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词条 Shapsug Adyghe dialect
释义

  1. Subdialects

  2. Phonology

     Palatalized velar stops  Retroflex affricates   Dropped consonants    Aspirated consonants   Others  

  3. Grammar differences

     Instrumental case  Desirement mood  Demonstratives  У vs. Мо  Sample  Future tense  Question words  Big suffix (~фо)  Positional prefix directly (джэхэ~)  Positional prefix merging (го~) 

  4. Sample text

  5. See also

  6. External links

  7. References

{{Infobox language
|name=Shapsug Adyghe dialect
|states=Republic of Adygea, Turkey, Israel Kfar Kama, Jordan
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Caucasian
|fam1=Northwest Caucasian
|fam2=Circassian
|fam3=Adyghe
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=shap1240
|glottorefname=Shapsug
}}

The Shapsug dialect ({{lang-ady|Шапсыгъабзэ}}; {{lang-kbd|Шапсыгъэбзэ}}) is a dialect of Adyghe.[1] The Shapsug dialect is spoken by the Shapsugs, which are one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea, alongside Abzakhs. The Shapsug dialect is very similar to the Natukhai dialect and together, they make the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe. The Shapsug dialect consists of three main sub dialects: Great Shapsug (North Shapsug), Small Shapsug (South Shapsug) and Hakuchi. The Shapsug dialect is best known as the dialect with palatalized velar stops.

Subdialects

  • The Black Sea coast dialects
    • Natukhai dialect ({{lang-ady|Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ}})
    • Shapsug dialect ({{lang-ady|Шапсыгъабзэ}})
    • North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Шапсыгъэ шху).
    • Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel.
    • South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect.
    • Hakuchi dialect (ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ)

Phonology

LabialAlveolarPost-alveolarAlveolo-
palatal		RetroflexVelarUvularPharyngealGlottal
plainlab.lat.plainlab.plainlab.pal.plainlab.plainlab.
Plosivevoicelessp}}t}}kʷ}}kʲ}}q}}qʷ}}ʔ}}ʔʷ}}
voicedb}}d}}ɡʷ}}ɡʲ}}
ejectivepʼ}}tʼ}}tʷʼ}}kʷʼ}}kʲʼ}}
Affricatevoicelesst͡s}}t͡ʃ}}t͡ʃʷ}}
voicedd͡z}}d͡ʒ}}
ejectivet͡sʼ}}t͡ʃʼ}}
Fricativevoicelessf}}s}}ɬ}}ʃ}}ʃʷ}}ɕ}}ʂ}}x}}χ}}χʷ}}ħ}}
voicedz}}ʒ}}ʒʷ}}ʑ}}ʐ}}ɣ}}ʁ}}ʁʷ}}
ejectivesʼ}}ɬʼ}}ʃʼ}}ʃʷʼ}}
Nasalm}}n}}
Approximantl}}j}}w}}
Trillr}}

Palatalized velar stops

In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there is a palatalized voiced velar stop {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}} {{angle bracket|гь}}, a palatalized voiceless velar stop {{IPA|[kʲ]}} {{angle bracket|кь}} and a palatalized velar ejective {{IPA|[kʲʼ]}} {{angle bracket|кӏь}} that were merged with дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}, ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} in most Adyghe dialects.[2][3][4][5] Note that the Shapsug dialect also has ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}, дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} and кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} in words like чэмы "cow", джэмышх "spoon" and кӏалэ "boy".

  • Shapsug гь {{IPAblink|ɡ|ɡʲ}} became дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} in other dialects:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
shirt гьанэ ɡʲaːna джанэ dʒaːna джанэ dʒaːna
pants гъошэгь ʁʷaʃaɡʲ гъончэдж ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ гъуэншэдж ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ
now гьы ɡʲə джы dʒə джы dʒə
fur coat гьэдыгу ɡʲadəɡʷ джэдыгу dʒadəɡʷ джэдыгу dʒadəɡʷ
to study
to read		 егьэн jaɡʲan еджэн jadʒan еджэн jadʒan
game гьэгу ɡʲagʷ джэгу d͡ʒagʷ джэгу d͡ʒagʷ
bitter дыгьы dəɡʲə дыджы dəd͡ʒə дыдж dəd͡ʒ
sick сымагьэ səmaːɡʲa сымаджэ səmaːd͡ʒa сымаджэ səmaːd͡ʒa
bold шъхьэгьашъо ʂħaɡʲaːʃʷa шъхьэджашъо ʂħad͡ʒaːʃʷa
evil бзагьэ bzaːɡʲa бзаджэ bzaːd͡ʒa бзаджэ bzaːd͡ʒa
valley къолагьэ qʷalaːɡʲa къоладжэ qʷalaːd͡ʒa къуэладжэ qʷalaːd͡ʒa
that's it гьары ɡʲaːrə джары d͡ʒaːrə джары d͡ʒaːrə
noon щэгьагъо ɕaɡʲaːʁʷa щэджагъо ɕad͡ʒaːʁʷa шэджагъуэ ʃad͡ʒaːʁʷa
infidel гьаур ɡʲaːwər джаур d͡ʒaːwər джаур d͡ʒaːwər
to stand up тэгьын taɡʲən тэджын tad͡ʒən тэджын tad͡ʒən
dance угь wəɡʲ удж wəd͡ʒ удж wəd͡ʒ
  • Shapsug кь {{IPAblink|k|kʲ}} became ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} in other dialects:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
sword кьатэ kʲaːta чатэ t͡ʃaːta джатэ d͡ʒaːta
throat кьый kʲəj чый t͡ʃəj чий t͡ʃəj
chicken кьэт kʲat чэты t͡ʃatə джэд d͡ʒad
chick кьэтжъые kʲatʐəja чэтыжъые t͡ʃatəʐəja джэджьей d͡ʒadʑej
cat кьэтыу kʲatəw чэтыу t͡ʃatəw джэдыу d͡ʒadəw
glass апкь ʔaːpkʲ апч ʔaːpt͡ʃ абдж ʔaːbd͡ʒ
brushwood кьы kʲə чы t͡ʃə чы t͡ʃə
shop тукьан təkʲaːn тучан tət͡ʃaːn тучан tət͡ʃaːn
goatling кьэцӏы kʲat͡sʼə чэцӏы t͡ʃat͡sʼə
gate кьэупчъ kʲawəpt͡ɕ чэупчъ t͡ʃawəpt͡ʂ чоубжэ t͡ʃawbdʒa
cheerful кьэфы kʲafə чэфы t͡ʃafə джэху d͡ʒaxʷ
hovel кьыл kʲəl чыл t͡ʃəɮ чыл t͡ʃəɮ
humming top кьынэ kʲəna чынэ t͡ʃəna чын t͡ʃən
spleen кьэ kʲa чэ t͡ʃa чэ t͡ʃa
to spin гъэкьэрэзын ʁakʲarazən гъэчэрэзын ʁat͡ʃrazən гъэджэрэзын ʁad͡ʒarazən
  • Shapsug кӏь {{IPAblink|kʼ|kʲʼ}} became кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} in other dialects:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
tail кӏьэ kʲʼa кӏэ t͡ʃʼa кӏэ t͡ʃʼa
egg кӏьакӏьэ kʲʼaːkʲʼa кӏэнкӏэ t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa джэдыкӏэ d͡ʒadət͡ʃʼa
skirt кӏьэпхын kʲʼapxən кӏэпхын t͡ʃʼapxən кӏэпхын t͡ʃʼapxən
Temirgoy кӏьэмгуе kʲʼamɡʷəja кӏэмгуе t͡ʃʼamɡʷəja кӏэмгуе t͡ʃʼamɡʷəja
smithy кӏьыщ kʲʼəɕ кӏыщ t͡ʃʼəɕ кӏыщ t͡ʃʼəɕ
ceiling кӏьашъо kʲʼaːʃʷa кӏашъо t͡ʃʼaːʃʷa кӏафэ t͡ʃʼaːfa
rope кӏьапсэ kʲʼaːpsa кӏапсэ t͡ʃʼaːpsa кӏапсэ t͡ʃʼaːpsa
gun кӏьэрахъо kʲʼaraːχʷa кӏэрахъо t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa кӏэрахъуэ t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa
long кӏьэхьы kʲʼaħə кӏыхьэ t͡ʃʼəħa кӏыхь t͡ʃʼəħ
short кӏьако kʲʼaːkʷa кӏако t͡ʃʼaːkʷa кӏагуэ t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa
to kill укӏьын wkʲʼən укӏын wt͡ʃʼən укӏын wt͡ʃʼən
to move away ӏукӏьын ʔʷəkʲʼən ӏукӏын ʔʷət͡ʃʼən ӏукӏын ʔʷət͡ʃʼən
key ӏукӏьыбзэ ʔʷəkʲʼəbza ӏункӏыбзэ ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza ӏункӏыбз ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbz
day after tomorrow нэущымыщкӏь nawɕəməʃkʲʼ неущымыкӏ najwɕəmət͡ʃʼ пщэдей pɕadaj
to wink енэкӏьэон janakʲʼawan енэкӏэон janat͡ʃʼawan енэкӏэуэн janat͡ʃʼawan
beard жакӏьэ ʒaːkʲʼa жакӏэ ʒaːt͡ʃʼa жьакӏэ ʑaːt͡ʃʼa
poor тхьэмыщкӏь tħaməɕkʲʼ тхьамыкӏ tħaːmət͡ʃʼ тхьэмыщкӏэ tħaməɕt͡ʃʼa
to be ashamed укӏьытэн wəkʲʼətan укӏытэн wət͡ʃʼətan укӏытэн wət͡ʃʼətan

Retroflex affricates

The retroflex affricate consonants чъ {{IPAblink|ʈʂ}} and чӏ {{IPAblink|ʈʂʼ}} (that exist in Chemguy and Bzhedug dialects) merged with the palato-alveolar affricate consonants ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} in the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects.[6]

  • Chemguy чъ {{IPAblink|ʈʂ}} became ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} in Shapsug :
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
tree чыг t͡ʃəɣ чъыгы ʈʂəɣə жыг ʒəɣ
to sleep чыен t͡ʃəjan чъыен ʈʂəjan жыен ʒəjan
cold чыӏэ t͡ʃəʔa чъыӏэ ʈʂəʔa щӏыӏэ ɕʼəʔa
to run чэн t͡ʃan чъэн ʈʂan жэн ʒan
to run down ечэхын jat͡ʃaxən ечъэхын jaʈʂaxən ежэхын jaʒaxən
goat ачэ aːt͡ʃa ачъэ aːʈʂa ажэ aːʒa
number пчагъэ pt͡ʃaːʁa пчъагъэ pʈʂaːʁa бжагъэ bʒaːʁa
door пчэ pt͡ʃa пчъэ pʈʂa бжэ bʒa
door handle пчэпсы pt͡ʃapsə пчъэпсы pʈʂapsə бжэпсы bʒapsə
  • Chemguy чӏ {{IPAblink|ʈʂʼ}} became кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} in Shapsug :
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
stands under кӏэт t͡ʃʼat чӏэт ʈʂʼat щӏэт ɕʼat
sits under кӏэс t͡ʃʼas чӏэс ʈʂʼas щӏэс ɕʼas
lies under кӏэлъ t͡ʃʼaɬ чӏэлъ ʈʂʼaɬ щӏэлъ ɕʼaɬ
area кӏыпӏэ t͡ʃʼəpʼa чӏыпӏэ ʈʂʼəpʼa щӏыпӏэ ɕʼəpʼa
debt кӏыфэ t͡ʃʼəfa чӏыфэ ʈʂʼəfa щӏыхуэ ɕʼəxʷa
earth кӏыгу t͡ʃʼəɡʷ чӏыгу ʈʂʼəɡʷ щӏыгу ɕʼəɡʷ
bottom кӏэ t͡ʃʼa чӏэ ʈʂʼa щӏэ ɕʼa
strong, force кӏуакӏэ kʷʼaːt͡ʃʼa кӏуачӏэ kʷʼaːʈʂʼa кӏуащӏэ kʷʼaːɕʼa
iron гъукӏы ʁʷət͡ʃʼə гъучӏы ʁʷəʈʂʼə гъущӏы ʁʷəɕʼə
daw къуакӏэ qʷaːt͡ʃʼa къуанчӏэ qʷaːnʈʂʼa къуанщӏэ qʷaːnɕʼa
bumblebee кӏыбжь t͡ʃʼəbʑ чӏыбжь ʈʂʼəbʑ щӏыбжь ɕʼəbʑ
badger кӏыкъо t͡ʃʼəqʷa чӏыкъу ʈʂʼəqʷ щӏыкъу ɕʼəqʷ
dark кӏапсӏэ t͡ʃʼaːpsʼa чӏапцӏэ ʈʂʼaːpt͡sʼa щӏапцӏэ ɕʼaːpt͡sʼa
to ask упкӏэн wəpt͡ʃʼan упчӏэн wəpʈʂʼan упщӏэн wəpɕʼan
gem, jewel мыкӏы mət͡ʃʼə мычӏы məʈʂʼə мыщӏы məɕʼə
clew хъукӏанэ χʷət͡ʃʼaːna хъучӏанэ χʷəʈʂʼaːna хъущӏанэ χʷəɕʼaːna
to bury кӏэтӏэн t͡ʃʼatʼan чӏэтӏэн ʈʂʼatʼan щӏэтӏэн ɕʼatʼan

Dropped consonants

In the Great Shapsug dialect (Like Bzhedug dialect) in some cases the consonants н {{IPAblink|n}}, м {{IPAblink|m}} and р {{IPAblink|r}} are dropped and are not pronounced.[7]

  • The consonant м {{IPAblink|m}} is dropped before bilabial stops б {{IPAblink|b}}, п {{IPAblink|p}}, пӏ {{IPAblink|pʼ}} :
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
calm сабыр saːbər самбыр saːmbər самбыр saːmbər
Saturday шэбэт ʃabat шэмбэт ʃambat щэбэт ɕabat
finger ӏэпхъабэ ʔapχaːba ӏэхъуамбэ ʔaχʷaːmba ӏэпхъуамбэ ʔapχʷaːmba
toe лъэпхъабэ ɬapχaːba лъэхъуамбэ ɬaχʷaːmba лъэпхъуамбэ ɬapχʷaːmba
wide шъуабгъо ʃʷaːbʁʷa шъуамбгъо ʃʷaːmbʁʷa фабгъуэ faːbʁʷa
peel шъуапӏэ ʃʷaːpʼa шъуампӏэ ʃʷaːmpʼa фампӏэ faːmpʼa
board пхъэбгъу pχabʁʷ пхъэмбгъу pχambʁʷ пхъэбгъу pχabʁʷ
worm хьэблыу ħabləw хьамлыу ħaːmɮəw хьэмбылыу ħambəɮəw
  • The consonant н {{IPAblink|n}} is dropped before postalveolar affricates дж {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}, ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}, кӏ {{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}} and before alveolar stops д {{IPAblink|d}}, т {{IPAblink|t}}, тӏ {{IPAblink|tʼ}} :
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
egg кӏьакӏьэ kʲʼaːkʲʼa кӏэнкӏэ t͡ʃant͡ʃa джэдыкӏэ d͡ʒadət͡ʃʼa
sweat пкӏатӏэ pt͡ʃʼaːtʼa пкӏантӏэ pt͡ʃʼaːntʼa пщӏантӏэ pɕʼaːntʼa
flue pipe оджэкъ wad͡ʒaq онджэкъ wand͡ʒaq
rice пыдж pəd͡ʒ пындж pənd͡ʒ пынжь pənʑ
pillow шъхьатэ ʂħaːta шъхьантэ ʂħaːnta щхьэнтэ ɕħanta
pants гъочэгь ʁʷaʃaɡʲ гъончэдж ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ гъуэншэдж ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ
fast псыкӏэ psət͡ʃʼa псынкӏэ psənt͡ʃʼa псынщӏэ psənɕʼa
shovel хьацэ ħaːt͡sa хьанцэ ħaːnt͡sa хьэнцэ ħant͡sa
blue шъухъуатӏэ ʃʷχʷaːtʼa шхъуантӏэ ʃχʷaːntʼa шхъуантӏэ ʃχʷaːntʼa
key ӏукӏьыбзэ ʔʷəkʲʼəbza ӏункӏыбзэ ʔʷənt͡ʃəbza ӏункӏыбзэ ʔʷənt͡ʃəbza
vein лъытфэ ɬətfa лъынтфэ ɬəntfa лъынтхуэ ɬəntxʷa
heavy отэгъу wataʁʷ онтэгъу wantaʁʷ уэндэгъу wandaʁʷ
knee лъэгуаджэ ɬaɡʷaːd͡ʒa лъэгуанджэ ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa лъэгуажьэ ɬaɡʷaːʑa
butterfly хьэтӏрэпӏый ħatˈrapˈəj хьэнтӏэрэпӏый ħantˈarapˈəj хьэндырабгъуэ ħandəraːbʁʷa
noise жъот ʒʷat жъонт ʒʷant
peanuts чӏыдэ t͡ʃʼəda чӏындэ t͡ʃʼənda щӏыдэ ɕʼəda
twisted пхэдж pxad͡ʒ пхэндж pxand͡ʒ пхэнж pxandʒ
chair пхъэтӏэкӏу pχatʼakʷʼ пхъэнтӏэкӏу pχantʼakʷʼ пхъэнтӏэкӏу pχantʼakʷʼ
slim гъолагъэ ʁʷalaːʁa гъонлагъэ ʁʷanɮaːʁa - -
to crawl цӏэлъэн t͡sʼaɬan цӏэнлъэн t͡sʼanɬan - -
to цӏэлъэн t͡sʼaɬan цӏэнлъэн t͡sʼanɬan - -
  • The consonant р {{IPAblink|r}} is dropped before a voiceless alveolar stop т {{IPAblink|t}} :
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
corn натыф naːtəf натрыф naːtrəf нартыху naːrtəxʷ
Nart нат naːt нарт naːrt naːt нарт
gender фыкъо fəqʷa фыркъо fərqʷa хукхъуэ xʷərqχʷa
Jewish джут d͡ʒəwt джурт d͡ʒəwrt журт dʒəwrt
to crush пӏытӏын pʼətʼən пӏыртӏын pʼərtʼən

Aspirated consonants

In the Shapsug dialect (Like the Bzhedug dialect) there exist a series of aspirated consonants (/pʰ/ /tʰ/ /ʃʰ/ /t͡sʰ/ /t͡ʃʰ/ /t͡ʂʰ/ /t͡ɕʰʷ/ /kʲʰ/ /kʰʷ/ /qʰ/ /qʰʷ/) that became plain consonants in other dialects:[8][9]

  • Shapsug пʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|pʰ}} ↔ п {{IPAblink|p}} in other dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
sharp pʰaːpsʼa пʰапсӏэ paːpt͡sʼa папцӏэ paːpsʼa paːpt͡sʼa
arrogant пагэ.ogg|pʰaːɣa |help=no}} пʰагэ paːɣa пагэ paːɣa пагэ
nose пэ.ogg|pʰa|help=no}} пʰэ pa пэ pa пэ
  • Shapsug тʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|tʰ}} ↔ т {{IPAblink|t}} in other dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
respect пхъатэ.ogg|pχaːtʰa|help=no}} пхъатʰэ pχaːta пхъатэ - -
to give jatʰən етʰын jatən етын jatən етын
to take ʃtʰan штʰэн ʃtan штэн ɕtan щтэн
on tʰajt тʰет tajt тет tat тет
smooth t͡sʼaːʂʷtʰa цӏашъутʰэ t͡sʼaːʃʷta цӏашъутэ t͡sʼaːfta цӏафтэ
to afraid ɕtʰan щтʰэн ɕtan щтэн ɕtan щтэн
pillow шъхьантэ.ogg|ʂħaːntʰa|help=no}} шъхьантʰэ ʂħaːnta шъхьантэ ɕħaːta щхьатэ
  • Shapsug цʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|t͡sʰ}} ↔ ц {{IPAblink|t͡s}} in other dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
wool цы.ogg|t͡sʰə|help=no}} цʰы t͡sə цы t͡sə цы
eyelash nabzət͡sʰ нэбзыцʰ nabzət͡s нэбзыц - -
  • Shapsug шʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|ʃʰ}} ↔ щ {{IPAblink|ɕ}} in other Adyghe dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
milk щэ.ogg|ʃʰa|help=no}} шʰэ ɕa щэ ʃa шэ
lame лъащэ.ogg|ɬaːʃʰa|help=no}} лъашʰэ ɬaːɕa лъащэ ɬaːʃa лъашэ
salt щыгъу.ogg|ʃʰəʁʷ|help=no}} шʰыгъу ɕəʁʷ щыгъу ʃəʁʷ шыгъу
cloud pʃʰa пшʰэ pɕa пщэ pʃa пшэ
pus щыны.ogg|ʃʰənə|help=no}} шʰыны ɕənə щыны ʃən шын
accordion пщынэ.ogg|pʃʰəna|help=no}} пшʰынэ pɕəna пщынэ pʃəna пшынэ
fat пщэры.ogg|pʃʰarə|help=no}} пшʰэры pɕarə пщэры pʃar пшэр
wax шэфы.ogg|ʃʰafə|help=no}} шʰэфы ʃafə шэфы ʃaxʷə шэху
horse ʃʰə шʰы ʃə шы ʃə шы
sand Пщахъо.ogg|pʃʰaːχʷa|help=no}} пшʰахъо pʃaːχʷa пшахъо pʃaːχʷa пшахъуэ
story Пщысэ.ogg|pʃʰəsa|help=no}} пшʰысэ pʃəsa пшысэ pʃəsa пшысэ
  • Shapsug кь {{IPAblink|k|kʲ}} ↔ ч {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} in other dialects (чʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|t͡ʃʰ}} in Bzhedug) :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
spleen kʲʰa кьʰэ t͡ʃa чэ t͡ʃa чэ
brushwood
twig 		kʲʰə кьʰы t͡ʃə чы t͡ʃə чы
to cough pskʲʰan пскьʰэн pst͡ʃan псчэн pst͡ʃan псчэн
  • Shapsug кʰу {{IPAblink|ʰ|kʰʷ}} ↔ ку {{IPAblink|ʷ|kʷ}} in other dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
middle ку.ogg|kʰʷə|help=no}} кʰу kʷə ку kʷə ку
thigh ко.ogg|kʰʷa|help=no}} кʰо kʷa ко kʷa куэ
  • Shapsug къʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|qʰ}} ↔ къ {{IPAblink|q}} in other Adyghe dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugKfar KamaNatukhaiTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
grave къэ.ogg|qʰa|help=no}} къʰэ χa хъэ q͡χa кхъэ qa къэ q͡χa кхъэ
  • Shapsug къуʰ {{IPAblink|ʰ|qʰʷ}} ↔ къу {{IPAblink|ʷ|qʷ}} in other Adyghe dialects :
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugKfar KamaNatukhaiTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
pig къо.ogg|qʰʷa|help=no}} къʰо χʷa хъо q͡χʷa кхъо qʷa къо q͡χʷa кхъуэ
cheese qʰʷaːja къʰуае χʷaːja хъуае q͡χʷaːja кхъуае qʷaːja къуае q͡χʷaj кхъуей
ship qʰʷaħ къʰохь qʷaħ къохь - - qʷəħa къухьэ q͡χʷəħ кхъухь
peer qʰʷəʐə къʰужъы qʷəʐə къужъы - - qʷəʐə къужъы q͡χʷəʑə кхъужьы
  • Shapsug чъʰу {{IPAblink|ʷ|t͡ɕʰʷ}} ↔ чу {{IPAblink|ʷ|t͡ʃʷ}} (spelled цу) in Temirgoy:
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
jungle/bushy area t͡ɕʰʷənə чъʰуны t͡ʃʷənə цуны fən фын

Others

In some Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there exist an alveolar ejective fricative {{IPA|[sʼ]}} {{angle bracket|сӏ}} that correspond to {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} {{angle bracket|цӏ}} in other dialects such as Abzakh, Bzhedug, Temirgoy, and Kabardian.[10]

  • Shapsug сӏ {{IPAblink|sʼ}} ↔ цӏ {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}} in other dialects:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
name сӏэ sʼa цӏэ t͡sʼa цӏэ t͡sʼa
lie псӏы psʼə пцӏы pt͡sʼə пцӏы pt͡sʼə
black шӏусӏэ ʃʷʼəsʼa шӏуцӏэ ʃʷʼət͡sʼa фӏыцӏэ fʼət͡sʼa
to yell сӏэсӏэн sʼasʼan цӏэцӏэн t͡sʼat͡sʼan цӏэцӏэн t͡sʼat͡sʼan
naked псӏанэ psʼaːna пцӏанэ pt͡sʼaːna пцӏанэ pt͡sʼaːna
wet сӏынэ sʼəna цӏынэ t͡sʼəna цӏынэ t͡sʼəna
sharp папсӏэ paːpsʼa папцӏэ paːpt͡sʼa папцӏэ paːpt͡sʼa
to lay eggs кӏьэсӏын kʲʼəsʼən кӏэцӏын t͡ʃʼət͡sʼən кӏэцӏын t͡ʃʼət͡sʼən
intestine ныпсӏэ nəpsʼa ныпцӏэ nəpt͡sʼa - -
dark-skinned къуапсӏэ qʷaːpsʼa къуапцӏэ qʷaːpt͡sʼa къуапцӏэ qʷaːpt͡sʼa
barefoot лъапсӏэ ɬaːpsʼa лъапцӏэ ɬaːpst͡sʼa лъапцӏэ ɬaːpst͡sʼa

The labialized retroflex consonants шъу {{ipa|[ʂʷ]}} and жъу {{ipa|[ʐʷ]}} in the Temirgoy dialect are alveolo-palatal щу {{ipa|[ɕʷ]}} and жьу {{ipa|[ʑʷ]}} in the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (Shapsug dialect and Natukhai dialect).

  • Shapsug щу {{IPAblink|ʷ|ɕʷ}} ↔ шъу {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʂʷ}} in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
honey щоу ɕʷaw шъоу ʂʷaw фо faw
color що ɕʷa шъо ʂʷa фэ fa
  • Shapsug жьу {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʑʷ}} ↔ жъу {{IPAblink|ʷ|ʐʷ}} in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
star жьуагъо ʑʷaːʁʷa жьуагъо ʐʷaːʁʷa вагъуэ vaːʁʷa
rock мыжьо məʑʷa мыжъо məʐʷa мывэ məva
wide ӏужьу ʔʷəʑʷə ӏужъу ʔʷəʐʷə ӏувы ʔʷəvə
  • In some Shapsug dialects there exists a voiceless glottal fricative [h] :
Meaning ShapsugStandard Adyghe
more daha -
again dehiza -
now həɡʲ jəd͡ʒə
right now hədadam d͡ʒədadam
for now həɡʲraɡʲa jəd͡ʒərat͡ʃʼa

The Shapsug and Natukhai dialects has many different variants. The following differences apply to some of them.

  • Shapsug с {{IPAblink|s}} ↔ ц {{IPAblink|t͡s}} in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to carry out гъэсэкӏэн ʁasat͡ʃʼan гъэцэкӏэн ʁat͡sat͡ʃʼan гъэзэщӏэн ʁat͡saɕʼan
  • Shapsug шъухъу [ʃʷχʷ] ↔ шхъу [ʃχʷ] in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
blue шъухъуатӏэ ʃʷχʷaːtʼa шхъуатнӏэ ʃχʷaːntʼa шхъуантӏэ ʃχʷaːntʼa
to envy шъухъогъон ʃʷχʷaʁʷan шхъогъон ʃχʷaʁʷan шхъогъуэн ʃχʷaʁʷan
swallow псӏашъухъо psʼaːʃʷχʷa пцӏашхъо pt͡sʼaːʃχʷa пцӏашхъо pt͡sʼaːʃχʷa
  • Shapsug р {{IPAblink|r}} ↔ н {{IPAblink|n}} in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
wrong ӏортӏагъ ʔʷartʼaːʁ ӏонтӏагъ ʔʷantʼaːʁ ӏуэнтӏа ʔʷantʼa
to pop / to burst пӏэркӏьын pʼarkʲʼən пӏонкӏын pʷʼant͡ʃʼən пӏэнкӏын pʼant͡ʃʼən
mirror гъургьэ ʁʷərɡʲa гъунджэ ʁʷərd͡ʒa гъуджэ ʁʷəd͡ʒa
  • Shapsug ф {{IPAblink|f}} ↔ м {{IPAblink|m}} in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to try to smell фэмэн faman пэмэн paman пэмэн paman
  • Shapsug ц {{IPAblink|t͡s}} ↔ с {{IPAblink|s}} in Standard:
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to thrust хицэн xit͡san хисэн xisan хисэн xisan
be careful фэцакъ fat͡saːq фэсакъ fasaːq хуэсакъ xʷasaːq
snot пэпцы papt͡sə пэпсы papsə пэпсы papsə
thin пцыгъо pt͡səʁʷa псыгъо psəʁʷa псыгъуэ psəʁʷa

Grammar differences

Instrumental case

In the instrumental case the noun has the suffix -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa) unlike other dialects that has the suffix -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa).

  • Shapsug: Кӏалэр Адыгэбзэгьэ мэгущаӏэ ↔ Standard: Кӏалэр Адыгэбзэкӏэ мэгущаӏэ - "The boy speaks (using) Adyghe language".
  • Shapsug: Къэлэмымгьэ сэтхэ ↔ Standard: Къэлэмымкӏэ сэтхэ - "I write (using) with the pencil".

Desirement mood

In the Shapsug dialect, the suffix ~рагъу /raːʁʷ/ is added to verbs to indicate the desirement to do that verb. For example:

  • Туканым сыкӏорагъу - "I want to go to the shop".
  • Есыпӏэм рэкӏорэгъуагъ - "(S)he wanted to go to the pool".
  • Къэкӏорэгъот кӏалэр - "The boy would want to come".
  • Тутын уешъорагъуа? - "Do you want to smoke cigarette?".
  • Нэущы уздэгущаӏэрагъу - "I want to speak with you tomorrow".
  • Сышхэрагъу игь - "I want to eat now".

Demonstratives

Shapsug has six demonstratives: а /ʔaː/, гьэ /ɡʲa/, у /wə/, дыу /dəwə/, дымы /dəmə/ and мы /mə/.

а /ʔaː/

  1. that
    {{lang|ady|а ӏанэ}} — that table
    {{lang|ady|а пшъашъэ}} — that girl
    {{lang|ady|а кӏалэм еӏо}} — that boy is saying
    • The determiner {{lang|ady|'а'}} /ʔaː/ refer to a referent that is far away and invisible to both the speaker and the listener(s). It is similar to the English language determiner that, but with the condition that the referent has to be invisible or far away.

у /wə/ (мо /mo/ in other dialects)

  1. that
    {{lang|ady|у ӏанэ}} — that table
    {{lang|ady|у пшъашъэ}} — that girl
    {{lang|ady|у кӀалэм еӀо}} — that boy is saying
    • The determiner {{lang|ady|'у'}} refer to a referent that is visible and in a known distance from both the speaker and the listener(s) (both the speaker and the listener(s) can see the referent). It is similar to the English language determiner that, but with the condition that the referent has to be visible.

мы /mə/

  1. this
    {{lang|ady|мы ӏанэ}} — this table
    {{lang|ady|мы пшъашъэ}} — this girl
    {{lang|ady|мы кӀалэм еӀо}} — this boy is saying
    {{lang|ady|мы мэгъэ}} — this year
    • The determiner {{lang|ady|'мы'}} refer to a referent that is close to both the speaker and the listener(s). It is exactly like the English language determiner this.

дыу /dəwə/ (дымо /dəmo/ in other dialects)

  1. that (over there)
    {{lang|ady|дыу ӏанэ}} — that table over there
    {{lang|ady|дыу пшъашъэ}} — that girl over there
    {{lang|ady|дыу кӀалэм еӀо}} — that boy over there is saying
    {{lang|ady|дыу цӀыфэр улъэгъуа?}} — Do you see that person over there?
    • The determiner {{lang|ady|'дыу'}} refer to a referent that is visible. This determiner is used when the speaker wants to emphasizes that the object is in his sight, so that the listener(s) will expect the referent to be the thing (s)he looks at. It is usually used to introduce a new referent, for example it can be used to refer to a stranger on the street or to refer to a certain object on the field that is visible. This determiner might be used while pointing one's finger at the people or objects in question.

дымы /dəmə/

  1. this (over here)
    {{lang|ady|дымы ӏанэ}} — this table over here
    {{lang|ady|дымы пшъашъэ}} — this girl over here
    {{lang|ady|дымы кӀалэм еӀо}} — this boy over here is saying
    {{lang|ady|дымы цӀыфэр улъэгъуа?}} — Do you see this person over here?
    • The determiner {{lang|ady|'дымы'}} refer to a referent that is visible. This determiner is similar to the determiner дымо. This is used instead of дымо when the referent is very near. Like the determiner дымо, it might be used while pointing one's finger at the referent in question. Even without pointing fingers the listener(s) will expect the referent to be the thing the speaker looks at. It can be used to point on objects in a room for example.

гьэ /gʲa/ (гьэ джэ /d͡ʒa/ in other dialects)

  1. that
    {{lang|ady|гьэ ӏанэ}} — that table
    {{lang|ady|гьэ пшъашъэ}} — that girl
    {{lang|ady|гьэ кӏалэм еӏо}} — that boy is saying
    • The determiner {{lang|ady|'гьэ'}} refer to a referent which is usually invisible. This determiner is used when the referent in the conversation is clear to both the speaker and the listener(s). Someone would use this determiner in order to emphasizes that both he and the listener(s) have the same referent in mind.

У vs. Мо

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
that (abs.) ур wər мор mawr мор mawr
that (erg.) ущ wəɕ мощ mawɕ мобы mawbə
using that ущгьэ wəɕɡʲa мощкӏэ mawɕt͡ʃʼa - -
like that ущтэу wəɕtaw мощтэу mawɕaw мопхуэдэу mawpxʷadaw
that is it уары waːrə моры mawrə мораш mawraːɕ
there удэ wəda модэ mawda модэ mawda
there оу waw моу maw - -
other удрэ wədra модрэ mawdra модрэ mawdra
then ущгъум wəɕʁʷəm мощгъум mawɕʁʷəm - -
like that ущфэд wəɕfad мощфэд maɕfad мопхуэд mawpxʷad
Sample
English Shapsug Standard Adyghe
Did you heard how that boy speaks? the one standing there, that is the dialect I referred to. We don't talk like that, the way that person is speaking is like how they speak in Caucasus. у кӏалэр зэрэгущаӏэрэр оӏугъа? удэ ӏутыр, уары диалектэу зыфэсӏуагъагъэр. Тэ ущтэу тыгущаӏэрэп, ур зэрэгущаӏэрэр къэфкъазымгьэ зэрэгущаӏэхэрэмэ яфэд. мо кӏалэр зэрэгущыӏэрэр оӏугъа? модэ ӏутыр, моры диалектэу зыфэсӏуагъагъэр. Тэ мощтэу тыгущыӏэрэп, мор зэрэгущыӏэрэр къэфкъазымкӏэ зэрэгущаӏэхэрэмэ афэд.

Future tense

In the Great Shapsug sub dialect (like Bzhedug) the future tense suffix is ~эт (~at) and in some cases ~ыт (~ət) unlike the Small Shapsug sub dialect that has (like Chemirguy) the Suffix ~щт (~ɕt)).

WordAdygheStandard Kabardian
Small ShapsugGreat ShapsugStandard Adyghe
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
I will go səkʷʼaɕt сыкӏощт səkʷʼat сыкӏот səkʷʼaɕt сыкӏощт səkʷʼanəwɕ сыкӏуэнущ
you will go wəkʷʼaɕt укӏощт wəkʷʼat укӏот wəkʷʼaɕt укӏощт wəkʷʼanəwɕ укӏуэнущ
he will go raʷʼaɕt рэкӏощт rakʷʼat рэкӏот kʷʼaɕt кӏощт kʷʼanəwɕ кӏуэнущ
we will go təkʷʼaɕt тыкӏощт təkʷʼat тыкӏот təkʷʼaɕt тыкӏощт dəkʷʼanəwɕ дыкӏуэнущ
you (plural) will go ʃʷəkʷʼaɕt шъукӏощт ʃʷəkʷʼat шъукӏот ʃʷəkʷʼaɕt шъукӏощт fəkʷʼanəwɕ фыкӏуэнущ
they will go rakʷʼaɕtəx рэкӏощтых rakʷʼatəx рэкӏотых kʷʼaɕtəx кӏощтых jaːkʷʼanəwɕ якӏуэнущ

Question words

The word "what" in Standard Adyghe is сыд while in Shapsug it is шъыд and from it derives different terms.

WordAdyghe
Great ShapsugSmall Shapsug
IPA Cyrillic IPA Cyrillic
what ʂəd шъыд səd сыд
why ʃta шъыда sədaː сыда
when ɕədʁʷa шъыдгъо sədəjʁʷa сыдигъо
so ɕtaw шъыдэу sədaw сыдэу
with what ʂədɡʲa шъыдгьэ sədt͡ʃʼa сыдкӏэ
how ʂədawɕtaw шъыдэущтэу sədawɕtaw сыдэущтэу
how much ʂəd fadəjz шъыд фэдиз səd fadəjz сыд фэдиз
how much ʂədəχaːt шъыдыхъат sədəχaːt сыдыхъат

Shapsug has two words for "what":

  • шъыд (Refers to an inanimate object, typically tangible).
  • лӏэу (Refers to an inanimate object, typically intangible).

The word "лӏэу" was lost in other Adyghe dialects. In Shapsug, from it derives different terms :

WordShapsug
IPA Cyrillic
what ɬʼaw лӏэу
what ɬʼawəʑ лӏэужь
with what ɬʼawəʑəɡʲa лӏэужьыгьэ
whatever ɬʼawəʑəməj лӏэужьыми

Big suffix (~фо)

  • The standard Adyghe's suffix -шхо /-ʃxʷa/ which means big or mighty is -фo /-fˠa/ in the Shapsug dialect :
MeaningShapsugChemirguy
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
mighty God тхьэфo tħafˠa тхьэшхо tħaʃxʷa
large house унэфo wənafˠa унэшхо wənaʃxʷa

Positional prefix directly (джэхэ~)

  • The standard Adyghe's positional prefix -жэхэ /-ʒaxa/ which designates action directed at something or someone forcefully is -джэхэ /-d͡ʒaxa/ in the Shapsug dialect :
MeaningShapsugChemirguy
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to collide with джэхэхьэн d͡ʒaxaħan жэхэхьэн ʒaxaħan
to hit someone джэхэон d͡ʒaxawan жэхэон ʒaxawan
to throw at someone джэхэдзэн d͡ʒaxad͡zan жэхэдзэн ʒaxad͡zan
to look steadily at джэхэплъэн d͡ʒaxapɬan жэхэплъэн ʒaxapɬan
to jump on someone for assault джэхэпкӏьэн d͡ʒaxapkʲʼan жэхэпкӏэн ʒaxapt͡ʃʼan

Positional prefix merging (го~)

  • In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects, the verbal prefix го~ /ɡʷa-/ designates process of joining or merging with an object on a body. This positional conjugation does not exist in other Circassian dialects. for example :
MeaningAdygheNotes
CyrillicIPA
to throw at годзэн ɡʷad͡zan to throw an object on a steed or someone's neck
to merge to гохьэн ɡʷaħan to merge with an object
to look at гоплъэн ɡʷapɬan to look at a steed or someone's neck
to fit at
to fall at		 гофэн ɡʷafan to fit on a steed or someone's neck
an object to fall on a steed or someone's neck
to take from гохын ɡʷaxən to take an object a steed or someone's neck
to come down from гокӏын ɡʷat͡ʃʼən to get off a steed or someone's neck
to put at голъхьэн ɡʷaɬħan to put an object on a steed or someone's neck
to stand on гоуцон ɡʷawt͡sʷan to beat up someone
to fall from гозын ɡʷazən to fall from the body of something or someone
цум бжъитӏу гот
цу-м бжъ-итӏу го-т
[t͡sʷəm}}bʐəjtʷʼ}}ɡʷat]}}
ox (erg.) two horns it have on his body
"the ox have two horns."
шыор шым гос
шыо-р шы-м го-с
[ʃəwar}}ʃəm}}ɡʷas]}}
the horseman (abs.) horse (erg.) (s)he is sitting on a body
"the horseman is sitting on the horse."
лӏыжъым зылъакъо готэп
лӏыжъы-м зы-лъакъо го-тэ-п
[ɬʼəʐəm}}zəɬaːqʷa}}ɡʷatap]}}
the old man (erg.) one leg (s)he doesn't have on his body
"the old man doesn't have one leg."
шым зеохьыжьым кӏалэу госэр гозэгъ
шы-м зеохьы-жь-ым кӏалэ-у го-сэ-р го-зэ-гъ
[ʃəm}}zajwaħəʑəm}}t͡ʃʼaːɮaw}}ɡʷasar}}ɡʷazaʁ]}}
house (erg.) to get out of control boy (adv.) the one on the body (s)he fell off the body
"when the horse got out of control the boy sitting on it fell."

Sample text

{{lang|ady|Псэкӏодишъэ Зыгъэхъагъэр :

Сэтэнай-гуащэ ныо рэхъугъэу, е ыкӏуакӏэ къыщыкӏагъэу, е ынэгу зэлъагъэу цӏыф къыӏуатэу хэти зэхихыгъэп.

Зэхихына, — Сэтэнае егъашӏи жъы рэхъугъэп!

Мыӏэрысэм ыку фыжьэу тхъу сӏынэм фэдэр ынэгу щифэти; — фыжьыбзэу, ышъо жъыутэхэу къабзэу, моу

укъищэу рэхъущтыгъэ; ышъуапӏэ ыжъоу, ащ ыпс ригъашъорэр — ыгугьэ кьэфэу, хьалэлэу, гукӏьегъуфо хэлъэу

ышӏэущтыгъ.

Ащ фэдэ мыӏэрысэ Нат ябын зэриӏэр Емынэжъ ышӏагъ.; Арыти, нэшъоу зишӏи, лъащэу зишӏи Сэтэнай-гуащэ

дэжь къэкӏуагъ.

— Сэтэнай! — ыӏуи къегьагъ Емынэжъ,

— Шъыд? — ыӏожьыгъ Сэтэнае,

— Слъакъомэ сахьыжьырэп, сынэмэ алъэгъужьырэп, сшъхьэ акъыл чан илъыжьэп, сыгугьэ мэхъаджэ сыхъугъ, гъашӏэу къысфэнэжьыгъэри макӏэ. Джэуап къысфэхъу! — ыӏуагъ Емынэжъы. — Уимыӏэрысэфо ищэнсэн сэмышӏэу уенэгуя?!.

— Сэ симыӏэрысэфо ишӏуагъэ къыокӏьыщтэп, — ыӏуагъ Сэтэнай-гуащэ. — О жъалымэгъэ бащэ зэпхьагъ.

ӏэзэгъу къыритыгъэп.

«Ащ ишӏуагъэ сэ къысэмыкӏьынэу щытмэ, шъори къышъозгъэкӏьынэп!» — ыӏуи,

чэщ горэм къекӏуашъи Нат ябын идышъэ мыӏэрысэ чыг Емынэжъы риупкӏыгь. А чыгэр яӏагъэемэ, нэпэ къагу натхэр псэоу, тхъэжьэу, жъы рэмыхъухэу щыӏэнхи!.}}

See also

  • Hakuchi Adyghe dialect
  • Kfar Kama Adyghe dialect
  • Bzhedug Adyghe Dialect
  • Abzakh Adyghe dialect
  • Baslaney dialect

External links

  • [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Shapsug_Adyghe Shapsug dialect unique words]

References

1. ^Shapsoug dialect {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228042439/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/Shapsug.htm |date=2010-12-28 }} {{fr icon}}
2. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/palatalizacija-smjagchenie-i-affrikatizacija-soglasnykh/ Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных] {{ru icon}}
3. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-mjagkie-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-k1/ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1] {{ru icon}}
4. ^[https://www.academia.edu/1888554/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков] {{ru icon}}
5. ^Studia Caucasologica I page 11 {{en icon}}
6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-tverdye-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-ch1/ Переднеязычные твердые шипящие аффрикаты дж, чъ, ч1] {{ru icon}}
7. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/narashchenie-sonornykh-soglasnykh/ Наращение сонорных согласных] {{ru icon}}
8. ^[https://www.academia.edu/1888554/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков] {{ru icon}}
9. ^Studia Caucasologica I {{en icon}}
10. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/spirantizacija-affrikat/ Спирантизация аффрикат] {{ru icon}}

2 : Shapsugs|Adyghe language
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