1. Plot

2. Cast

3. Production
    Inspiration 

4. Reception
    Box office  Critical response  Accolades 

5. Influence

6. See also

7. References
    Bibliography 

8. External links

• Gene Hackman
• John Cazale
• Allen Garfield
• Cindy Williams
• Frederic Forrest
• Harrison Ford

The Conversation is a 1974 American mystery thriller film written, produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Gene Hackman with supporting roles by John Cazale, Allen Garfield, Cindy Williams, Frederic Forrest, Harrison Ford, Teri Garr and Robert Duvall.

The plot revolves around a surveillance expert and the moral dilemma he faces when his recordings reveal a potential murder. Coppola cited the 1966 film Blowup as a key influence. However, since the film was released to theaters just a few months before Richard Nixon resigned as President, he felt that audiences interpreted the film to be a reaction to the Watergate scandal.

The Conversation won the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, the highest honor at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. It was nominated for three Academy Awards in 1974 and lost Best Picture to The Godfather Part II, another Francis Ford Coppola film. In 1995, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

Harry Caul is a surveillance expert who runs his own company in San Francisco. Caul is obsessed with his own privacy; his apartment is almost bare behind its triple-locked door and burglar alarm, he uses pay phones to make calls, claims to have no home telephone and his office is enclosed in wire mesh in a corner of a much larger warehouse. He has no friends, his girlfriend Amy knows nothing about him, and his one hobby is playing along to jazz records on a tenor saxophone in the privacy of his apartment.

Caul insists that he is not responsible for the actual content of the conversations he records or the use to which his clients put his surveillance activities. However, he is racked by guilt over a past wiretap job which resulted in the murder of three people. This sense of guilt is amplified by his devout Catholicism.

Caul, his colleague Stan and some freelance associates have taken on the task of bugging the conversation of a couple as they walk through crowded Union Square in San Francisco, surrounded by a cacophony of background noise. Amid the small-talk, the couple discuss fears that they are being watched, and mention a discreet meeting at a hotel room in a few days. The challenging task of recording this conversation is accomplished by multiple surveillance operatives located in different positions around the square. After Caul has merged and filtered the different tapes, the final result is a sound recording in which the words themselves are crystal clear, but their meaning remains ambiguous.

Caul feels increasingly uneasy about what may happen to the couple once the client hears the tape. He plays the tape again and again, gradually refining its accuracy. He concentrates on one key phrase hidden under the sound of a street musician: "He'd kill us if he got the chance." Caul constantly reinterprets the speakers' subtle emphasis on particular words in this phrase, trying to figure out their meaning in the light of what he suspects and subsequently discovers.

Caul avoids handing in the tape to the aide of the man who commissioned the surveillance. Afterward, he finds himself under increasing pressure from the client's aide and is himself followed, tricked, and bugged. The tape of the conversation is eventually stolen from him in a moment when his guard is down. He goes to the client to find he has received the tapes, and learns that the woman in the recording is the client's wife, apparently having an affair with the other man in the tapes.

Caul books a hotel room next to one mentioned in the recording of the conversation. He uses equipment to overhear the client in a heated argument with his wife. When he goes to the balcony to watch the events through the windows out of curiosity, he sees what appears to be the wife getting murdered and retreats in shock.

Caul later attempts to confront the client, but the client is absent. While departing, Caul catches sight of the wife, alive and unharmed, in a limo. He learns that his client was killed in an "accident," and discovers the truth: the couple were talking about killing the woman's husband, and the murder Caul witnessed was actually that of his client and not the wife. Caul gets a phone call from his client's assistant, who tells him not to look any further into the matter, and says, "We'll be listening." Caul goes on a frantic search for a listening device, tearing up his apartment to no avail. He sits amid the wreckage, playing the only thing in his apartment left intact: his saxophone.

Cast

• Gene Hackman as Harry Caul
• John Cazale as Stan
• Allen Garfield as William P. "Bernie" Moran
• Cindy Williams as Ann
• Frederic Forrest as Mark
• Harrison Ford as Martin Stett
• Michael Higgins as Paul
• Elizabeth MacRae as Meredith
• Teri Garr as Amy Fredericks
• Mark Wheeler as Receptionist
• Robert Shields as The Mime
• Phoebe Alexander as Lurleen
• Robert Duvall as The Director^[1]

Production

Coppola has cited Michelangelo Antonioni's Blowup (1966) as a key influence on his conceptualization of the film's themes, such as surveillance versus participation, and perception versus reality. "Francis had seen [it] a year or two before, and had the idea to fuse the concept of Blowup with the world of audio surveillance."{{sfn|Ondaatje|2002|p=152}}

On the DVD commentary, Coppola says he was shocked to learn that the film utilized the very same surveillance and wire-tapping equipment that members of the Nixon Administration used to spy on political opponents prior to the Watergate scandal. Coppola has said this is the reason the film gained part of the recognition it has received, but that this is entirely coincidental. Not only was the script for The Conversation completed in the mid-1960s (before the Nixon Administration came to power) but the spying equipment used in the film was discovered through research and the use of technical advisers and not, as many believed, by revelatory newspaper stories about the Watergate break-in. Coppola also noted that filming of The Conversation had been completed several months before the most revelatory Watergate stories broke in the press. Since the film was released to theaters just a few months before Richard Nixon resigned as President, Coppola felt that audiences interpreted the film to be a reaction to both the Watergate scandal and its fall-out.

The original cinematographer of The Conversation was Haskell Wexler. Severe creative and personal differences with Coppola led to Wexler's firing shortly after production began and Coppola replaced him with Bill Butler. Wexler's footage on The Conversation was completely reshot, except for the technically complex surveillance scene in Union Square.^[2] This would be the first of two Oscar-nominated films where Wexler would be fired and replaced by Butler, the second being One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), where Wexler had similar problems with Miloš Forman.^[3]

Walter Murch served as the supervising editor and sound designer. Murch had more or less a free hand during the editing process, since Coppola was already working on The Godfather Part II at the time.{{sfn|Ondaatje|2002|p=157}} Coppola noted in the DVD commentary that Hackman had a very difficult time adapting to the Harry Caul character because it was so much unlike himself. Coppola says that Hackman was at the time an outgoing and approachable person who preferred casual clothes, whereas Caul was meant to be a socially awkward loner who wore a rain coat and out-of-style glasses. Coppola said that Hackman's efforts to tap into the character made the actor moody and irritable on-set but otherwise Coppola got along well with his leading man. Coppola also notes on the commentary that Hackman considers this one of his favorite performances.

Inspiration

The character of Harry Caul was inspired by surveillance technology expert Martin Kaiser, who also served as a technical consultant on the film.^[6][7]

According to Kaiser, the final scene of the film—in which Caul is convinced he is being eavesdropped in his apartment, cannot find the listening device, and consoles himself by playing his saxophone—was inspired by the passive covert listening devices created by Léon Theremin, such as the Great Seal bug. "He couldn't find out where [the bug] was because it was the instrument itself."^[8]

Reception

Box office

The film had a $1,600,000 budget and grossed $4,420,000 domestically.

Critical response

According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 98% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 8.69/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "This tense, paranoid thriller presents Francis Ford Coppola at his finest—and makes some remarkably advanced arguments about technology's role in society that still resonate today."^[9] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".^[10]

In 1995, The Conversation was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Gene Hackman has said it's his favorite of all the films he's made. In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the eleventh best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.^[13]

Accolades

The Conversation won the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, the highest honor at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival.^[14] The film was also nominated for three Academy Awards for 1974,^[15] but the Academy preferred Coppola's The Godfather Part II, unlike critics in the National Board of Review and the National Society of Film Critics.{{sfn|Berliner|2010|p=61}}

Influence

According to film critic Kim Newman, the 1998 film Enemy of the State, which also stars Gene Hackman as co-protagonist, could be construed as a "continuation of The Conversation." Hackman's character in Enemy of the State closely resembles Caul: he dons the same translucent raincoat and his workshop is nearly identical to Caul's. Enemy of the State also includes a scene which is highly similar to The Conversations opening surveillance scene in San Francisco's Union Square.{{sfn|Pramaggiore|Wallis|2005|p=283}}

See also

• List of American films of 1974
• List of films featuring surveillance

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book |last=Berliner |first=Todd |date=2010 |title=Hollywood Incoherent: Narration in Seventies Cinema |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=0292739540 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Ondaatje |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Ondaatje |date=2002 |title=The Conversations: Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn= |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Pramaggiore |first1=Maria T. |last2=Wallis |first2=Tom |date=2005 |title=Film: A Critical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CYJUwg69KsC&pg=PA283&lpg=PA283&dq=enemy+of+the+state+brill+the+conversation&source=bl&ots=Cr7ngipw_S&sig=hkGqynftcEg7xi5mbw0YBVOYs9s&hl=en&ei=uRaXTe3AMKXgiALBmZGdCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=enemy+of+the+state+brill+the+conversation&f=false |accessdate=22 May 2017 |via=Google Books |location=London |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=1856694429 |ref=harv}}

External links

• {{Rotten-tomatoes|conversation}}
• {{IMDb title|0071360}}
• {{tcmdb title|71469}}
• {{Amg movie|10898}}
• {{metacritic film|the-conversation}}
• {{mojo title|conversation}}
• [https://sites.uchastings.edu/theconversation/ The Conversation at 40]

• Hedwig Bienenfeld
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