| 词条 | Silent Parade |
| 释义 |
| title = Silent Parade | partof = | image = 1917 Silent Parade men H.tiff | caption = The 1917 Silent Parade in New York | date = July 28, 1917 | place = New York City, New York, United States | coordinates = {{Coord|40.762960|-73.973946}} | causes = Black people deaths during the East St. Louis riots | goals = To protest murders, lynchings, and other anti-Black violence; to promote anti-lynching legislation, and promote Black causes | methods = Parade / public demonstration | status = | result = Woodrow Wilson did not implement anti-lynching legislation | side1 = | side2 = | side3 = | leadfigures1 = | leadfigures2 = | leadfigures3 = | howmany1 = | howmany2 = | howmany3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | fatalities = | injuries = | arrests = | detentions = | charged = | fined = | casualties_label = | notes = | sidebox = }} The Negro Silent Protest Parade[1] was a silent march of about 10,000 African Americans along Fifth Avenue starting at 57th Street in New York City on July 28, 1917. The event was organized by the NAACP, church, and community leaders to protest violence directed towards African Americans, such as recent lynchings in Waco and Memphis. The parade was precipitated by the East St. Louis riots in May and July 1917 where at least 40 black people were killed by white mobs, in part touched off by a labor dispute where blacks were used for strike breaking.[2][3] BackgroundEast St. Louis riots{{Main|East St. Louis riots}}Prior to May 1917, there began a migration of blacks fleeing threats to life and liberty in the South. Tensions in East St. Louis, Illinois, were brewing between white and black workers. Many black workers had found work in the local industry. In Spring 1917, the mostly white workers of the Aluminum Ore Company voted for a labor strike and the Company recruited hundreds of black workers to replace them.[3] The situation exploded after rumors of black men and white women fraternizing began to circulate.[4][5] Thousands of white men descended on East St. Louis and began attacking African Americans. They destroyed buildings and beat people. The rioting died down, only to rise with vigor again several weeks later. After an incident in which a police officer was shot by black residents of the city, thousands of whites marched and rioted in the city again. The Encyclopedia of the Harlem Rennaissance states that "Eyewitnesses likened the mob to a manhunt, describing how rioters sought out blacks to beat, mutilate, stab, shoot, hang, and burn."[2] The brutality of the attacks by mobs of white people and the refusal by the authorities to protect innocent lives contributed to the responsive measures taken by some African Americans in St. Louis and the nation.[6] Marcus Garvey declared in a speech that the riot was "one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind" and a "wholesale massacre of our people", insisting that "This is no time for fine words, but a time to lift one's voice against the savagery of a people who claim to be the dispensers of democracy."[7][8] After the riots, many black people felt that there was little "possibility of the United States ever permitting black people to enjoy full citizenship, equal rights and dignity."[11] Writers and civil rights activists, W.E.B DuBois and Martha Gruening visited the city after the riot on July 2 in order to speak to witnesses and survivors.[12] They wrote an essay describing the riots in "gruesome detail" for The Crisis, an NAACP publication.[9][10] Planning a responseJames Weldon Johnson, the Field Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),[11][12] worked with a group of influential community leaders at the St. Philip's Church in New York to decide how to protest the riots.[13][14] The idea of a silent protest had first been suggested in a 1916 NAACP Conference by Oswald Garrison Villard.[14] Black women in New York had also participated in earlier silent parades with white women, like the June 1917 silent parade in support of the Red Cross.[15] Villard's mother, Fanny Garrison Villard, had organized a silent march for suffragettes in New York in 1913.[16] However, for this protest, organizers felt that it was important that only black people participate because they were the main victims of the recent violence.[14]Two prominent members of the local clergy were tapped to serve as the executives for the parade. Rev. Dr. Hutchens C. Bishop, rector of the city's oldest Black Episcopal parish, and Rev. Dr. Charles D. Martin, founder of the Fourth Moravian Church, respectively, served as the President, and Secretary for the parade.[1] With "righteous indignation", Dr. Martin wrote the call to action entitled simply "Why We March". It laid out the rationale for the protest, and was distributed before[1] and during[25] the parade. The parade was advertised in The New York Age where it was described as a "mute but solemn protest against the atrocities and discrimination practiced against the race in various parts of the country."[17] Men, women and children alike were invited to take part. It was hoped that around ten thousand people would be able to participate, and that African Americans in other cities might hold their own parades.[17][18] The New York parade was announced ahead of time in other cities as well.[19][20][21] Protest in New YorkIn the midst of record heat[22] in New York City on July 28, an estimated 8,000 to 15,000 African Americans[23][24] marched in silent protest to the lynchings, as in Waco, Memphis, and especially the East St. Louis riots. The march began at 57th Street, down Fifth Avenue, to its end at 23rd Street.[22] Protesters carried signs that highlighted their discontent. Some signs and banners appealed directly to President Woodrow Wilson.[16] A mounted police escort led the parade. Women and children were next, dressed in white. They were followed by the men, dressed in black.[6][2] People of all races looked on from both sides of Fifth Avenue. The New York Age estimated that "fully fifteen thousand Negroes, who should have taken an active part, looked on."[22] Black boy scouts handed out fliers describing why they were marching.[25] During the parade, white people stopped to listen to black people explain the reasons for the march and other white bystanders expressed support and sympathy.[22] The parade marked the first large black-only protest parade in New York.[25] The New York Times described it the following day:[23] {{Quote|text=To the beat of muffled drums 8,000 negro men, women and children marched down Fifth Avenue yesterday in a parade of "silent protest against acts of discrimination and oppression" inflicted upon them in this country, and in other parts of the world. Without a shout or a cheer they made their cause known through many banners which they carried, calling attention to "Jim Crowism," segregation, disenfranchisement, and the riots of Waco, Memphis, and East St. Louis. | Author=New York Times}} Media coverage of the march helped to counter the dehumanization of black people in the United States.[26] The parade and its coverage helped depict the NAACP as a "well-organized and mannerly group" and also helped increase its visibility both among white and black people alike.[27] Marchers hoped to influence Democratic President Wilson to carry through on his election promises to African American voters to implement anti-lynching legislation and promote Black causes. Four days after the silent parade, black leaders involved in the protest, including Madame C.J. Walker, went to Washington D.C. for a planned appointment with the president.[28] The appointment was not kept, as the group of leaders were told that Wilson had "another appointment."[28] They left their petition for Wilson, which reminded him of African Americans serving in World War I and urged him to prevent riots and lynchings in the future.[28] Wilson did not do so and repudiated his promises. Federal discrimination against African Americans increased during Wilson's presidency.[29] Organizers and leadershipWhile the parade was put on under the banner of the Harlem branch of the NAACP, a who's who of the Church and business community helped plan the event. The issue of the NAACP The Crisis magazine which described the parade quotes the New York World this way:[30] {{Quote|text=The Rev. Dr. H. C. Bishop was President of the parade. The Rev. Dr. Charles D. Martin was Secretary. The Rev. F. A. Cullen was Vice President. The first Deputy Marshal was J. Rosamond Johnson. Others were A. B. Cosey, C. H. Payne, formerly a member of Troop A, Ninth Cavalry; the Rev. E. W. Daniels {{sic}}, Allen Wood, James W. Johnson and John Nail, Jr. Rev. G. M. Plaskett and Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois were in the line of officers.}} LegacyThe parade was the very first protest of its kind in New York, and the second instance of African Americans publicly demonstrating for civil rights.[31] The Silent Parade evoked empathy by Jewish people who remembered pogroms against them and also inspired the media to express support of African Americans in their struggle against lynching and oppression.[32] Another large silent parade took place in Newark in 1918. On the day before the parade, members of the NAACP spoke at local churches about the parade and the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill.[33] Women from the New Jersey Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NJFCWC) marched along with men and other women carrying signs.[33] A large meeting was held in the Newark Armory when the parade was complete.[33] Another NAACP-sponsored silent march happened on August 26, 1989 to protest recent Supreme Court decisions. The U.S. Park Service estimated over 35,000 people participated.[34] The march was encouraged by NAACP director, Benjamin L. Hooks.[35] In East St. Louis, there was a week-long commemoration of the riots and march in the weeks prior to the 100th anniversary on July 28, 2017.[36] Around 300 people marched from the SIUE East St. Louis Higher Learning Center to the Eads Bridge.[37] Everyone marched in silence, with many women in white and men wearing black suits. Those who couldn't walk followed by car.[37] On the 100th anniversary, Google commemorated the parade in a Google Doodle.[38] Many people in 2017 expressed online that they first learned about the Silent Parade through the day's Google Doodle.[39] A group of artists, along with the NAACP, planned a re-enactment of the silent march in New York for the evening on July 28, 2017.[40] The event, with around 100 people and many participants wearing white, was not able to march down Fifth Avenue because the city would not grant access due to Trump Tower being located there.[41] The commemoration took place on Sixth Avenue instead, and the group held up portraits of contemporary victims of violence by both police and vigilantes in the United States.[41] References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/forward/text4/silentprotest.pdf |title=The NEGRO SILENT PROTEST PARADE organized by the NAACP Fifth Ave., New York City July 28, 1917 |date=2014 |website=National Humanities Center, Research Triangle Park, NC |publisher=National Humanities Center |access-date=July 28, 2017}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book |date=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance: K–Y |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgIYlUbaoAoC&pg=PA752&dq=1917+Silent+Parade&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGu7Koo6zVAhUCLmMKHdDEBmYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1917%20Silent%20Parade&f=false |publisher=Routledge |page=752 |isbn=157958389X }} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/east-st-louis-race-riot-left-dozens-dead-devastating-community-on-the-rise-180963885/ |title=The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise |date=June 30, 2017|website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=July 28, 2017}} 4. ^Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, 1964. 5. ^Leonard, "E. St. Louis Riot", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 13, 2004. 6. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&printsec=copyright&dq=The+Horror+of+the+East+St.+Louis+Massacre.&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Garvey%20East%20St.%20Louis%20Massacre&f=false|title=Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America|last=James|first=Winston|date=1998|publisher=Verso|year=|isbn=9781859841402|location=|pages=94–96|language=en}} 7. ^Herbert Shapiro, White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery, University of Massachusetts Press, 1988, p. 163. 8. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/filmmore/ps_riots.html "Speech by Marcus Garvey, July 8, 1917"]. Excerpts from Robert A. Hill, ed. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume I, 1826 – August 1919. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983, accessed 1 February 2009, PBS, American Experience. 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://time.com/4828991/east-saint-louis-riots-1917/|title=The Forgotten March That Started the National Civil Rights Movement Took Place 100 Years Ago|last=Waxman|first=Olivia B.|website=Time|access-date=2017-07-29}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|first2=|date=September 1917|title=The Massacre of East St. Louis|url=http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292426769648500.pdf|journal=The Crisis|volume=14|issue=5|pages=219–238|via=}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=Opening Credits|journal=The Crisis|url=http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292425234476625.pdf|date=June 1917|volume=14|issue=2|page=1|accessdate=2 August 2017}} 12. ^{{cite journal|title=Opening Credits|journal=The Crisis|url=http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292426769648500.pdf|date=September 1917|volume=14|issue=5|page=1|accessdate=2 August 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Milward|first1=Jessica|title=Finding Charity's Folks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgboCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=hutchens+chew+bishop+obituary&source=bl&ots=AZjMKz2rKQ&sig=pPytNlH-rwaatZBDzMf6u2bugbA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj17uFqbLVAhXhlVQKHVhZB8IQ6AEIQTAH#v=onepage&q=hutchens%20chew%20bishop%20obituary&f=false|website=Google Books|accessdate=31 July 2017}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/naacp-silent-protest-parade-new-york-city-1917|title=NAACP Silent Protest Parade, New York City (1917)|last=Newman|first=Alexis|date=|website=The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|language=en|access-date=2017-07-28}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12696455/|title=Colored Women Take Part in "Silent Parde" on Fifth Avenue for Red Cross|last=|first=|date=28 June 1917|work=The New York Age|access-date=28 July 2017|via=Newspapers.com}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9151|title=Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government during World War I|last=Ellis|first=Mark|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-253-10932-3 |location=Bloomington, Indiana|pages=43|subscription=yes |via=Project MUSE}} 17. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12696534/|title=The Silent Parade proposed to|last=|first=|date=19 July 1917|work=The New York Age|access-date=28 July 2017|via=Newspapers.com}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12698371/|title=The Silent Parade|last=|first=|date=26 July 1917|work=The New York Age|access-date=28 July 2017|via=Newspapers.com}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12696673/|title=Negroes to Hold a Silent Parade|last=|first=|date=25 July 1917|work=The Daily Times|access-date=28 July 2017 |via=Newspapers.com}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12696804/|title=To Have Silent Parade|last=|first=|date=25 July 1917|work=Palladium-Item|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12696852/|title=New York Negro to Protest Riots|last=|first=|date=25 July 1917|work=The Oklahoma City Times|access-date=28 July 2017|via=Newspapers.com}} 22. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12690498/silent_negro_protest1917/|title=Nearly Ten Thousand Take Part In Big Silent Protest Parade Down Fifth Avenue|last=Walton|first=Lester A.|date=Aug 2, 1917|website=New York Age|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 28, 2017|via=Newspapers.com}} 23. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/07/29/96262006.pdf |title=NEGROES IN PROTEST MARCH IN FIFTH AV.; 8,000 Men, Women, and Children Demand That Discrimination and Oppression End. TELL WOES ON BANNERS Parade in Silence While Thousands of Their Race Look On with Never a Cheer. |date=July 29, 1917 |website=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=July 28, 2017}} 24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7389461/silent_parade/|title=15,000 Negroes in Anti-Riot Parade|last=|first=|date=29 July 1917|work=New York Herald|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|via=Newspapers.com}} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2017/07/listening-silent-parade-1917-forgotten-civil-rights-march.html|title=Listening to the Silent Parade of 1917: The Forgotten Civil Rights March|last=|first=|date=27 July 2017|website=The Bowery Boys: New York City History|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=28 July 2017}} 26. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/52068|title=Black Movements: Performance and Cultural Politics|last=Colbert|first=Soyica Diggs|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780813588544|location=New Brunswick|pages=145–146|subscription=yes|via=Project MUSE}} 27. ^{{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/16613|title=Invisible Activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1915–1945|last=Sartain|first=Lee|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780807135761|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|pages=20|subscription=yes|via=Project MUSE}} 28. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5Y5Kk12xkkC&lpg=PA78&dq=%22silent%20march%22%201917&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q=%22silent%20march%22%201917&f=false|title=Madam C.J. Walker: Entrepreneur and Millionaire|last=Stille|first=Darlene R.|publisher=Compass Point Books|year=2007|isbn=9780756518837|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|pages=78–80}} 29. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=King |encyclopedia=W. E. B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia |isbn=0-313-29665-0 |first=William |publisher=Greenwood Press |title=Silent Protest Against Lynching |location=Westport, Connecticut |pages=191 |date=2001}} 30. ^{{cite journal|date=September 1917|title=The Negro Silent Parade|url=http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292426769648500.pdf|journal=The Crisis|volume=14|issue=5|pages=241–244}} 31. ^David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography (Henry Holt & Company, 2009), p. 352. The first instance was picketing against the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation. 32. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3UeAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA164&dq=%22silent%20parade%22&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q=%22silent%20parade%22&f=false|title=Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution|last=Dawley|first=Alan|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|isbn=9781400850594|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=164}} 33. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/49201|title=Black Women’s Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb|last=Adams|first=Betty Livingston|publisher=NYU Press|year=2016|isbn=9781479880324|location=New York|pages=86|subscription=yes|via=Project MUSE}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-27/news/mn-1753_1_supreme-court-decisions| title=Thousands Stage Silent March on Capitol : Civil Rights Gathering Protests Recent Supreme Court Decisions | publisher=Los Angeles Times | date=1989-08-27 | access-date=2017-07-28}} 35. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=21 August 1989|title=NAACP to Hold Silent March in Washington to Protest New Supreme Court Ruling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orsDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA6&dq=%22silent%20march%22%201917&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=%22silent%20march%22%201917&f=false|journal=Jet|volume=76|issue=20|pages=6|via=}} 36. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.bnd.com/news/local/article159379064.html|title=March in memory of race riot victims gives voice to history and healing|last=Johnson|first=Kaley|date=2 July 2017|work=Belleville News-Democrat|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 37. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/esl-commemorated-th-anniversary-of-unparalleled-racial-terror/article_3fd5d24c-61e0-11e7-ba6b-d76f6593c28c.html|title=ESL commemorated 100th anniversary of unparalleled racial terror|last=Vaughn|first=Kenya|date=6 July 2017|work=St. Louis American|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/4877904/google-doodle-100th-anniversary-silent-parade/|title=Google Doodle Commemorates 100th Anniversary of the Silent Parade|last=Samuelson|first=Kate|date=28 July 2017|website=Time|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-07-28}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://atlantablackstar.com/2017/07/29/many-learn-of-silentparade-for-first-time-after-google-honors-iconic-civil-rights-march/|title=Many Learn of #SilentParade For First Time After Google Honors Iconic Civil Rights March|last=Kenney|first=Tanasia|date=2017-07-29|website=Atlanta Black Star|access-date=2017-07-29}} 40. ^{{Cite news|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/arts-group-to-restage-historic-civil-rights-protest-in-new-york/|title=Arts group to restage historic civil rights protest in New York|last=Angeleti|first=Gabriella|date=28 July 2017|work=The Art Newspaper|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 41. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/29/naacp-silent-parade-100th-anniversary-march-new-york-city|title=Activists marking 100th anniversary of NAACP's silent parade see scary parallels|last=Lartey|first=Jamiles|date=2017-07-29|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-07-29|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} External links{{Commons category|1917_Silent_Parade| Silent Parade}}
11 : Civil rights protests in the United States|Protest marches in New York City|African-American history in New York City|African-American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement|History of African-American civil rights|Racially motivated violence against African Americans|Lynching in the United States|1917 in New York (state)|United States home front during World War I|July 1917 events|1917 protests |
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