| 词条 | Siege of Bamyan (1221) |
| 释义 |
|conflict=1221 Siege of Bamyan |partof=the Mongol invasion of Central Asia |date= Spring 1221 |place= Bamyan town, located in modern-day Hazarajat region of Afghanistan |result=Mongol victory |territory= Bamyan added to the Mongol Empire |combatant1=Mongol Empire |combatant2=Khwarezmian Empire |commander1=Genghis Khan |commander2=Unknown |strength1=30,000 men[1] |strength2=unknown |casualties1=Unknown |casualties2=all killed |notes= }} The 1221 siege of Bamyan by the Mongol Empire under the leadership of Genghis Khan[2] occurred in what is now Bamyan town in Afghanistan. BackgroundThe siege occurred while the Mongols were pursuing Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire, and his newly raised forces in Afghanistan.[3] Siege{{Campaignbox Mongol Invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire}}During the siege Mutukan (Mö'etüken), son of Chagatai Khan and favourite grandson of Genghis Khan, was killed in battle by an arrow from the besieged walls.[4][5][6] This death, compounded by the heavy casualties sustained by his forces during the siege and the realization of his own mortality, angered Genghis to the extent that once he captured Bamyan he completely destroyed the city and killed its entire and surrounding regions population. The destruction was so complete that even the Mongols referred to Bamyan as "the city of sorrows"(ie. city of woe[6]), while another title was "city of noise (or screams)" - in reference to the cries of its murdered victims.[2][3] AftermathFollowing the siege, Genghis continued his pursuit of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu into India.[3] A common belief, also held among many Hazara,[7] is that after the local Afghan population was wiped out, Genghis repopulated the area with some of his Mongol troops and their slave women, in order to guard the region while he continued his campaign. These settlers would become the ancestors of the Hazara people - with the word “Hazara” most likely derived from the Persian word “yak hazar” (“one thousand”), for the Mongol military unit of 1000 soldiers.[8] See also
References1. ^Trevor N. Dupuy and R. Ernest Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, (Harper Collins Publishers, 1993), 366. {{coord missing |Afghanistan}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamyan, Siege of}}2. ^1 A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan, by Amy Romano, p.25. 3. ^1 2 Dictionary of Wars, by George C. Kohn, p.55. 4. ^{{cite book|author1=Jack Weatherford|title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World|date=2005|publisher=Crown/Archetype|isbn=9780307237811|page=117}} 5. ^{{cite book|author1=Brendan Cassar|author2=Sara Noshadi|title=Keeping history alive: safeguarding cultural heritage in post-conflict Afghanistan|date=2015|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=9789231000645|page=244}} 6. ^1 [https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Chingiz-Khan-Haqqi-Syed-Anwarul-Haque/18563360183/bd Anwarul Haque Haqqi], Chingiz Khan: The Life and Legacy of an Empire Builder, (Primus Books, 2010), 152. 7. ^{{cite book|author1=James B. Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|date=10 Feb 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610690188|page=99|quote=Many Hazara believe that their ancestors who entered the region as part of the armies of Genghis Khan in the 13th century were Mongol soldiers and their slave women who settled to garrison the highlands in central Afghanistan following the 1221 siege of the city of Bamiyan.}} 8. ^Ratchnevsky, Paul. Genghis Khan His Life and Legacy. Cambridge and Oxford U.K.: Blackwell, 1991, p.164. 8 : Conflicts in 1221|1221 in the Mongol Empire|Sieges involving the Mongol Empire|Military history of Afghanistan|Bamyan Province|13th century in Afghanistan|Sieges of the Middle Ages|Sieges involving Afghanistan |
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