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词条 Shortages in Venezuela
释义

  1. History

      Chávez administration    Maduro administration  

  2. Causes

     Government policies  Overspending and import reliance  Currency and price controls  Corruption  Government explanations  Smuggling  Food consumption 

  3. Response

     Censorship and denial  Rationing  Food  Utilities  Reaction to rationing  Local Supply and Production Committee (CLAP) 

  4. Effects

     Arbitrage and hoarding  Crime  Hunger  "The Maduro Diet"  Medicine  Protests  Looting  Psychological  Society  

  5. Statistics

  6. International aid

  7. List of products affected

     Food   Health and hygiene  Household and maintenance  Miscellaneous 

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox event
| title = Shortages in Venezuela
| partof = The Crisis in Venezuela
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Venezuelan eating from garbage.jpg
| photo2a = Escasez en Venezuela, Central Madeirense 8.JPG
| photo2b = People lines in Venezuela.JPG
| position = center
| size = 300
| spacing = 2
| color = black
| border = 2
| color_border = black
}}
| caption = Top to bottom, left to right:
{{small|A Venezuelan eating from garbage. Empty shelves in a store.
Venezuelans in line to enter a store for scarce products.}}
| date = 2010 – ongoing[1]
| time =
| place = {{flag|Venezuela}}
| coordinates =
| also known as =
| cause = Government policies, corruption and smuggling[2][3]
| outcome = Hunger, disease, civil unrest and refugee crisis.
| notes =
}}{{Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela short}}Shortages in Venezuela of regulated food staples and basic necessities have been widespread following the enactment of price controls and other policies under the government of Hugo Chávez[4][5] and exacerbated by the policy of withholding United States dollars from importers under the government of Nicolás Maduro.[6] The severity of the shortages has led to the largest refugee crisis ever recorded in the Americas.[7]

The Maduro administration has denied the extent of the crisis;[8] and has refused to accept humanitarian aid from Amnesty International, the United Nations, and other groups as conditions have worsened.[9][10] The United Nations and the Organization of American States have stated that the shortages have resulted in unnecessary deaths in Venezuela and urged the government to accept humanitarian aid.[11] According to The New York Times, the Maduro administration was "responsible for grossly mismanaging the economy and plunging the country into a deep humanitarian crisis in which many people lack food and medical care".[12] Maduro has stated that "Venezuela is not a country of famine. It has very high levels of nutrients and access to food".[13]

There are shortages of milk, meat, coffee, rice, oil, precooked flour, butter, toilet paper, personal hygiene products and medicines.[4][14][15] By January 2017, the shortage of medicines reached 85%, according to the Pharmaceutical Federation of Venezuela (Federación Farmacéutica de Venezuela).[16] Hours-long lines have become common, and those who wait in them are sometimes disappointed. Some Venezuelans have resorted to eating wild fruit and garbage.[17][18][19][20]

On 9 February 2018 a group of United Nations Special Procedures and the Special Rapporteurs on food, health, adequate housing and extreme poverty issued a joint statement on Venezuela that partly read, "Vast numbers of Venezuelans are starving, deprived of essential medicines, and trying to survive in a situation that is spiraling downwards with no end in sight".[21]

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History

Chávez administration

Since the 1990s, food production in Venezuela has dropped continuously, with Hugo Chávez's Bolivarian government beginning to rely upon imported food using the country's then-large oil profits.[23]

In 2003, the government created CADIVI (now CENCOEX), a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures to control capital flight by placing currency limits on individuals.[22][23] Such currency controls have been determined to be the cause of shortages according to many economists and other experts.[24][25][26] However, the Venezuelan government blamed other entities such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and smugglers for shortages, and has stated that an "economic war" had been declared on Venezuela.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

During the presidency of Chávez, Venezuela faced occasional shortages owing to high inflation and government financial inefficiencies.[30] In 2005, Chávez announced the initiation of Venezuela's own "great leap forward", following the example of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward.[31] An increase in shortages began to occur that year as 5% of items became unavailable according to the Central Bank of Venezuela.[32] In January 2008, 24.7% of goods were reported to be unavailable in Venezuela, with the scarcity of goods remaining high until May 2008, when there was a shortage of 16.3% of goods.[33] However, shortages increased again in January 2012 to nearly the same rate as in 2008.[33]

Maduro administration

{{external media
|width=350px
|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180514212526/https://www.stratfor.com/sites/default/files/styles/stratfor_large__s_/public/styles/stratfor_large__s_/public/main/images/venezuela-puerto-cabello-focal-point-08-27-2015.jpg?itok=hCrVnCBY Contrasting satellite images of Puerto Cabello in February 2012 and June 2015, showing import shortages.]
}}

Following Chávez's death and the election of his successor Nicolás Maduro in 2013, shortage rates continued to increase and reached a record high of 28% in February 2014.[34] Venezuela stopped reporting its shortage data after the rate stood at 28%.[35] In January 2015, the hashtag "AnaquelesVaciosEnVenezuela" or "EmptyShelvesInVenezuela" was the number one trending topic on Twitter in Venezuela for two days, with Venezuelans posting pictures of empty store shelves around the country.[36][37]

In August 2015, American private intelligence agency company Stratfor used two satellite images of Puerto Cabello, Venezuela's main port used for importing goods, to show how severe shortages had become in Venezuela. One image from February 2012 showed the ports full of shipping containers when the Venezuelan government's spending was near a historic high before the 2012 Venezuela presidential election. A second image from June 2015 shows the port with many fewer containers, since the Venezuelan government could no longer afford to import goods, as oil revenues dropped.[30] At the end of 2015, it was estimated there was a shortage of over 75% of goods in Venezuela.[38]

By May 2016, experts feared that Venezuela was possibly entering a period of famine, with President Maduro encouraging Venezuelans to cultivate their own food.[23] In January 2016, it was estimated, that the food scarcity rate ({{lang|es|indicador de escasez}})[47] was between 50% and 80%.[23] The newly elected National Assembly, composed primarily of opposition delegates, "declared a national food crisis" a month later in February 2016.[23] Many Venezuelans then began to suffer from shortages of common utilities, such as electricity and water, because of the prolonged period of mishandling and corruption under the Maduro government.[39][40][41] By July 2016, Venezuelans desperate for food moved to the Colombian border. Over 500 women stormed past Venezuelan National Guard troops into Colombia looking for food on 6 July 2016.[42] By 10 July 2016, Venezuela temporarily opened its borders, which had been closed since August 2015, for 12 hours. Over 35,000 Venezuelans traveled to Colombia for food within that period.[43] Between 16–17 July, over 123,000 Venezuelans crossed into Colombia seeking food. The Colombian government set up what it called a "humanitarian corridor" to welcome Venezuelans.[43] Around the same time in July 2016, reports of desperate Venezuelans rummaging through garbage for food appeared.[18][19]

By early 2017, priests began telling Venezuelans to label their garbage so needy individuals could feed on their refuse.[44] In March 2017, despite having the largest oil reserves in the world, some regions of Venezuela began having shortages of gasoline with reports that fuel imports had begun.[45] The government continued to deny there was a "humanitarian crisis", instead saying there was simply "a decrease in the availability of food". Yván Gil, vice minister of relations to the European Union, said that an "economic war" had affected "the availability of food, but [Venezuela is] still within the thresholds set by the UN".[46] Following targeted sanctions by the United States government in late-2017 due to the controversial 2017 Constituent National Assembly, the Maduro government began to blame the United States for shortages. It enacted "Plan Rabbit", encouraging Venezuelans to breed rabbits, slaughter them and eat their meat.[47]

By early 2018, gasoline shortages began to spread, with hundreds of drivers in some regions waiting in lines to fill their tanks, sleeping overnight in their vehicles during the process.[48] In a September 2018 Meganalisis survey, nearly one-third of Venezuelans stated they consumed only one meal per day while 78.6 percent of respondents said they had issues with food security.[49]

The Wall Street Journal reported in March 2019 that parts of barrio La Vega had been without water for almost a year; residents of the town of 120,00 said that water trucks come by infrequently, sometimes only to supply government supporters.[50]

Causes

Government policies

Overspending and import reliance

President Hugo Chávez' policies relied heavily on oil revenues to fund large quantities of imports. Production under Chávez dropped because of his price control policies and poorly managed expropriations. His successor, Nicolás Maduro, continued most of Chávez' policies until they became unsustainable. When oil profits began declining in 2014, Maduro began limiting imports needed by Venezuelans and shortages began to grow. Foreign reserves, usually saved for economic distress, were being spent to service debt and to avoid default, instead of being used to purchase imported goods. Domestic production, which had already been damaged by government policies, was unable to replace the necessary imported goods.[52]

According to economist Ángel Alayón, "the Venezuelan government has direct control over food distribution in Venezuela" and the movement of all food, even among private companies, is controlled by the government.[67] Alayón states the problem is not distribution, however, but production since "nobody can distribute what is not produced".[67] Expropriations by the government resulted in a drop in production in Venezuela.[67][53] According to Miguel Angel Santos, a researcher at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, as a result of expropriations of private means of production since 2004, "production was destroyed", while a "wave of consumption based on imports" occurred when Venezuela had abundant oil money.[54] With poor production and a dependence on imports, the drop of oil prices beginning in 2014 made it impossible for the government to import necessary goods for Venezuelans.[2]

Currency and price controls

In the first few years Chavez was in office, his newly created social programs required large amounts of funding to make the desired changes.[22] On 5 February 2003, the government created CADIVI, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange transactions.[22] It was created to control the flight of capital from the country by placing limits on the amount of foreign currency individuals could purchase.[22] The Chávez administration also enacted agricultural measures that caused food imports to rise dramatically. This slowed domestic production of such agricultural mainstays as beef, rice, and milk.[55] With Venezuela's reliance on imports and its lack of US dollars to pay for them, shortages resulted.[56]

With limits on foreign currency, a currency black market developed since Venezuelan merchants relied on the import of goods that required payments with reliable foreign currencies.[57] As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held most of the more reliable currencies.[57] Because merchants could purchase only limited amounts of necessary foreign currency from the Venezuelan government, they resorted to the black market. This in turn raised the merchant's costs which resulted in price increases for consumers.[58] The high black market rates made it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods or earn profits since the government often forced them to make price cuts. Maduro's government increased price controls after inflation grew and shortages of basic goods worsened. He called the policy an "economic counterattack" against the "parasitic bourgeoisie". Price regulators, with military backing, forced businesses to lower prices on everything from electronics to toys. One example is Venezuelan McDonald's franchises began offering a Big Mac meal for 69 bolivars or $10.90 in January 2014, though only making $1 at the black market rate.[59] Since businesses made lower profits, this led to further shortages because they could not afford to pay to import or produce the goods that Venezuela relies on.[60][61]

With the short supply of foreign currencies and Venezuela's reliance on imports, debt is created. Without settling its outstanding debt, Venezuela could not import the materials necessary for domestic production. Without such imports, more shortages were created since there was an increasing lack of production as well.[61]

Corruption

Following mass looting in June 2016 due to shortages which resulted in the deaths of at least three, on 12 July 2016, President Maduro granted Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López the power to oversee product transportation, price controls, and the Bolivarian missions. He also had his military oversee five of Venezuela's main ports.[62][63][64] Maduro's actions made General Padrino one of the most powerful people in Venezuela, possibly "the second most powerful man in Venezuelan politics".[63][65]

{{Quote box|width=246px|align=left|quote=Lately, food is a better business than drugs ... The military is in charge of food management now, and they're not going to just take that on without getting their cut.|source=Ret. General Cliver Alcala[2] }}

An Associated Press investigation published in December 2016 found that "instead of fighting hunger, the military is making money from it". Military sellers would drastically increase the cost of goods and create shortages by hoarding products. Ships containing imports would often be held at bay until military officials at Venezuela's ports were paid off. Officials bypassed standard practices, such as performing health inspections, pocketing money normally spent on such certificates. One anonymous businessman who participated in the lucrative food dealings with Venezuelan military officials, and had contracts valued at $131 million between 2012 and 2015, showed the Associated Press his accounts for his business in Venezuela. The government would contract him for more than double the actual cost for products. For example, one corn contract of $52 million would be $20 million more than the market average. Then the businessman would have to use the extra money to pay military personnel to import such products. The businessman said he had been paying millions of dollars to military officials for years, and that the food minister, Gen. Rodolfo Marco Torres, once had to be paid $8 million just to import goods into Venezuela.[2] Documents seen by the Associated Press showing prices for corn also revealed that the government budgeted $118 million in July 2016, an overpayment of $50 million over average market prices for that month.[2]

According to retired General Antonio Rivero, Maduro "gave absolute control to the military", which "drained the feeling of rebellion from the armed forces, and allowed them to feed their families". The military has also used currency control licenses to obtain dollars at a lower exchange rate than the average Venezuelan. The military shared the licenses with friendly businessmen to import very few goods with the cheaper dollars while pocketing the remaining dollars. Documents show that General Rodolfo Marco Torres had given contracts to potential shell companies. Two companies, the Panamanian located Atlas Systems and J.A. Comercio de Generous Alimenticios diverted $5.5 million to Swiss accounts of two brothers-in-law of then-food minister, General Carlos Osorio in 2012 and 2013.[2]

In late January 2017, members of the United States Congress responded to the Associated Press investigation, suggested making targeted sanctions against corrupt Venezuelan officials who had taken advantage of the food shortages and participated in graft. Democratic Senator of Maryland and ranking member of the Foreign Relations Committee Ben Cardin stated, "When the military is profiting off of food distribution while the Venezuelan people increasingly starve, corruption has reached a new level of depravity that cannot go unnoticed." Senator Marco Rubio said that, "This should be one of President Trump's first actions in office."[66]

Government explanations

Smuggling

In an interview with President Maduro by The Guardian, it was noted that a "significant proportion" of the subsidized basic goods in short supply were being smuggled into Colombia and sold for far higher prices.[3] The Venezuelan government claimed that as much as 40% of the basic commodities it subsidizes for the domestic market were being disposed of in this manner.[27] However, economists disagreed with the Venezuelan government's claim saying that only 10% of subsidized products are smuggled out of the country.[67] Reuters noted that the creation of currency controls and subsidies were the main factors contributing to smuggling.[68]

Following President Maduro's move to grant the military control of Venezuela's food infrastructure, military personnel have sold contraband into Colombia. One member, 1st Lt. Luis Alberto Quero Silva of the Venezuelan National Guard, was arrested for possessing three tons of flour, which was likely part of a more elaborate graft operation among the country's military.[69]

Food consumption

In 2013, the president of the Venezuelan government's Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) Elias Eljuri, referring to a national survey, suggested that all shortages in the country were due to Venezuelans' eating, saying that "95% of people eat three or more meals a day".[70][71][72] Data provided by the Venezuelan government's statistical office instead showed that in 2013, food consumption by Venezuelans actually decreased.[73] By March 2016, 87% of Venezuelans were reportedly consuming less due to the shortages they faced.[23] As of 2016, the average Venezuelan living in extreme poverty lost nearly 19 pounds due to lack of food.[74] In March 2017, a basket of basic grocery items cost four times the monthly minimum wage and by April, more than 11% of the children in the country suffered from malnutrition.[74][75] By 2018, more than 30 percent of Venezuelans were only eating one meal per day.[49]

Response

Censorship and denial

The Venezuelan government often censored and denied health information and statistics surrounding the crisis. Doctors received threats not to release malnutrition data. In one case in "the Ministry of Health’s 2015 annual report, the mortality rate for children under 4 weeks old had increased a hundredfold, from 0.02 percent in 2012 to just over 2 percent". The government responded to the release of this information on the Ministry's website saying had been hacked. The information was taken down from the Internet, the health minister was fired, and the military was put in charge of Venezuela's health ministry.[76]

President Maduro said he recognized there is hunger in Venezuela, though he blamed it on an economic war.[76] Yván Gil, Venezuela's vice minister of relations to the European Union, denied a "humanitarian crisis". Instead he stated there was simply "a decrease in the availability of food", saying an "economic war" had affected "the availability of food, but we are still within the thresholds set by the UN".[46] In an Al Jazeera interview with president of the Constituent Assembly Delcy Rodríguez, she stated, "I have denied and continue denying that Venezuela has a humanitarian crisis". As a result, international intervention in Venezuela would not be justified. She also described statements by Venezuelans calling for international assistance as "treasonous".[77]

Rationing

Food

Economists state the Venezuelan government began rationing in 2014 for several reasons including an unproductive domestic industry that had been negatively affected by nationalization and government intervention, and confusing currency controls that made it unable to provide the dollars importers needed to pay for all of the basic products that enter Venezuela.[67] According to Venezuelan residents, the government also rationed public water to those who used water over 108 hours a week because of the nation's poor water delivery systems.[67] Gasoline was also rationed allegedly because subsidized Venezuelan gasoline was being smuggled to Colombia where it was sold for a higher price.[67]

In February 2014, the government said it had confiscated more than 3,500 tons of contraband food and fuel at the border with Colombia, which it said was intended for "smuggling" or "speculation". The president of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, said the confiscated food should be given to the Venezuelan people and should not be "in the hands of these gangsters."[78] One month later, President Maduro introduced a "biometric card" called Tarjeta de Abastecimiento Seguro, that required the user's fingerprint for purchases in state-run supermarkets or participating businesses. The device was allegedly meant to combat smuggling and price speculation.[79][80] It has been described as being both like a loyalty program and a ration card.[81][82][83] In May 2014, months after the card was introduced, it was reported that 503,000 Venezuelans had registered for it.[84] In August 2014, it was reported that the Tarjeta de Abastecimiento Seguro failed to move past the trial phase, and that another "biometric card" was going to be developed according to President Maduro.[85]

Soon after, in August 2014, President Maduro announced the creation of a new voluntary fingerprint scanning system that was allegedly aimed at combating food shortages and smuggling.[86][87] The Venezuelan government announced that 17,000 troops would be deployed along its border with Colombia.[88] They were to assist in closing down traffic each night to strengthen anti-smuggling efforts.[89][90] The effect of the nightly closings was to be assessed after 30 days.[27] Following large shortages in January 2015, Makro announced that some stores would begin using fingerprint systems and that customers would be rationed both daily and monthly.[91]

Utilities

{{Quote box|width=246px|align=right|quote=The blackouts are just more evidence of an utterly dysfunctional government ... This is a government that is not governing.|source=Michael Shifter, president of Inter-American Dialogue[41] }}

Rationing of electricity and water began to increase into 2016. Water shortages in Venezuela resulted in the government mandating the rationing of water. Many Venezuelans no longer had access to water piped to their homes and instead relied on the government to provide water a few times monthly. Desperate Venezuelans often displayed their frustrations through protests and began to steal water "from swimming pools, public buildings, and even tanker trucks" to survive.[92] Due to the water shortages, there were "increased [numbers of] cases of diseases such as scabies, malaria, diarrhea and amoebiasis in the country", according to Miguel Viscuña, Director of Epidemiology of the Health Corporation of Central Miranda[93]

Venezuela also experienced shortages of electricity and was plagued by common blackouts. On 6 April 2016, President Maduro ordered public workers not to go to work believing it would cut down on energy consumption.[41] However, the workers actually used more energy in their homes using air conditioning, electronics and appliances.[94] On 20 April 2016, the government ordered the rationing of electricity in ten Venezuelan states, including the capital city of Caracas; This followed after other attempts to curb electricity usage including moving Venezuela's time zone ahead and telling Venezuelan women to stop using hairdryers had failed.[95] Two days later, on 22 April 2016, the minister of electricity, Luis Motta Dominguez, announced that beginning the following week, forced blackouts would occur throughout Venezuela four hours per day for the next 40 days.[41]

Reaction to rationing

Venezuelan consumers had mainly negative feelings toward the fingerprint rationing system, saying it created longer lines, especially when fingerprint machines malfunctioned. They felt the system did nothing to relieve shortages because the large economic changes the country needed to make were simply overlooked.[67] Following the announcement of the fingerprint system, protests broke out denouncing the proposed move in many cities in Venezuela.[96][97][98][99] The MUD opposition coalition called on Venezuelans to reject the new fingerprinting system and called on supporters to hold a nationwide cacerolazo (a noisy form of protest).[100][101] These were primarily held in areas that traditionally opposed the government.[99] Students in Zulia state also demonstrated against the proposed system.[102] Lorenzo Mendoza, the president of Empresas Polar, Venezuela's largest food producer, expressed his disagreement with the proposed system, saying it would penalize 28 million Venezuelans for the smuggling carried out by just a few.[103] Days after the announcement, the Venezuelan government scaled back its plans for implementing the new system, saying it was now voluntary and is only for 23 basic goods.[104]

Despite public displeasure with the system, in an October 2014 Wall Street Journal article, it was reported that the fingerprint rationing system had expanded to more state-owned markets.[67]

Local Supply and Production Committee (CLAP)

{{mainarticle|Local Committee for Supply and Production}}

According to then-Vice President of Venezuela, Aristóbulo Istúriz, the government-operated Local Supply and Production Committees (CLAP) that provides food to Venezuelans in need, are a "political instrument to defend the revolution". Allegations arose that only supporters of Maduro and the government were provided food, while critics were denied access to goods. PROVEA, a Venezuelan human rights group, described CLAPs as "a form of food discrimination that is exacerbating social unrest".[105]

Luisa Ortega Díaz, Chief Prosecutor of Venezuela from 2007 to 2017 revealed that President Maduro had profited from the food crisis. CLAP made contracts with Group Grand Limited, a Mexican entity owned by Maduro through frontmen Rodolfo Reyes, Álvaro Uguedo Vargas and Alex Saab. Group Grand Limited would sell foodstuffs to CLAP and receive government funds.[106][107][108]

On 19 April 2018, after a multilateral meeting between over a dozen European and Latin American countries, United States Department of the Treasury officials stated that they had collaborated with Colombian officials to investigate corrupt import programs of the Maduro administration including CLAP. They explained that Venezuelan officials pocketed 70% of the proceeds allocated for importation programs destined to alleviate hunger in Venezuela. Treasury officials said they sought to seize the proceeds that were being funneled into the accounts of corrupt Venezuelan officials and hold them for a possible future government in Venezuela.[109][110] A month later, on 17 May 2018, the Colombian government seized 25,200 CLAP boxes containing about 400 tons of decomposing food, which was destined for distribution to the Venezuelan public.[111] The Colombian government said they were investigating shell companies and money laundering related to CLAP operations, and claimed the shipment was to be used to buy votes during the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election.[111]

On 18 October 2018, Mexican prosecutors accused the Venezuelan government and Mexican individuals of buying poor quality food products for CLAP and exporting them to Venezuela, doubling their value for sale. Suspects investigated by the Mexican government offered to pay $3 million to the United Nations refugee agency, UNHCR.[112]

During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, National Assembly President and Interim President of Venezuela Juan Guaidó cautioned that the Maduro government had plans to steal the products for humanitarian purposes that entered the country, including plans to distribute these products through the government's food distribution program CLAP.[113]

Effects

Arbitrage and hoarding

As a result of the shortages and price controls, arbitrage (or bachaqueo), the ability to buy low and sell high, came about in Venezuela.[61] For example, goods subsidized by the Venezuelan government were smuggled out of the country and sold for a profit.[3] Hoarding also increased as Venezuelan consumers grew nervous over shortages.[61]

Crime

Individuals have resorted to violent theft to acquire items that shortages have made difficult to obtain. Venezuelan motorcycle organizations have reported that their members have been murdered for their motorcycles due to the shortage of motorcycles and spare parts. There have also been reports of Venezuelan authorities being killed for their weapons, and trucks full of goods being attacked to steal desirable merchandise they are carrying.[114]

Hunger

The government originally took pride in its reduction of malnutrition when it had oil revenues to fund its social spending in the 2000s.[115] However, by 2016, the majority of Venezuelans were eating less[23][116] and spending the majority of their wages on food.[117] A 2016 survey by the Bengoa Foundation found nearly 30% of children malnourished. According to nutritionist Héctor Cruces, generations of Venezuelans will be affected by the shortages becoming malnourished, causing stunted growth and obesity.[118] Venezuelans' immune systems were also weakened due to the lack of food intake, while the lack of water also caused hygienic issues.[169]{{Quote box


| quote = Hunger has stalked Venezuela for years. Now, it is killing the nation’s children at an alarming rate...
| source = The New York Times, 2017
| align = left
| width = 246px

}}The New York Times stated in a 2016 article "Venezuelans Ransack Stores as Hunger Grips the Nation" that "Venezuela is convulsing from hunger ... The nation is anxiously searching for ways to feed itself".[119] The hunger Venezuelans often experienced resulted in growing discontent that culminated with protests and looting.[117][119]

A 2017 report by The New York Times explained how hunger had begun to become so extreme in the country that hundreds of children began to die throughout Venezuela. That year, cases of malnutrition rose sharply as years of economic mismanagement began to grow deadlier. Nearly every hospital in Venezuela stated they did not have enough baby formula, while 63% said they had no baby formula at all.[76] Dozens of deaths have also been reported the result of Venezuelans resorting to eating harmful and poisonous substances, such as bitter yuca, in order to curb starvation.[120][121]

"The Maduro Diet"

While suffering from lack of food due to the shortages under President Nicolás Maduro, Venezuelans called their weight loss from malnourishment and hunger the "Maduro Diet".[115] The "diet" was described as "a collective and forced diet",[122] with many Venezuelans resorting to extreme measures to feed themselves, including eating garbage[18][19] and wild fruits,[20] and selling personal possessions for money to buy food.[123] By the end of 2016, more than three-quarters of Venezuelans had lost weight because of their inadequate food intake,[124] with about the same proportion of people saying they had lost {{cvt|8.5|kg}} from a lack of food in 2016 alone.[125] In 2017, studies found that 64% of Venezuelans saw a reduction in weight, with 61% saying they go to sleep hungry, while the average Venezuelan lost {{cvt|12|kg}}.[126]

{{Quote box|width=246px|align=right|quote=The Maduro diet gets you hard without Viagra.|source= – President Nicolás Maduro[127]}}

In public, President Maduro often avoids or rebukes issues brought to him by Venezuelans regarding their diets.[128] Many Venezuelans have criticized his response to the nation's hunger on state television.[128] During one state address in early 2017, President Maduro joked about how one member of his staff had begun looking skinny, with the member saying "I’ve lost about 44 pounds since December" due to the "Maduro diet".[127] Maduro replied, saying the "Maduro diet" worked as an aphrodisiac.[127]

Medicine

Medical shortages in the country hampered the medical treatment of Venezuelans.[129] Shortages of antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV/AIDS affected about 50,000 Venezuelans, potentially causing thousands of them with HIV to develop AIDS.[130] Venezuelans also said it was hard to find acetaminophen to help alleviate the newly introduced chikungunya virus, a potentially lethal mosquito-borne disease.[131] Diphtheria, which had been eradicated from Venezuela in the 1990s, reappeared in 2016 due to shortages of basic drugs and vaccines.[132]

Protests

{{details|Venezuelan protests (2014–present)}}

Demonstrations against the effects of shortages have occurred throughout Venezuela. In August 2014, many Venezuelans protested against the fingerprint rationing put in place by the government[98] while protests against shortages grew from late-2014 into 2015.[133] Of the 2,836 protests that occurred in the first half of 2015, a little more than one in six events were demonstrations against shortages.[196] In 2016 after shortages of water began to occur, there were growing incidents of protest as a result.[92]

Looting

In 2015, growing frustration with shortages and having to wait for hours in long lines for products, led to looting throughout Venezuela.[134] According to the Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict, hundreds of events involving looting and attempted looting occurred throughout the country in the first half of the year.[134][135] It was also noted that looting was not new to the country, but had been increasing throughout 2015. Looters showed signs of "desperation and discomfort" and resorted to looting because they were "frustrated" by the inability to find basic goods.[135]

In July 2015, BBC News said that due to the common shortages in Venezuela, every week there were videos being shared online showing Venezuelans looting supermarkets and trucks for food.[136] In Ciudad, Guyana at the end of July, looting occurred in the city that resulted in one death and the arrest of dozens.[137]

Psychological

{{Quote box|width=246px|align=right|quote=Overall, at the precise moment when you stop finding a product, it becomes more precious than it used to be... Think of it as a work of art that was stolen and when it is found the price is three times higher.|source=Eldar Shafir [204] }}

In 2015, concerns about shortages and inflation overtook violent crime as Venezuelans' main worry for the first time in years according to pollster Datanalisis. According to the chief executive of Datanalisis, Luis Vicente Leon, since insecurity had plagued Venezuela for years, Venezuelans had become accustomed to crime and gave up hope for a solution to it. Vicente Leon said that Venezuelans had greater concerns over shortages and became preoccupied with the difficulties surrounding them instead. Eldar Shafir, author and American behavioral scientist, said that the psychological "obsession" with finding scarce goods in Venezuela is because the rarity of the item makes it "precious".[138]

Despite the threat of violent protests occurring throughout Venezuela, children were more affected psychologically by the economic crisis than violence. Abel Saraiba, a psychologist with children's rights organization Cecodap said in 2017, "We have children from a very early age who are having to think about how to survive", with half of her young clients requiring treatment because of the crisis. Children are often forced to stand in food lines or beg with their parents, while the games they play with other children revolve around finding food.[139] In more extreme cases, Friends of the Child Foundation Amerita Protección (Fundana) psychologist Ninoska Zambrano explains that children are offering sexual services to obtain food. Zambrano said "Families are doing things that not only lead them to break physically, but in general, socially, we are being morally broken".[140]

Society

Due to the shortages and the associated hunger, many women began to be sterilized to avoid childbirth since they could not provide enough food for their families. Young men joined gangs to fight for food, often showing signs of injury following violent confrontations for morsels of meals. Families gathered at dumpsters in the evening to obtain goods. Children would attempt to take on jobs themselves to earn money for food or even run away so they could try to find sustenance on their own.[76]

Statistics

There was an 80–90% shortage rate of milk (powdered and liquid), margarine, butter, sugar, beef, chicken, pasta, cheese, corn flour, wheat flour, oil, rice, coffee, toilet paper, diapers, laundry detergent, bar soap, bleach, dish, shampoo and soap toilet in February 2015.[141]

In March 2016, it was estimated that 87% of Venezuelans were consuming less due to the shortages. There was a 50% to 80% rate of food shortages, and 80% of medicines were in short supply or unavailable.[23] By December 2016, 78% of Venezuelans had lost weight due to lack of food.[124]

By February 2017, the Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey, managed by a multi-university organization in Venezuela, reported that about 75% of Venezuelans had lost weight in 2016. The survey had also stated that 83% of Venezuelans were living in poverty, 93% could no longer afford food and that one million Venezuelan school children did not attend classes "due to hunger and a lack of public services".[125]

International aid

Amnesty International, the United Nations and other groups have offered aid to Venezuela. The Venezuelan government has declined such assistance, however,[9] with Delcy Rodriguez denying{{when|date=November 2018}} Venezuela faced a humanitarian crisis.[142]

Venezuelans in other countries often organize benefits for those living in Venezuela, collecting products and shipping them to those they trust there. Experts say that due to the extreme state of shortages, it is necessary for many international family members to send essentials to their families.[143]

List of products affected

Common items that have been or are currently affected by shortages in Venezuela are:

Food

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
  • Baby formula[147]
  • Barley[148]
  • Beef[149]
  • Beer[148]
  • Bread[223]
  • Butter[150]
  • Cheese[225]
  • Chicken[226]
  • Coca-Cola[151]
  • Chocolate[152]
  • Coffee[229]
  • Condensed milk[225]
  • Cooking oil[153]
  • Cornmeal[153]
  • Corn oil[229]
  • Eggs[154]
  • Fish[155]
  • Flour[229]
  • French fries[156]
  • Fruits[157]
  • Hops[148]
  • Ice cream[158]
  • Jams[159]
  • Juice[242]
  • Lentils[159]
  • Margarine[229]
  • Marie biscuits[160]
  • Mayonnaise[159]
  • Milk[229]
  • Mustard[159]
  • Oatmeal[161]
  • Olives[162]
  • Pan de jamón[163]
  • Pasta[159]
  • Peas[159]
  • Pork[162]
  • Powdered milk[229]
  • Raisins[162]
  • Rice[164][153]
  • Sardines[159]
  • Skim milk[160]
  • Sodas[261]
  • Sugar[229][153]
  • Sunflower oil[165]
  • Vegetables[157]
  • Water[166]
  • Wine[167]

}}

Health and hygiene

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
  • Antibiotics[168][169]
  • Antihistamines[170]
  • Antihypertensive drugs[171]
  • Anti-inflammatory[170]
  • Antiparasitic[169]
  • Antiretrovirals[168]
  • Birth Control Pills[172]
  • Blood[168]
  • Blood reagents[168]
  • Breast implants[173]
  • Catheters[170]
  • Chemotherapy drugs[168][174][175]
  • Condoms[172]
  • Deodorant[223]
  • Diapers[176]
  • Diuretics[286]
  • Euthyrox[287]
  • Gauze[170]
  • Glucophage[287]
  • Hypodermic needles[170]
  • Hydrogel[170]
  • Ibuprofen[177]
  • Immunosuppressive drugs[168]
  • Insulin[171]
  • Levothyroxine[178]
  • Makeup[179]
  • Medical gloves[287]
  • Medications[180]
  • Mouthwash[299]
  • Paracetamol[181]
  • Pentasa[182]
  • Razors[302]
  • Sanitary napkins[261]
  • Scalpels[170]
  • Sedatives[170]
  • Shampoo[183]
  • Shoes[37]
  • Soap[184]
  • Syringes[170]
  • Toilet paper[184]
  • Toothbrushes[185]
  • Toothpaste[186]
  • Urocit-K[182]

}}

Household and maintenance

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
  • Appliances[176]
  • Animal feed[183]
  • Batteries[37]
  • Bleach[317]
  • Cement[318]
  • Clothes iron[152]
  • Detergents[187]
  • Fabric softeners[187]
  • Insecticide[188]
  • Napkins[188]
  • Tires[189]
  • Vehicle spare parts[190]

}}

Miscellaneous

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
  • Brass[191]
  • Butane[192]
  • Coffins[191]
  • Corrugated steel[193]
  • Gasoline[45][194]
  • Newsprint[195]
  • Sacramental bread[152]
  • Satin[191]
  • Varnish[191]

}}

See also

  • 2019 Venezuelan blackouts
  • Economy of Venezuela
  • Healthcare in Venezuela

References

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2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|last1=Dreier|first1=Hannah|last2=Goodman|first2=Joshua|title=Venezuela military trafficking food as country goes hungry|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/64794f2594de47328b910dc29dd7c996/venezuela-military-trafficking-food-country-goes-hungry|accessdate=26 January 2017|work=Associated Press|date=28 December 2016}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Milne|first1=Seumas|last2=Watts|first2=Jonathan|title=Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/venezuela-protests-sign-us-wants-oil-says-nicolas-maduro|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 April 2014}}
4. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency|accessdate=18 February 2013|title=Venezuela’s currency: The not-so-strong bolívar|work=The Economist|date=11 February 2013}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%|url=http://qz.com/192395/venezuelas-black-market-rate-for-us-dollars-just-jumped-by-almost-40/#/h/56869,3/|accessdate=27 March 2014|newspaper=Quartz|date=26 March 2014}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Dulaney|first1=Chelsey|last2=Vyas|first2=Kejal|title=S&P Downgrades Venezuela on Worsening Economy Rising Inflation, Economic Pressures Prompt Rating Cut|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/s-p-downgrades-venezuela-on-worsening-economy-1410907125|accessdate=18 September 2014|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=16 September 2014}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-collapse-in-venezuela-is-creating-a-refugee-crisis/2018/02/23/68b85c7e-1807-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Latin-America’s worst-ever refugee crisis: Venezuelans|last1=Board|first1=Editorial|date=23 February 2018|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=25 February 2018|quote=This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/magazine/leopoldo-lopez-speaks-out-and-venezuelas-government-cracks-down.html|title=Leopoldo López Speaks Out, and Venezuela’s Government Cracks Down|last=Hylton|first=Wil S.|date=9 March 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 March 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote="Venezuela is the most urgent humanitarian disaster in the Western Hemisphere, producing the largest exodus of refugees in the history of the Americas"}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1c71833c-9f28-487d-90ad-5616779aca29|title=Venezuela's mounting refugee crisis|date=20 April 2018|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB|access-date=22 April 2018}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/09/26/maduro-niega-la-diaspora-venezolana-en-la-onu-se-ha-fabricado-por-distintas-vias-una-crisis-migratoria-que-se-cae-por-su-propio-peso/|title=Maduro niega la diáspora venezolana en la ONU: Se ha fabricado por distintas vías una crisis migratoria - LaPatilla.com|date=2018-09-26|work=LaPatilla.com|access-date=2018-09-27|language=es-ES|quote=}}
9. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Charner|first1=Flora|title=The face of hunger in Venezuela|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/13/americas/cnnphotos-venezuela-food-crisis/|accessdate= 22 March 2019|work=CNN|date=14 October 2016 |quote= The Venezuelan government has denied food and humanitarian aid from international organizations like Amnesty International and the United Nations. The IMF forecasts Venezuela's economy will shrink 10% this year, worse than its previous estimate of 8%. It also estimates that inflation in Venezuela will catapult to 700% this year, up from an earlier guess of 480%.}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelans-die-as-maduro-government-refuses-medical-aid-1523025805|title=Venezuelans Die as Maduro Government Refuses Medical Aid|last=Vyas|first=Kejal|date=6 April 2018|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 April 2018|last2=Dube|first2=Ryan|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|quote= With Venezuela's state-run health-care system in ruins and the country's economy collapsing, the government last year stopped supplying the pills Ms. Solorzano needed to keep her organ functioning, her family and her doctor said. ... Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro's cash-strapped Socialist regime prohibits most international humanitarian donations -- including contributions of lifesaving medicines -- except from a few remaining allies such as Russia. The authoritarian leader and his lieutenants have denied the country is in a humanitarian crisis and they consider international aid part of a ploy by the U.S. and political rivals to besmirch the government and open the door to foreign intervention. Public health has deteriorated sharply in what used to be one of Latin America's richest nations. Venezuela's infant mortality rate was higher than in Syria in 2016, according to Health Ministry figures. Cases of diphtheria and malaria, diseases controlled by most Latin American nations, have increased amid a lack of vaccinations, the ministry said.}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-country-of-hunger-inside-the-deep-suffering-in-venezuela-s-hospitals-a-1221061.html|title=The Country of Hunger: A State of Deep Suffering in Venezuela's Hospitals|last1=Glüsing|first1=Jens|language=en-US|access-date=11 August 2018|date=8 August 2018|work=Der Spiegel|quote= Venezuela has the largest known oil reserves in the world, but under the leadership of Nicolas Maduro, its hospitals lack equipment, medicines, food, anesthetics and even pens. Under Chavez's successor, Nicolas Maduro, the country fell into an existential crisis.The government provides little money to the hospitals, but won't allow any aid into the country either. Doing so would make it clear that Maduro's autocratic government has failed. According to UNICEF, 15 percent of all children in Venezuela are undernourished. The child mortality rate in the country has risen dramatically in the past few years. The government is trying to cover up the crisis and has been keeping most of the health statistics secret for years.}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/10/02/expertos-de-onu-y-oea-denuncian-muertes-por-escasez-de-medicamentos-falta-de-higiene-y-deterioro-de-hospitales-en-venezuela/|title=ONU y OEA denuncian muertes por escasez de medicamentos, falta de higiene y deterioro de hospitales en Venezuela |last=|first=|date=2018-10-02|work=LaPatilla.com|access-date=2018-10-03|language=es-ES}}
12. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/world/americas/venezuela-blackout-power.html |work= New York Times | title= Venezuela blackout, in 2nd day, threatens food supplies and patient lives |date= 8 March 2019 |accessdate= 18 March 2019 |quote= The Maduro administration has been responsible for grossly mismanaging the economy and plunging the country into a deep humanitarian crisis in which many people lack food and medical care. He has also attempted to crush the opposition by jailing or exiling critics, and using lethal force against antigovernment protesters.}}
13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-47213772|title=Nicolás Maduro en entrevista con la BBC: "El Ku Klux Klan que hoy gobierna la Casa Blanca quiere apoderarse de Venezuela"|last=|first=|date=2019-02-12|work=BBC News|access-date=2019-02-12}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=La escasez también frena tratamientos contra cáncer|url=http://acn.com.ve/la-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer/|accessdate=25 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826135417/http://acn.com.ve/la-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer/|archivedate=26 August 2014|df=}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela sufre escasez de prótesis mamarias|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/03/19/1705888/venezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html |accessdate=25 August 2014 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113732/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/03/19/1705888/venezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html|archivedate=26 August 2014|df=}}
* {{cite news|title=Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30710014|accessdate=10 January 2015|agency=BBC|date=8 January 2015}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Caraballo-Arias|first=Yohama|last2=Madrid|first2=Jesús|last3=Barrios|first3=Marcial|date=2018-09-25|title=Working in Venezuela: How the Crisis has Affected the Labor Conditions|url=http://www.annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.29024/aogh.2325/|journal=Annals of Global Health|language=en|volume=84|issue=3|doi=10.29024/aogh.2325|issn=2214-9996}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Cawthorne|first1=Andrew|title=In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/21/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121|accessdate=17 June 2015|agency=Reuters|date=21 January 2015}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=MacDonald|first1=Elizabeth|title=Exclusive: Harrowing Video Shows Starving Venezuelans Eating Garbage, Looting|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/05/26/exclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html|accessdate=12 July 2016|agency=Fox Business|date=26 May 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707182016/http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/05/26/exclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html|archivedate=7 July 2016|df=}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Sanchez|first1=Fabiola|title=As hunger mounts, Venezuelans turn to trash for food|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/5ee6b03daee141c3b89d419ecadcc7fa/venezuelans-pick-through-trash-food-eat-or-sell|accessdate=12 July 2016|agency=Associated Press|date=8 June 2016}}
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21. ^[https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22646&LangID=E Venezuela: Dire living conditions worsening by the day, UN human rights experts warn]
22. ^1 2 3 CADIVI, CADIVI, una medidia necesaria {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205143924/http://www.cadivi.gov.ve/cadivi/cadivi.html |date=5 December 2008}}
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24. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Virginia |title=Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no food' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/sep/26/venezuela-food-shortages-rich-country-cia |accessdate=31 August 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 September 2013}}
25. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Boyd |first1=Sebastian |title=Venezuelan Default Suggested by Harvard Economist |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-07/venezuelan-default-suggested-by-harvard-economist |accessdate=8 September 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=7 September 2014}}
26. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Sequera |first1=Vivan |last2=Toothaker |first2=Cristopher |title=Venezuela Food Shortages Reveal Potential Problems During Chavez Absence |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/15/venezuela-food-shortages-chavez-absence_n_2480231.html |accessdate=31 August 2014 |work=The Huffington Post |date=17 March 2013}}
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* {{cite news |title=Venezuela sends in troops to force electronics chain to charge 'fair' prices |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/venezuela-sends-troops-force-electronics-chain-charge-fair-prices-v21399541 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |publisher=NBC News}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/20/world/americas/venezuela-economy-decree-powers/ |title=Decree powers widen Venezuelan president's economic war |publisher=CNN |date=20 November 2013 |accessdate=21 February 2014}}
29. ^{{cite news |last=Yapur |first=Nicolle |title=Primera ofensiva económica trajo más inflación y escasez |language=Spanish |url=http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Primera-ofensiva-economica-inflacion-escasez_0_396560574.html |accessdate=25 April 2014 |newspaper=El Nacional |date=24 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424172557/http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Primera-ofensiva-economica-inflacion-escasez_0_396560574.html |archivedate=24 April 2014 |df= }}
30. ^1 {{cite web |title=Bringing Venezuela's Economic Crisis Into Focus |url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/bringing-venezuelas-economic-crisis-focus |publisher=Stratfor |accessdate=30 August 2015}}
31. ^{{cite book|last1=Guevara|first1=Aleida|title=An Interview with Hugo Chavez: Venezuela and the New Latin America|date=2005|publisher=Ocean|location=Melbourne, Victoria|isbn=9781920888008|page=57|edition=1.|quote=This year will be crucial in socioeconomic terms. We have announced the revolution within the revolution: the socioeconomic consolidation ... Mao Tse-tung once said this back in the 1960s, during the Great Leap Forward and that is what I have said to the Venezuelan people ... This year has to be the Great Year Forward for us ...}}
32. ^{{cite news |last1=Toscano |first1=Luis |title=2015 en el horizonte |language=Spanish |url=http://www.quintodia.net/seccion/entrevista/29357/2015-en-el-horizonte/ |accessdate=4 December 2014 |agency=Quinto Dia |date=12 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210011152/http://www.quintodia.net/seccion/entrevista/29357/2015-en-el-horizonte/ |archivedate=10 December 2014 |df= }}
33. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/120106/shortage-at-its-highest-since-may-2008|title=Shortage at its highest since May 2008|last=|first=|date=6 January 2012|work=|accessdate=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806145021/http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/120106/shortage-at-its-highest-since-may-2008|archive-date=6 August 2017|dead-url=bot: unknown|agency=El Universal|df=}}
34. ^{{cite news |last1=Meza |first1=Alfredo |title=Venezuela alcanza la inflación más alta del mundo |language=Spanish |location=Spain |url=http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2014/02/12/actualidad/1392224609_187490.html |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=El Pais |date=12 February 2014}}
35. ^{{cite news |last1=Zea |first1=Sendai |title=Venezuelan Central Bank Admits Sky-High Inflation |url=http://panampost.com/sendai-zea/2014/09/15/venezuelan-central-bank-admits-sky-high-inflation/ |accessdate=5 December 2014 |agency=PanAm Post}}
36. ^{{cite news |title=Usuarios de Twitter vuelven tendencia la etiqueta #AnaquelesVacíosEnVenezuela |language=Spanish |url=http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Usuarios-Twitter-tendencia-etiqueta-AnaquelesVaciosEnVenezuela_0_550145002.html |accessdate=5 January 2015 |work=El Nacional |date=4 January 2015}}
37. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Así rechazan los venezolanos la escasez #AnaquelesVaciosEnVenezuela (Fotos) |language=Spanish |url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/01/03/si-rechazan-los-venezolanos-la-escasez-anaquelesvaciosenvenezuela-fotos/ |accessdate=5 January 2015 |work=La Patilla |date=3 January 2015}}
38. ^{{cite news |last1=Lozano |first1=Daniel |title=Ni un paso atrás: Maduro insiste con su receta económica |location=Argentina |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1860362-ni-un-paso-atras-maduro-insiste-con-su-receta-economica |accessdate=8 January 2016 |work=La Nación |date=8 January 2015}}
39. ^{{cite news |title=In Venezuela, An Electricity Crisis Adds To Country's Woes |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/03/29/472252687/in-venezuela-an-electricity-crisis-adds-to-countrys-woes |accessdate=21 April 2016 |publisher=NPR |date=29 March 2016}}
40. ^{{cite news |last1=Soto |first1=Noris |title=Yellow water, dirty air, power outages: Venezuela hits a new low |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-venezuela-0e150ca6-054c-11e6-bfed-ef65dff5970d-20160418-story.html |accessdate=21 April 2016 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=18 April 2016}}
41. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last1=Romo |first1=Rafael |last2=Gillespie |first2=Patrick |title=40 days of blackouts hit Venezuela amid economic crisis |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/22/news/economy/venezuela-blackouts-40-days/ |accessdate=23 April 2016 |work=CNN Money |publisher=CNN |date=22 April 2016}}
42. ^{{cite news |title=Venezuelan women push past border controls for food |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36722422 |accessdate=21 July 2016|agency=BBC News|date=6 July 2016}}
43. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Woody|first1=Christopher|title='It's humiliating': Inside the trek thousands of Venezuelans are making just to get food|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/venezuela-colombia-border-opening-economic-crisis-2016-7?IR=T|accessdate=21 July 2016|work=Business Insider|date=18 July 2016}}
44. ^{{cite news|last1=Gramer|first1=Robbie|title=Dire Measures to Combat Hunger in Venezuela|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/03/dire-measures-to-combat-hunger-in-venezuela-economic-crisis-political-maduro-food-shortages-priest-label-trash/|accessdate=4 March 2017|work=Foreign Policy|date=3 March 2017}}
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126. ^{{cite news|title=Especial Bloomberg: Al igual que la industria, los hambrientos trabajadores petroleros también se derrumban|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/02/22/especial-bloomberg-al-igual-que-la-industria-los-hambrientos-trabajadores-petroleros-tambien-se-derrumban/|accessdate=25 February 2018|work=La Patilla|date=22 February 2018|language=es-ES}}
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130. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela Faces Health Crisis Amid Shortage of HIV/Aids Medication|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/health/2014/05/14/venezuela-faces-health-crisis-amid-shortage-hivaids-medication/|accessdate=31 August 2014|agency=Fox News Latino|date=14 May 2014}}
131. ^{{cite news|last1=Forero|first1=Juan|title=Venezuela Seeks to Quell Fears of Disease Outbreak|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/venezuela-seeks-to-quell-fears-of-disease-outbreak-1411409327|accessdate=24 September 2014|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=22 September 2014}}
132. ^1 {{cite news|title=Girl's death from diphtheria highlights Venezuela's health crisis|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/venezuela-girl-s-death-diphtheria-highlights-health-crisis-n719586|accessdate=12 February 2017|work=NBC News|date=10 February 2017|language=en}}
133. ^{{cite news|title=En 2014 se registraron 9.286 protestas, cifra inédita en Venezuela|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/01/19/en-2014-se-registraron-9-286-protestas-cifra-inedita-en-venezuela/|accessdate=25 January 2015|agency=La Patilla|date=19 January 2015}}
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147. ^{{cite news|last1=Graham-Harrison|first1=Emma|title=Hunger eats away at Venezuela’s soul as its people struggle to survive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/26/nicolas-maduro-donald-trump-venezuela-hunger|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The Guardian|date=26 August 2017}}
148. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Dreier|first1=Hannah|title=VENEZUELA'S TOP BEER SCARCE AMID HEAT WAVE|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/Venezuela-s-favorite-beer-goes-missing-from-shelves-as-shortages-cripple-breweries/id-aef66daaa479478f84306715312a4f7c|accessdate=8 August 2015|agency=Associated Press|date=7 August 2015}}
149. ^{{cite web|title=Desapareció la carne de res en supermercados de Caracas|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Desaparecio-carne-res-supermercados-Caracas_0_443955805.html|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
150. ^{{cite web|title=Usuarios creen que escasez persistirá, aún sin colas|url=http://eltiempo.com.ve/venezuela/situacion/usuarios-creen-que-escasez-persistira-aun-sin-colas/150891|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
151. ^{{cite news|title=Sugar shortage cuts Coca-Cola production in Venezuela |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36365336 |accessdate=29 May 2016|agency=BBC|date=24 May 2016}}
152. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Shortages in Venezuela mean priests are running out of Hosts|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/shortages-in-venezuela-mean-priests-are-running-out-of-hosts-76481/|accessdate=22 August 2015|agency=Catholic News Agency|date=15 August 2015}}
153. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Empresarios venezolanos alertan del aumento en la escasez de los 25 productos regulados por el gobierno - LaPatilla.com |url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/08/23/empresarios-venezolanos-alertan-del-aumento-en-la-escasez-de-los-25-productos-regulados-por-el-gobierno/ |accessdate=24 August 2018 |work=La Patilla |date=23 August 2018 |language=es-ES}}
154. ^{{cite web|title=En Venezuela falta de todo|url=http://www.sinmordaza.com/noticia/256813-en-venezuela-falta-de-todo.html|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
155. ^{{cite web|title=No flour? No fish? Venezuela's chefs get creative amid shortages|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/28/us-venezuela-restaurants-idUSBREA0R0R020140128|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
156. ^{{cite news|last1=Pons|first1=Corina|title=McDonald's In Venezuela Have Run Out Of French Fries |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-venezuelans-not-lovin-it-as-mcdonalds-fries-go-scarce-2015-1|accessdate=7 January 2015|agency=Business Insider|date=6 January 2014}}
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158. ^{{cite news|last1=Miroff|first1=Nick|title=Venezuela faces ice cream shortage|url=http://www.concordmonitor.com/news/work/business/15034107-95/venezuela-faces-ice-cream-shortage|accessdate=4 January 2015|agency=Concord Monitor|date=31 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628085031/http://www.concordmonitor.com/news/work/business/15034107-95/venezuela-faces-ice-cream-shortage|archivedate=28 June 2015|df=}}
159. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Escasez de Mostaza y Leche condensada|url=http://www.nve24.com/2014/06/escasez-de-mostaza-y-leche-condensada.html|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
160. ^1 {{cite web|title=La cruzada de los diabéticos|url=http://www.el-carabobeno.com/articulo/articulo/86125/la-cruzada-de-los-diabticos|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
161. ^1 {{cite web|title=Paralizada producción de avena y jugos por falta de materia prima|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/economia/140918/paralizada-produccion-de-avena-y-jugos-por-falta-de-materia-prima|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
162. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Venezuelan Inflation Spoils Christmas Tradition|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/venezuelan-inflation-spoils-christmas-tradition|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
163. ^{{cite web|title=Prevén escasez de pan de jamón para diciembre|url=http://confirmado.com.ve/preven-escasez-de-pan-de-jamon-para-diciembre/|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
164. ^{{cite web|title=Por la escasez de alimentos, Venezuela cambia petróleo por arroz|url=http://www.infobae.com/2013/06/15/1073213-por-la-escasez-alimentos-venezuela-cambia-petroleo-arroz|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
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166. ^{{cite web|last1=Noriega|first1=Roger|title=Venezuela’s health crisis, including Zika outbreak, threatens the region|url=https://www.aei.org/publication/venezuelas-health-crisis-including-zika-outbreak-threatens-the-region/|website=American Enterprise Institute|accessdate=18 February 2016}}
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172. ^1 {{cite web|title=¡Protegerse es un lujo! Anticonceptivos y preservativos se suman a la escasez|url=http://atodomomento.com/protegerse-es-un-lujo-anticonceptivos-y-preservativos-se-suman-a-la-escasez/|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
173. ^{{cite web|title=Comienzan a escasear los implantes de seno|url=http://www.nuevaprensa.com.ve/Comienzan%20a%20escasear%20los%20implantes%20de%20seno|accessdate=25 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209022245/http://www.nuevaprensa.com.ve/Comienzan%20a%20escasear%20los%20implantes%20de%20seno|archivedate=9 December 2014|df=}}
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176. ^1 {{cite web|title=El tic-tac de la hambruna|url=http://abcblogs.abc.es/bochinche-venezolano/2014/08/24/el-tic-tac-de-la-hambruna/|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
177. ^{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Brianna|title=Venezuela Healthcare Crisis: Under Maduro, Medical Shortages Reaching Critical Level|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/venezuela-healthcare-crisis-under-maduro-medical-shortages-reaching-critical-level-2052108|accessdate=22 August 2015|agency=International Business Times|date=14 August 2015}}
178. ^{{cite news|title=Atamel y Eutirox, los medicamentos más buscados|url=http://www.unionradio.net/actualidadur/nota/visornota.aspx?id=185377&tpCont=1&idSec=3|accessdate=6 August 2015|agency=Union Radio|date=10 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611020641/http://www.unionradio.net/actualidadur/nota/visornota.aspx?id=185377&tpCont=1&idSec=3|archivedate=11 June 2015|df=}}
179. ^{{cite web|title=Venezolanas al natural por escasez de maquillaje|url=http://globovision.com/venezolanas-al-natural-por-escasez-de-maquillaje/|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
180. ^{{cite web|title=Venezuela en crisis por falta de medicinas|url=http://www.voanoticias.com/content/clinicas-privadas-en-emergencia/2422048.html|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
181. ^{{cite news|title=¿Cuál es la verdadera dimensión de la escasez en Venezuela?|url=http://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/cual-verdadera-dimension-escasez-venezuela-noticia-1811274|accessdate=6 August 2015|agency=El Comercio|date=14 May 2015}}
182. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last1=Hernandez|first1=Alicia|title=Basic Medications — and Breast Implants — in Short Supply in Deepening Venezuela Crisis|url=https://news.vice.com/article/basic-medications-and-breast-implants-in-short-supply-in-deepening-venezuela-crisis|accessdate=26 March 2016|agency=Vice News|date=9 January 2015}}
183. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Es el venezolano el que llega a vendernos productos y gasolina|url=http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=2332|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
184. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Venezuela importará productos de higiene personal ante la escasez nacional|url=http://www.caracol.com.co/noticias/internacionales/venezuela-importara-productos-de-higiene-personal-ante-la-escasez-nacional/20140814/nota/2367209.aspx|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
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187. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Sin detergente ni cloro la gente tendrá que lavar con pura agua|url=http://www.notitarde.com/La-Costa/Sin-detergente-ni-cloro-la-gente-tendra-que-lavar-con-pura-agua-2212610/2014/08/09/344575|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
188. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title="Turismo de mercado" hacen en Margarita|url=http://www.elsoldemargarita.com.ve/posts/post/id:136680/_Turismo-de-mercado_-hacen-en-Margarita|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
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190. ^{{cite web|title=Se estima que escasez de repuestos para carros oscila entre 50% y 60%|url=http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/noticias/se-estima-que-escasez-de-repuestos-para-carros-osc.aspx|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
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193. ^1 {{cite web|title=Cámara de Construcción asegura que la escasez de cabillas, cemento y acero ha afectado la producción de la Misión Vivienda Venezuela|url=http://www.ntn24.com/noticia/camara-bolivariana-de-construccion-asegura-que-la-escasez-de-cabillas-cemento-y-acero-han-afectado-23394|accessdate=25 August 2014}}
194. ^{{cite news|title=Gasoline Lines Get Longer in Venezuela|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/gasoline-lines-get-longer-venezuela/4039211.html|accessdate=6 October 2017|work=Voice of America|date=21 September 2017|language=en}}
195. ^{{cite web|title=VENEZUELA: CNP Aragua: Falta de papel en periódicos reduce los espacios informativos|url=http://www.entornointeligente.com/articulo/3075328/VENEZUELA-CNP-Aragua-Falta-de-papel-en-periodicos-reduce-los-espacios-informativos-13082014|accessdate=25 August 2014}}

External links

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  • {{cite news|last1=Cubillos|first1=Ariana|title=Venezuela crisis forces life to wait in line|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-crisis-life-waiting-in-line/|accessdate=14 July 2016|agency=CBS News|date=12 July 2016}}
  • {{cite news |last1=Falco |first1=Alessandro |title=The face of hunger and malnutrition in Venezuela |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/10/face-hunger-malnutrition-venezuela-161007055723064.html |accessdate=28 February 2019 |work=Al Jazeera |date=10 October 2016}}
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10 : Crisis in Venezuela|Economic history of Venezuela|2013 in Venezuela|2014 in Venezuela|2015 in Venezuela|2016 in Venezuela|2017 in Venezuela|2018 in Venezuela|2019 in Venezuela|2010s in Venezuela
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