| 词条 | Siege of Beirut |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Siege of Beirut |partof=the 1982 Lebanon War |image= |caption=An aerial view of the stadium used as an ammunition supply site for the Palestine Liberation Organization during a confrontation with the Israelis |date=14 June – 21 August 1982 |place=Beirut, Lebanon |casus=Israel seeks to put an end to the PLO presence in Lebanon |result= Israeli tactical victory, PLO strategic victory[1]
|combatant1={{flagicon|Israel}} Israel Defense Forces {{flagicon image|Forces Libanaises Flag.svg}} Lebanese Front
|combatant2={{flagicon|PLO}} PLO {{flagicon|Lebanon}} LNRF
{{flagicon image|Flag of Mourabitoun.gif}} INM {{flagicon image|Flag of the ASALA.png}} ASALA {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.svg}} PKK |commander1={{flagicon|Israel}} Ariel Sharon {{flagicon|Israel}} Menachem Begin {{flagicon|Israel}} Rafael Eitan {{flagicon image|Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|size=20px}} Bachir Gemayel {{flagicon image|Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|size=20px}} Fadi Frem {{flagicon image|Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|size=20px}} Elie Hobeika {{flagicon image|Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|size=20px}} Samir Geagea Fawzi Mahfouz Obad Zouein {{flagicon image||size=20px}} Saad Haddad |commander2={{flagicon|PLO}} Yasser Arafat {{flagicon|PLO}} Abu Jihad {{flagicon|PLO}} Salah Khalaf {{flagicon|PLO}} George Habash {{flagicon image|Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine - Flag.svg}} Nayef Hawatmeh {{flagicon image|Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg}} George Hawi {{flagicon image|Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg}} Elias Atallah {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg}} Inaam Raad {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} Muhsin Ibrahim {{flagicon|Syria}} Hafiz al-Assad {{flagicon|Syria}} Mustafa Tlass {{flagicon image|Flag of Mourabitoun.gif}} Ibrahim Kulaylat {{flagicon image|Flag of the ASALA.png}} Monte Melkonian {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.svg}} Mahsum Korkmaz |strength1=76,000 |strength2=12,000 |casualties1=N/A |casualties2=N/A |casualties3= 4,000–5,000 Lebanese civilians killed[2] | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox 1982 Lebanon War}} }} The Siege of Beirut took place in the summer of 1982, as part of the 1982 Lebanon War, which resulted from the breakdown of the cease-fire effected by the United Nations. The siege ended with the Palestinian Liberation Organization being forced out of Beirut and Lebanon. Historical setting{{main|Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon}}The PLO moved its primary base of operations to Beirut in the early 1970s, after Black September in Jordan. The presence of Palestinian forces was one of the main reasons that led to a Christian-Muslim conflict in Lebanon in 1975–1976 which ended with the occupation of Lebanon by peace-keeping forces from several Arab countries {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, including Syria. Over the next few years, the Syrians and the PLO gained power in Lebanon, surpassing the ability of the official Lebanese government to curtail or control their actions. Throughout this time, artillery and rocket attacks were launched against Israel. Israel bombed targets in Lebanon and in 1978 launched a military invasion in to Southern Lebanon codenamed "Operation Litani". In 1978, and again in 1981 and early 1982, the United Nations sponsored a cease-fire, and Israeli troops were withdrawn. In 1982 Israel re-invaded Lebanon following the attempted assassination of its ambassador in London, despite being aware that the attack had been carried out by the Abu Nidal faction, which was at war with Arafat's PLO. The architect of the war, Ariel Sharon (then Defense Minister), presented it to the Israeli government as a limited incursion into Southern Lebanon but took his troops to Beirut. The invasion was code-named "Operation Pines" or "Peace for Galilee", and was intended to weaken or evict the PLO and impose Bachir Gemayel, head of the Christian Phalange party, as President of Lebanon in order to get Lebanon to sign a peace treaty with Israel and bring the country into Israel's sphere of influence. This plan failed when Gemayel was assassinated not long after being elected President by the Lebanese parliament under Israeli pressure. The Israeli forces invaded in a three-pronged attack. One group moved along the coastal road to Beirut, another aimed at cutting the main Beirut-Damascus road, and the third moved up along the Lebanon-Syria border, hoping to block Syrian reinforcements or interference. By the 11th of June, Israel had gained air superiority after shooting down a number of Syrian aircraft; Syria called for a cease-fire, and the majority of PLO guerrillas fled Tyre, Sidon, and other areas for Beirut. The SiegeThe ring around Beirut was closed by 13 June 1982, 7 days after the start of Israeli invasion to Lebanon. PLO and part of Syrian forces were isolated in the city. Israel hoped to complete the siege as quickly as possible; their goal all along in invading Lebanon was for a quick and decisive victory. In addition, the United States, through their representative Philip Habib, was pushing for peace negotiations; the longer the siege took, the greater Arafat's bargaining power would be. At first Israelis thought that Christian Maronite forces would eradicate the PLO quasi-government in Beirut, but it turned out that the Maronites were not prepared to undertake this task. For the IDF, the capture of Beirut in street-to-street fighting would have involved unacceptable level of casualties. This is why the method chosen, was the combination of military pressure and psychological warfare to persuade the PLO that the only alternative to surrender was total annihilation.[3] For seven weeks, Israel attacked the city by sea, air, and land, cutting off food and water supplies, disconnecting the electricity, and securing the airport and some southern suburbs, but for the most part coming no closer to their goals. As with most sieges, the population of the city, thousands of civilians, suffered alongside the PLO guerrillas. Israel was roundly accused of indiscriminately shelling the city in addition to the other measures taken to weaken the PLO. By the end of the first week of July 500 buildings had been destroyed by Israeli shells and bombs.[4] On 14 July, Ariel Sharon and chief of staff Rafael Eitan obtained Prime Minister Begin's support for a large scale operation to conquer West Beirut in order to achieve the eviction of the PLO. But the plan was rejected on 16 July by the full Israeli cabinet, out of concern for heavy loss of life. Some parties threatened to leave the ruling coalition if the plan was adopted.[5] At the end of July, with negotiations still deadlocked, the IDF intensified its attacks. Mossad, using their Phalangist contacts, sent Arab agents into Beirut with car bombs in order to terrorize the Palestinians into submission and the Lebanese to increase pressure for their departure. Dozens of people died as a result of these bombings. Some of the Israeli agents were caught and ultimately confessed.[5] Israeli Air Forces (IAF) intensified missions specifically designed to assassinate Palestinian leaders – Yassir Arafat, Abu Jihad and Salah Khalaf (Abu Iyad). The IAF were assisted by agents with transmitters on the ground. But though a number of apartment houses were destroyed with hundreds of Palestinians and Lebanese killed or wounded, the leaders managed to evade bombings.[6] On 10 August, when American envoy Philip Habib submitted a draft agreement to Israel, defense minister Sharon, probably impatient with what he regarded as American meddling, ordered a saturation bombing of Beirut, during which at least 300 people died. That bombing was followed by a protest to the Israeli government by President Ronald Reagan. In response, on 12 August, the Israeli cabinet stripped Ariel Sharon of most of his powers; he was not allowed to order the use of air force, armored force and artillery without agreement of the cabinet or prime-minister.[7] During the siege, the Israelis secured several key locations in other parts of Lebanon, but did not manage to take the city before a peace agreement was finally implemented. Although Syria had agreed on 7 August, Israel, Lebanon, and the PLO finally agreed, with US mediation, on the 18th. On 21 August, 350 French paratroopers arrived in Beirut, followed by 800 US Marines and Italian Bersaglieri plus additional international peacekeepers (for a total force of 2,130) to supervise the removal of the PLO, first by ship and then overland, to Tunisia, Yemen, Jordan, and Syria. Altogether 8500 PLO men were evacuated to Tunisia, and 2500 by land to other Arab countries.[7] ResultsIn the end, Israel succeeded in ending the rocket attacks for a very short period, and routing the PLO from Lebanon, but failed to weaken the PLO overall. The siege also saw the insubordination and subsequent dismissal of the 211th Armor Brigade commander, Eli Geva, who refused to lead his forces into the city, arguing this would result in "the excessive killings of civilians." Following the siege of Beirut, Arafat fled to Greece, and then to Tunis, establishing a new headquarters there. PLO fedayeen continued to operate out of Yemen, Jordan, Algeria, Iraq, and the Sudan, as well as within Israeli-controlled territory. International reaction
AftermathDecades after the siege, the event was cited by Osama bin Laden as a major reason for the September 11, 2001, attacks. {{quote|God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the Towers, but after the situation became unbearable—and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in Palestine and Lebanon—I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were those of 1982 and the events that followed—when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the U.S. Sixth Fleet. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me to punish the unjust the same way: to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we were tasting and to stop killing our children and women.|Osama bin Laden, 2004[10]}}See also{{Portal|Lebanon|Arab-Israeli conflict|1980s}}
References1. ^Who won the Battle of Fallujah?, Jonathan F. Keiler at Military.com: "Dating from the siege of Beirut in 1982, Israel has practiced a complex and limited form of urban warfare. In Beirut, this involved a cordon around the city, accompanied by limited attacks with artillery, ground, and air forces to put pressure on the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Syrian forces inside. The IDF did not launch a general assault on the city; it awaited a political solution that resulted in evacuation of enemy forces under the auspices of outside powers. Despite the IDF's restraint, it was depicted as little short of barbaric by much of the international media. The PLO's evacuation was treated as a victory parade, rather than the retreat it was, and the PLO lived to fight another day. The battle was a tactical victory for Israel, but a strategic defeat." 2. ^Gabriel, Richard, A, Operation Peace for Galilee, The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon, New York: Hill & Wang. 1984, p. 164, 165, {{ISBN|0-8090-7454-0}} 3. ^Shlaim 1999 p.410 4. ^Shlaim 1999 p.411 5. ^1 Morris. 2001 p.535 6. ^Morris 2001 pp.535–36 7. ^1 Shlaim 1999 p.413 8. ^1 When Push Comes to Shove: Israel flouts U.S. diplomacy with an attack on Beirut, Time, August 16, 1982. 9. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cr4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8O4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2338%2C4670295|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|title=Begin 'deeply hurt' by Reagan in call on Beirut 'holocaust'|date=30 August 1982|access-date=28 March 2015}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/30/alqaida.september11 |title=God knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers |date=October 30, 2004 |work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=May 25, 2010}}
External links
3 : Battles of the Lebanese Civil War|1982 Lebanon War|Sieges |
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