| 词条 | Siege of Belgrade (1440) |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Siege of Belgrade (1440) | width = | partof = the Ottoman wars in Europe and Serbian-Ottoman Wars | image = | caption = | date = end of April 1440 — October 1440 | place = Belgrade, Serbian Despotate | coordinates = | map_type = | map_relief = | latitude = | longitude = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Hungarian-Serbian victory | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = Ottoman Empire | combatant2 = Kingdom of Hungary Serbian Despotate | combatant3 = | commander1 = Murad II Ali Bey Evrenosoglu | commander2 = Thuróci János | commander3 = | units1 = | units2 = | units3 = | strength1 = 35,000 | strength2 = 3000-5000 | strength3 = | casualties1 = 17,000 (early Christian sources)[1] | casualties2 = unknown | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }}{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}{{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}} The Siege of Belgrade was a siege of Belgrade, an important fortified town of the Serbian Despotate and the key fortress of the Hungarian defense line after the Ottoman subjugation of Serbia in 1439, by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, spanning over five months in 1440.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=236–240}} BackgroundThe struggle the throne of Hungary and Slavonia resulted with civil war and served as an opportunity for advance of the Ottomans. Sultan Murad II seized this opportunity and decided to capture Belgrade.[2] ForcesMurad II and Ali Beg Evrenosoglu commanded the Ottoman Army. They built a wall around the city and used it to hurl stones.[3] They also used cannons cast in Smederevo, captured a year before.[4]The strength of the Belgrade garrison is unknown.[5] The Belgrade castle was protected by the canons which were placed there during the period of Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević.[6] Besides Talovac's banderij (around 500 men) from Croatia the garrison was enforced with Czech and Italian mercenaries who were archers. Local Serb population also assisted defenders[7] Talovac's forces had significant advantage because some of them used rifles, which was the first usage of the rifles against the Ottomans.[8] BattleMurad II approached Belgrade with his forces at the end of April 1440.[9] Taloci was not immediately aware of the size of the Ottoman forces and initially had intention to defeat them on the open battlefield. When he went out of the castle and realized that his forces are heavily outnumbered by the Ottomans, he retreated to the city.[7] Murad II besieged the city and fortified his forces around it. He ordered building of the mobile towers and canons of different sizes.[7] According to Konstantin Mihailović, the title of bey and corresponding estate was promised to the Ottoman soldier who would wave the Ottoman flag on the Belgrade walls. Although, Evrenosoglu already had the title of bey at that time he decided to personally lead the assault to the walls of the Belgrade castle, in hopes of increase his already great reputation.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=240–244}} References1. ^{{cite book|last=T͡Svetkova|first=Bistra Andreeva|title=Pametna bitka na narodite: evropeĭskii͡a︡t i͡u︡goiztok i osmanskoto zavoevanie--krai͡a︡ na XIV i pŭrvata polovina na XV v|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Kn-vo "Georgi Bakalov"|language=Bulgarian|page=91|quote=...17 000 жертви в тия тежки сражения за овладяване}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Magaš|first=Branka|title=Croatia through history: the making of a European state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5pAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Saqi|page=74}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA18|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|pages=18–}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Parry|first1=Vernon J.|last2=Yapp|first2=Malcolm|authorlink2=Malcolm Yapp|title=War, technology and society in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ip1tAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=185}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Šolajić|first=Dragutin|title=Ratna prošlost Beograda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn0aAAAAIAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Beogradske novine|page=50|quote=Колика је била јачина београдске посаде није познато}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Tasić|first=Nikola|title=Istorija Beograda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5riAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, Balkanološki institut|page=67|quote= Град јс био снабдевен топовима који су били распорсђени још у времс деспота Стефана Лазаревића.}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Klaić|first=Vjekoslav|authorlink=Vjekoslav Klaić|title=Povjest Hrvata: od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFlBAQAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=Tisak i naklada knjižare L. Hartmana (Kugli i Deutsch)|page=175}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Prosvjeta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUsiAQAAMAAJ|year=1908|publisher=Društvo hrvatskih književnika.|page=415|quote=Tako je dakle Ivan Talovac mogao prvi upotiebiti puške u ratu s Turcima. }} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Klaić|first=Vjekoslav |authorlink=Vjekoslav Klaić |title=Povjest Hrvata: Dio 1. Treće dova: Vladanje kraljeva iz raznih porodica (1301-1526) 1. knj. Anžuvinci i Sigismund do gubitka Dalmacije (1301-1409)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxBLAAAAYAAJ|year=1901|publisher=Tisak i naklada knjižare L. Hartmana|page=175}} Sources
8 : Conflicts in 1440|Serbian Despotate|Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire|Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages|Battles of the Ottoman–Serbian Wars|1440 in the Ottoman Empire|15th century in Belgrade|Military history of Belgrade |
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