| 词条 | Siege of Newcastle |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Siege of Newcastle |partof=the First English Civil War | image= Newcastle Castle, 1814.jpg | image_size = 150 |caption=Newcastle Castle |date=3 February - 21 October 1644 |place=Newcastle upon Tyne, Kingdom of England |result=Decisive Scottish victory
|combatant1= Scottish Covenanters |combatant2={{Flagicon image|Royal Standard of England (1603–1689).svg}} English Royalists |commander1=Earl of Leven Lt. Gen. Earl of Callander |commander2=Governor Sir John Marlay |strength1=Six regiments |strength2= |casualties1= |casualties2= |campaignbox= }}{{Campaignbox First English Civil War}}{{Campaignbox Scottish Civil War}} The Siege of Newcastle (3 February 1644 – until 19 October 1644) occurred during the First English Civil War, when a Covenanter army under the command of Lord General Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven besieged the Royalist (Cavalier) garrison under, Sir John Marlay, the city's governor. Eventually the Covenanters took the city of Newcastle-on-Tyne by storm, and the Royalist garrison who still held castle keep surrendered on terms. This was not the first time that Newcastle-on-Tyne had changed hands during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Scots had occupied the city during the Second Bishops’ War in 1640.{{sfn|Murdoch|Grosjean|2014|pp=134-136}} Invasion and siegeA Covenanter army from Scotland under the command of Lord General Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven crossed into England in January 1644. As he moved his army south he left six regiments under the direction of Lieutenant General James Livingstone, 1st Earl of Callander, to lay siege to the city of Newcastle-on-Tyne from 3 February (when the town was formally asked to surrender){{sfn|Murdoch|Grosjean|2014|pp=134-136}}{{sfn|Lindsay}}{{sfn|Plant|2006}} Battle of Marston MoorThe city was not continually invested in this time. In a complicated situation, as the Earl of Callander diverted his troops to take surrounding towns like Newburn, as the main Covenanter army pressed south. In the meantime, the royalist governor having reinforced his position then committed forces south also where the main Covenanter-Parliamentarian allied armies clashed with the Royalists at the Battle of Marston Moor.{{sfn|Fraser|Emsley|1973|p=37}} It was the defeat of the Royalist field army at Marston Moor on 2 July that decided the fate of Newcastle and all the other Royalist strongholds in the North East of England, because without the means of relief from an army in the field the capitulation of all such strongholds was only a matter of time.{{sfn|Lindsay}}{{sfn|Plant|2006}}{{sfn|Plant|2008}} Bombardment, storming and surrenderFrom 15 August 1644 Newcastle and Tynemouth were again the main target for Callander, now joined by the main Covenanters under Leven. Bombardment and mines were necessary to breach the walls. The western half fell on 19 October 1644. Those remaining loyal to the Royalist cause retreated into the Castle Keep. Finding the situation hopeless surrender was negotiated with General Leslie by the Royalist Governor, Sir John Marlay on 21 October 1644. The terms of surrender were generous: the promise of mercy for the garrison was fulfilled, although some of the Royalist leaders, including Marlay himself, suffered imprisonment or banishment.{{sfn|Murdoch|Grosjean|2014|pp=134-136}}{{sfn|Fraser|Emsley|1973|p=37}} AftermathThe Covenanters were delighted at the result, more so it is thought than the English Parliament. Tynemouth had fallen on 27 October 1644 and the Scots were now able to control the Tyneside coal trade for a second time which they did until they were persuaded to leave on 30 January 1647 with the demise of the Solemn League and Covenant.{{sfn|Fraser|Emsley|1973|p=37}} NotesReferences
External links
10 : History of Newcastle upon Tyne|First English Civil War|Wars of the Three Kingdoms|1644 in England|Conflicts in 1644|Military history of Northumberland|Sieges involving Scotland|17th century in Northumberland|Sieges of the English Civil Wars|Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms |
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