“Short-lived Ottoman provinces”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Among the many Ottoman provinces (eyalets or vilayets) that were created during the centuries-long history of the Ottoman Empire, some existed for relatively short amounts of time, either because they were ceded to foreign powers, obtained independence, or were simply merged with other provinces.

Eyalets

The Eyalet of Tiflis was taken from Kartli in 1578/9, but the country proved difficult to subdue: Tiflis was lost in 1583, the Ottomans then lost the whole land except for Lori and Gori, and both were made eyalets in place of Tiflis, but were later lost in 1590 and 1599 respectively.^[1]

The Eyalet of Kakheti was nominally an eyalet in 1578, when King Alexander was made a beylerbeyi of his own kingdom.^[1]

The Eyalet of Shirvan existed from 1578 to 1604, it had previously been an Ottoman vassal for some years after 1533.^[1]

The Eyalet of Dagestan was conquered in 1578 and remained an eyalet until the beginning of the next century.^[1]

The Eyalet of Saruhan was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire from 1845 to 1847.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

The Eyalet of Sigetvar ({{lang-tr|Sigetvar Eyaleti}};^[2] {{lang-hu|Szigetvári vilájet}}; {{lang-hr|Sigetvarski vilajet}}) was formed in c. 1596 and existed until 1600. It included parts of present-day Hungary and Croatia. The capital was Szigetvár. It was later transferred to Kanije Eyalet.

The Eyalet of Kurdistan (Ottoman language: {{rtl-lang|ota|ايالت كردستان}}, Eyâlet-i Kurdistân^[3]) existed from 1847 to 1867 ({{#EXPR:1867-1847}} years). Confusingly, some neighbouring eyalets, such as Sharazor, were also sometimes referred to as "Kurdistan".^[4] It was established by the Ottoman Empire following the suppression of Bedirhan Bey's revolt in 1847. On December 14, 1847, the Ottoman State newspaper - Takvim-i Vekayi Gazetesi - carried an official notice announcing the establishment of 'the Province of Kurdistan'.^[5] The area of the eyalet was populated mainly by Kurdish speaking Muslims. As to its yearbook, it included Hakkâri, Dêrsîm, and Diyâr-ı Bekr in 1849.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} The territorial setup was later altered and it was disbanded in 1867.^[6]

Nakhichevan Eyalet

Vilayets

Dersim Vilayet or Hozat Vilayet: existed from 1879 to 1886 ({{#EXPR:1886-1879}} years); the capital was Tunceli.

Hakkari Vilayet existed from 1876 to 1888 ({{#EXPR:1888-1876}} years); the capital was Hakkari.

Karasi Vilayet existed from 1881 to 1888 ({{#EXPR:1888-1881}} years); the capital was Karesi.

Prizren Vilayet existed from 1868 or 1871 to 1877 ({{#EXPR:1877-1871}} years). It was created by joining the Sanjak of Prizren together with the Sanjak of Dibra, Sanjak of Skopje and Sanjak of Niš into one vilayet.^[7]^[8] In 1874, the seat of the vilayet was moved to Pristina.^[9] In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of {{convert|18320|sqmi|km2}}.^[10] It became part of the Kosovo Vilayet, which was established in 1877.

Herzegovina Vilayet was created by Mahmud Nedim Pasha, when he separated Herzegovina from Bosnia in 1875 and formed a new province, with two sanjaks (Mostar and Gacko).^[11] Herzegovina Vilayet was reincorporated into Bosnia Vilayet in 1877. It reportedly had an area of {{convert|5720|sqmi|km2}}.^[10]{{better source|date=September 2012}}

Hatt-ı Üstuva (Equatoria) Vilayet attached to the Ottoman controlled Khedivate of Egypt (before: Egypt Eyalet), and existed for 10 years starting with the conquest of Northern Ugandan lands such as Wadelai by commissioners like Emin Pasha^[12] and Samuel Baker of the Sudan area; which was claimed both by Turko-Egyptian rulers and British officials in 1872 and lasting until the definite British occupation of Ottoman controlled Khedivate of Egypt's southern regions.^[13]^[14]

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite book|author=D. E. Pitcher|title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA140|accessdate=2013-06-02|year=1972|publisher=Brill Archive|page=140}}
2. ^Sadık Müfit Bilge, "Macaristan'da Osmanlı Hakimiyetinin ve İdari Teşkilatının Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesi", Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi dergisi, Sayı 11, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2000, p. 68. {{tr icon}}
3. ^Hakan Özoğlu, Osmanlı devleti ve Kürt milliyetçiliği, Kitap Yayinevi, 2005, {{ISBN|978-975-6051-02-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IA4z1ryrhNQC&pg=PA89&dq=%22Ey%C3%A2let-i+Kurdistan%22&hl=tr&ei=tg-4TOWOJsilcOuuvIoN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 89.] {{tr icon}}
4. ^[https://archive.org/stream/systemofuniversa02balbiala#page/647/mode/1up System of universal geography founded on the works of Malte-Brun and Balbi] — Open Library (p. 647)
5. ^Emir Bedirhan Lütfi Ahmad Ramiz bgst 2007 p. 113 (translation of Takvim-i Vekayi)
6. ^Hakan Özoğlu, Osmanlı devleti ve Kürt milliyetçiliği, Kitap Yayinevi, 2005, {{ISBN|978-975-6051-02-3}}, p. 86.
7. ^{{cite book|last=Grandits|first=Hannes|title=Conflicting Loyalties in the Balkans The Great Powers, the Ottoman Empire and Nation-building.|publisher=Gardners Books|isbn=978-1-84885-477-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHEnVxnHIHgC&pg=PA309|author2=Nathalie Clayer |author3=Robert Pichler |accessdate=5 May 2011|page=309|year=2010|quote=In 1868 the vilayet of Prizren was created with the sancaks of Prizren, Dibra, Skopje and Niš; it only existed till 1877}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Akşin Somel|first=Selçuk|title=The modernization of public education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908|year=2001|publisher=Brill|location=Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-11903-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JqPscM-kcYC&pg=PA234|accessdate=2 August 2011|page=234|quote=the vilayet of Prizren was founded in 1871}}
9. ^{{cite book|author1=Gail Warrander|author2=Verena Knaus|title=Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSaH1bKAb8QC&pg=PA86|accessdate=2013-06-08|year=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-331-3|page=86}}
10. ^¹[https://archive.org/stream/earth01recluoft#page/152/mode/1up Europe] by Éliseé Reclus, page 152
11. ^{{cite book|author1=Stanford Jay Shaw|author2=Ezel Kural Shaw|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA154|accessdate=2013-06-04|year=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|page=154}}
12. ^{{cite web|last=P'Ojok|first=Akena|title=A Chronicle of The New African State of South Sudan|publisher=Gurtong.net|date=15 January 2011|accessdate=22 January 2015|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4690/The-New-African-State-of-South-Sudan.aspx}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last=Moore-Harell|first=Alice|title=Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877-80|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=34|issue=2|pages=113–128|date=April 1998|jstor=4283940|doi=10.1080/00263209808701225}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Güzel|first=Hasan Celal|publisher=Sabah|title=Batı Sömürgeciliğinden Türk Dostluğuna: Afrika|language=Turkish|date=8 January 2013|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/guzel/2013/01/08/bati-somurgeciliginden-turk-dostluguna-afrika|accessdate=22 January 2015}}

1 : Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire