse gay luminaries as Ellen DeGeneres, George Michael, Liz Smith, Gore Vidal, Chaz Bono, Jim McGreevey, Melissa Etheridge and Rob Halford garnered the magazine much television exposure and helped to lift the status of "The Advocate Interview" as well as the visibility of the publication.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The Advocate changed hands through a series of mergers and acquisitions, first unsuccessfully with PlanetOut in 2006, and later with Here Media. In a cost-cutting move in 2008, Here Media, conceding that The Advocate print edition could no longer compete with local weekly LGBT newspapers and the Internet for hard news, switched the magazine from a bi-weekly to a monthly publication cycle.[9] Starting in 2010, Here Media consolidated the distribution for The Advocate and Out magazines. The Advocate print version continues to be published and is available enclosed with Out as a combination package via subscription. In 2010 there were press reports of freelance writers not being paid for their work.[10] As of May 2013, The Advocate is no longer produced in-house at Here Media but by Grand Editorial for Here Media. Grand Editorial is a contractor based in Brooklyn, New York, that also produces Out.[11] The Advocate is now published bi-monthly with 6 issues per year.[11]ComicsThe Advocate provided a venue for several noteworthy LGBT cartoonists in the 1970s and 1980s. Early in its history the publication ran single-panel gag cartoons by Joe Johnson featuring effeminate Miss Thing and beefy Big Dick,[12] and "Gayer Than Strange" by Sean. After these were discontinued, It's a Gay Life by Donelan debuted in 1977 and ran for 15 years.[12] Howard Cruse's strip Wendel appeared from 1983 to 1989, transitioning from a single tabloid-size page to two magazine-size pages when the publication changed format. Leonard and Larry by Tim Barela[12][13] and Servants to the Cause by Alison Bechdel also appeared briefly during the late 1980s. Awards and accoladesIn January 2014 The Huffington Post cited three Advocate covers in its feature, "23 Magazine Covers That Got It Right When Depicting Powerful Women": February 2011 (featuring Hillary Clinton), February 2012 (Nancy Pelosi) and January 2013 (Tammy Baldwin, .com edition).[14]
Past and present contributors{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2018/12/20/zach-stafford-formerly-grindr-named-advocate-editor-chief|title=Zach Stafford, Formerly of Grindr, Named The Advocate Editor in Chief|website=Out|date=December 20, 2018|accessdate=February 20, 2019}} 2. ^{{cite news|first=Lauren |last=Bell|date=August 26, 2008|title=The Advocate, under new ownership, cuts frequency|url= http://www.dmnews.com/the-advocate-under-new-ownership-cuts-frequency/article/115916/|work=Direct Marketing News|accessdate= January 30, 2014}} 3. ^{{cite journal|author=Sandra L. Caron|title=An investigation of content and media images in gay men's magazines|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=February 2008|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_Caron/publication/23555244_An_investigation_of_content_and_media_images_in_gay_men's_magazines/links/53ea15c80cf2dc24b3cb07d3.pdf|accessdate=August 13, 2015|doi=10.1080/00918360802345297|volume=55|pages=504–523}} 4. ^{{cite news |department= Past Out |first= Liz |last= Highleyman |title= What Is the History of The Advocate? |url= http://www.camprehoboth.com/issue09_14_07/past_out.htm |work= Letters From CAMP Rehoboth |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070503112345/http://www.camprehoboth.com/issue09_14_07/past_out.htm |archivedate= May 3, 2007}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1= Hogan |first1= Steve |first2= Lee |last2= Hudson |lastauthoramp= yes |year= 1998 |title= Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia |location= New York |publisher= Henry Holt |isbn= 0-8050-3629-6 |page= 13}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1= Tobin |first1= Kay |first2= Randy |last2= Wicker |lastauthoramp= yes |year= 1972 |title= The Gay Crusaders |location= New York |publisher= Paperback Library |oclc= 1922404 |page= 80}} 7. ^{{cite news |first= David |last= Goodstein |title= Editorial |work= The Advocate |page= 6 |date= March 18, 1982 }} 8. ^{{cite book |url= http://advocate.com/40/covers/imgbig.asp?id=0430 |title= The Advocate |date= October 1, 1985 |at= Front Cover}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Moses |first=Lucia |url=http://www.adweek.com/news/press/advocate-go-monthly-110784 |title=The Advocate to Go Monthly |work=Adweek |date=2008-12-19 |accessdate=2013-06-25}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Fleischer|first=Matthew|title=‘The Advocate’ Does Not Pay Its Freelancers|url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlLA/magazines/the_advocate_does_not_pay_its_freelancers_167500.asp|work=FishbowlLA|accessdate=November 28, 2010|date=July 13, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920070911/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/magazines/the_advocate_does_not_pay_its_freelancers_167500.asp|archivedate=September 20, 2010|df=mdy-all}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/matthew-breen-advocate-grand-editorial-here-media_b195989 |title=The Advocate{{'s}} Matthew Breen Headed to Brooklyn |publisher=FishbowlNY |website=MediaBistro.org |date=May 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 16, 2014}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Theophano|first1=Teresa|title=Comic Strips and Cartoons|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/comic_strips_cartoons_A.pdf|website=GLBTQ Archive|accessdate=5 May 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web | last = The Gay Comics List | title = Leonard & Larry | url=http://gaycomicslist.free.fr/pages/reviews.php?review=ll | accessdate = 2016-05-04 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/27/magazine-covers-powerful-women_n_4673808.html |title=23 Magazine Covers That Got It Right When Depicting Powerful Women |first=Alanna |last=Vagianos |date=January 27, 2014 |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=March 10, 2014}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/mediaawards/nominees/2014/ |title=GLAAD Media Awards Nominees (2014) |accessdate=March 11, 2014|website=GLAAD.org}} Further reading
External links
10 : 1967 establishments in the United States|American bimonthly magazines|American LGBT-related magazines|American monthly magazines|American news magazines|Biweekly magazines|LGBT-related newspapers in the United States|LGBT-related websites|Magazines established in 1967|Magazines published in California |
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