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词条 The empire on which the sun never sets
释义

  1. Possible precursors

  2. Empire of Charles V

  3. Spanish Empire

  4. British Empire

  5. The United States of America

  6. See also

  7. Notes

{{short description|Phrase describing a large empire}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Redirect|Sun never sets||The Sun Never Sets (disambiguation)}}

The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" (in Spanish "el imperio donde nunca se pone el sol")

has been used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was always at least one part of their territory that was in daylight.

It was originally used for the universal monarchy[1][2] of the European and American dominions under Emperor Charles V by Fray Francisco de Ugalde, Ludovico Ariosto, Rabelais, and others.[3][4][5][6] Following the abdication of Emperor Charles V and the centralization of the Spanish Empire (described by historians as the first global empire) in Madrid by his son Philip II of Spain and successors, the term continued to be used for the Spanish Empire in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.[7][8] In more recent times, it was used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period in which the British Empire reached a territorial size larger than that of any other empire in history. In the 20th century, the phrase has been adapted to refer to the global reach of American power.

Possible precursors

Georg Büchmann traces the idea to a speech in Herodotus' Histories, made by Xerxes I before invading Greece.[9]
γῆν τὴν Περσίδα ἀποδέξομεν τῷ Διὸς αἰθέρι ὁμουρέουσαν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ χώρην γε οὐδεμίαν κατόψεται ἥλιος ὅμουρον ἐοῦσαν τῇ ἡμετέρῃ

"We shall extend the Persian territory as far as God's heaven reaches. The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders." [10]

A similar concept in the Old Testament might pre-date Herodotus and Xerxes I where Psalm 72:8 speaks of the Messianic King: ‘He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth’ [11] for ‘as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations’ Ps 72:5.[12] This concept had existed in the Ancient Near East before the Old Testament. The Story of Sinuhe (19th century BC) announces that the Egyptian King rules “all what the sun encircles.”[13] Mesopotamian texts contemporary to Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334 – 2279 BC) proclaim that this king ruled “all the lands from sunrise to sunset.”[14]

Empire of Charles V

Charles V controlled in personal union a composite monarchy that was the first collection of realms to be referred to as the "empire on which the sun never sets". Charles was born in 1500 in the Flemish region of the Low Countries in modern-day Belgium, then part of the Habsburg Netherlands, from Joanna the Mad (daughter of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Philip the Handsome (son of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor). He inherited his homeland from his father as Duke of Burgundy in 1506, became jure matris king of Castille and Aragon in 1516, and was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. As ruler of Castille and Aragon, he has been referred to as King of Spain. As Holy Roman Emperor, he was crowned King of Germany and King of Italy. [15]

As founder of the Burgundian Circle he integrated the low countries in the Holy Roman Empire and made Brussels the imperial capital with the palace of Coudenberg serving as his residence and court: there, he announced his legacies in 1515 and announced his abdication in 1555. As ruler of Spain he inherited the West Indies "discovered" by Columbus and greatly expanded his territories in the Americas by ordering the operations of the Spanish conquistadores: Hernan Cortes annexed the Aztecs and subjugated Middle America following the Fall of Tenochtitlan, and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and extended colonial rule to South America following the Battle of Cajamarca. As Holy Roman Emperor he managed to defend his German territories in Austria from the Ottomans of Suleiman the magnificent (Siege of Vienna) and his Italian territories in the Duchy of Milan from the French of Francis I (Battle of Pavia): to finance the Ottoman-Habsburg Wars and the Italian Wars the Empire made large use of the gold and silver coming from the Americas.[15] The reign of Charles V encompassed also the German colonization of the americas and the expedition of the explorer Magellan to the Philippines.[16]

The court of Charles V was itinerant and he was often on travel between Flemish, Spanish, German and Italian cities. Unable to create a universal monarchy and resist the rise of protestantism, Charles V announced his resignation. His abdication divided his territories between his son Philip II of Spain, who took the colonial tertitories, and his brother Ferdinand of Austria who took the Holy Roman Empire and added it to the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia. The Habsburg Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan continued to be part of the Holy Roman Empire but were also left in personal union with the King of Spain, and the Spanish King had claims on the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia. These issues will be settled with the Onate treaty of 1617.[15]

Spanish Empire

Charles's son, Philip II of Spain, made Spain (his homeland) the metropole of the territories that he inherited. In particular, he placed the Council of Castille, the Council of Aragon, the Council of Italy, the Council of Flanders and the Council of the Indies in Madrid.[17] When King Henry of Portugal died, Philip II pressed his claim to the Portuguese throne and was recognised as Philip I of Portugal in 1581. Therefore he added to the territories in the Americas and the Philippines (named after him), the Portuguese Empire, which itself included territories in the Americas, in the North and the Sub-Saharan Africa, in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

In 1585, Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote Il pastor fido to mark the marriage of Catherine Michelle, daughter of Philip II, to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Guarini's dedication read, "Altera figlia / Di qel Monarca, a cui / Nö anco, quando annotta, il Sol tramonta."[9] ("The proud daughter / of that monarch to whom / when it grows dark [elsewhere] the sun never sets.").[18]

In the early 17th century, the phrase was familiar to John Smith,[19] and to Francis Bacon, who writes: "both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them : which, to say truly, is a beam of glory [...]".[20] Thomas Urquhart wrote of "that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets."[21]

In the German dramatist Friedrich Schiller's 1787 play, Don Carlos, Don Carlos's father, Philip II, says, "{{lang-de|Ich heiße / der reichste Mann in der getauften Welt; / Die Sonne geht in meinem Staat nicht unter.}}" ("I am called / The richest monarch in the Christian world; / The sun in my dominion never sets.").[22]

Joseph Fouché recalled Napoleon saying before the Peninsular War, "Reflect that the sun never sets in the immense inheritance of Charles V, and that I shall have the empire of both worlds." [23] This was cited in Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon.[18][24]

It has been claimed that Louis XIV of France's emblem of the "Sun King" and associated motto, "Nec pluribus impar" were based on the solar emblem and motto of Philip II.[25]

British Empire

In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe. Scottish author, John Wilson, writing as "Christopher North" in Blackwood's Magazine in 1829, is sometimes credited as originating the usage.[26][27][28][29] However, George Macartney wrote in 1773, in the wake of the territorial expansion that followed Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, of "this vast empire on which the sun never sets, and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained."[30]

In a speech on 31 July 1827, Rev. R. P. Buddicom said, "It had been said that the sun never set on the British flag; it was certainly an old saying, about the time of Richard the Second, and was not so applicable then as at the present time."[31] In 1821, the Caledonian Mercury wrote of the British Empire, "On her dominions the sun never sets; before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of the Ganges."[32]

Daniel Webster famously expressed a similar idea in 1834: "A power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drumbeat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England."[18][33] In 1839, Sir Henry Ward said in the House of Commons, "Look at the British Colonial empire—the most magnificent empire that the world ever saw. The old Spanish boast that the sun never set in their dominions, has been more truly realised amongst ourselves."[34] By 1861, Lord Salisbury complained that the £1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain merely enabled the nation "to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire".[35]

The United States of America

From the mid-nineteenth century, the image of the sun never setting can be found applied to Anglophone culture, explicitly including both the British Empire and the United States, for example in a speech by Alexander Campbell in 1852: "To Britain and America God has granted the possession of the new world; and because the sun never sets upon our religion, our language and our arts...".[36]

By the end of the century, the phrase was also being applied to the United States alone. An 1897 magazine article titled "The Greatest Nation on Earth" boasted, "[T]he sun never sets on Uncle Sam".[37] In 1906, William Jennings Bryan wrote, "If we can not boast that the sun never sets on American territory, we can find satisfaction in the fact that the sun never sets on American philanthropy";[38] after which, The New York Times received letters attempting to disprove his presupposition.[39]

A 1991 history book discussion of U.S. expansion states, "Today ... the sun never sets on American territory, properties owned by the U.S. government and its citizens, American armed forces abroad, or countries that conduct their affairs within limits largely defined by American power."[40]

Although most of these sentiments have a patriotic ring, the phrase is sometimes used critically with the implication of American imperialism, as in the title of Joseph Gerson's book, The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases.[41]

See also

  • King of Kings
  • Nec pluribus impar
  • Plus ultra
  • List of former transcontinental countries
  • Pluricontinentalism

Notes

1. ^Armitage, David The Ideological Origins of the British Empire Cambridge University Press (2000) p32
2. ^Ocker, Christopher, Printy ,Michael & Starenko, Peter (Editors) Politics and Reformations: Communities, Politics, Nations, and Empires Brill Academic Publishers (2007), 495.
3. ^[https://books.google.it/books?id=_HM7AQAAIAAJ&q=Empire+from+Vienna+to+Peru+and+sun+never+sets&dq=Empire+from+Vienna+to+Peru+and+sun+never+sets&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRn7KBj9bgAhUJ6KQKHdTlAmUQ6AEIJTAA]
4. ^[https://books.google.it/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&pg=PA126&dq=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji1sP7stbgAhUMDuwKHTOECscQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=Charles%20V%20empire%20sun%20set%20Spain%20HRE&f=false]
5. ^[https://books.google.it/books?id=Lnq8UMmQWAMC&pg=PA58&dq=words+of+ariosto+sun+never+sets&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUo_ODk9bgAhXMRRUIHX8MBPwQ6AEIJTAA]
6. ^[https://books.google.it/books?id=RwjWrTd5la4C&pg=PA34&dq=Rabelais+charles+v+empire+on+which+sun+never+sets&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNzpe9j9bgAhXS66QKHU4dA6sQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Rabelais%20charles%20v%20empire%20on%20which%20sun%20never%20sets&f=false]
7. ^{{cite book|author=Lothar Höbelt |title=Defiant Populist: Jörg Haider and the Politics of Austria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrsgaVfsUKAC&pg=PA1 |year=2003 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-230-5 |page=1}}
8. ^Cropsey, Seth. Seablindness: How political neglect is choking American sea power and what to do about it. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2S-dDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=fray+francisco+de+ugalde+imperio&source=bl&ots=7IEQsmfLWa&sig=1gEZcgLOadPki_YZdHHyFjIcDZ4&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj074e2uZHZAhUqIcAKHfJ4CUcQ6AEIXTAJ#v=onepage&q=fray%20francisco%20de%20ugalde%20imperio&f=false]
9. ^1 {{cite book |last=Büchmann |first=Georg |author2=Walter Robert-turnow |title=Geflügelte Worte: Der Citatenschatz des deutschen Volkes |publisher=Haude und Spener (F. Weidling) |location=Berlin |year=1895 |edition=18th |page=157 |language=German |url=https://archive.org/stream/geflgelteworted08bcgoog#page/n186/mode/1up |accessdate=2016-02-23}}
10. ^{{cite book |author=Herodotus |others=translated by George Rawlinson |title=Histories |year=1910 |chapter=Book 7 (Polyhmnia) |at=¶8 |chapterurl=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Herodotus/Book_7 |accessdate=2016-02-23 }}
11. ^{{bibleverse||Psalm|72:8|KJV}}
12. ^{{bibleverse||Psalm|72:5|KJV}}
13. ^Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, ed. Miriam Lichtheim, Berkeley & Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, (1975), vol I, p 230.
14. ^ Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, Winona Lake: Eisenbraums, (1998), p 88.
15. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyem01goog/page/n6 |title=The autobiography of the Emperor Charles V. Recently discovered in the Portuguese language by Baron Kervyn de Lettenhove .. : Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1500-1558 |publisher=Archive.org |date= |accessdate=2019-01-28}}
16. ^[https://books.google.it/books?id=mpy0KiBC9q0C&pg=PA12&dq=Charles+V+german+colonization+of+the+americas&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiki6u8lNbgAhUL6aQKHUJ-BZMQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Charles%20V%20german%20colonization%20of%20the%20americas&f=false]
17. ^{{cite book|author=Hamish M. Scott |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Cultures and Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b8DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-959726-0 |page=217}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=John |authorlink=John Bartlett (publisher) |others=revised and enlarged by Nathan Haskell Dole |title=Familiar quotations |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |origyear=1919 |edition=10th |page=495 |year=2000 |series=Bartleby.com |isbn=1-58734-107-7 |url=http://www.bartelby.com/100/pages/page495.html |accessdate=2016-02-23}}
19. ^{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=John |authorlink=John Bartlett (publisher) |title=Familiar quotations |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |edition=4th |page=388 |year=1865 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=RUxQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA388&dq=%22advertisements+for+the+unexperienced%22+%22never+sets%22 |accessdate=2016-02-23}}
20. ^{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Francis |authorlink=Francis Bacon |title=The works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England |editor=Basil Montagu |publisher=Carey |year=1841 |volume=Vol. 2 |page=438 |chapter=An Advertisement Touching a Holy War |others=address to Lancelot Andrewes |url=https://books.google.com/?id=LY7brHPHr9UC&pg=PA438&dq=%22the+sun+never+sets+in+the+Spanish+dominions%22}}
21. ^{{cite book |last=Duncan |first=William James |author2=Andrew Macgeorge |title=Miscellaneous papers, principally illustrative of events in the reigns of Queen Mary and King James VI |publisher=E. Khull, printer |year=1834 |page=173|url=https://books.google.com/?id=b-4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA173&dq=%22sun+never+sets%22+spain+england|accessdate=2016-02-23}}
22. ^Don Carlos, Act I, Scene 6.
23. ^{{cite book |last=Fouché |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Fouché |others=Compiled and translated by Alphonse de Beauchamp and Pierre Louis P. de Jullian |title=The memoirs of Joseph Fouché |year=1825 |volume=Vol. 1 |page=313 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=KN4GAAAAQAAJ }}
24. ^{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Scott |title=Life of Napoleon Buonaparte: With a Preliminary View of the French Revolution |publisher=Cadell |location=Edinburgh |year=1835 |volume=VI |page=23 |chapter=Chap. XLI|url=https://books.google.com/?id=t1QJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=%22The+sun+never+sets+on+the+immense+empire+of+Charles+V.%22 }}
25. ^{{cite journal|last=Tiedeman |first=H. |date=29 February 1868 |title=The French King's Device: "Nec Pluribus Impar" (3rd Ser. xii. 502) |journal=Notes and Queries |pages=203–4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=z0oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203&dq=%22don+carlos%22+%22Die+Sonne+geht+in+meinem+Staat+nicht+unter%22 |accessdate=2009-05-14}}
26. ^{{cite journal |first=John |last=Wilson |authorlink=John Wilson (Scottish writer) |date=April 1829 |title=Noctes Ambrosianae No. 42 |journal=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |volume=XXV |issue=cli |page=527 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vsTFI6Ab9VIC&pg=PA527&dq=%22his+Majesty%27s+dominions,+on+which+the+sun+never+sets%22#PPA527,M1 |quote=Not a more abstemious man than old Kit North in his Majesty's dominions, on which the sun never sets.}}
27. ^{{cite journal |last=Vance |first=Norman |year=2000 |title=Imperial Rome and Britain's Language of Empire 1600–1837 |journal=History of European Ideas |volume=26 |issue=3-4 |page=213, fn.3 |issn=0191-6599 |quote=It seems this proverbial phrase was first used by 'Christopher North' (John Wilson) in Blackwood's Magazine (April 1829). |doi=10.1016/S0191-6599(01)00020-1}}
28. ^{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Jan |authorlink=Jan Morris |title=Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat |year=1978 |url=http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/20century/topic_1/jamorris.htm |quote=as Christopher North the poet, had long before declared it, an Empire on which the sun never set.}}
29. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/aug/09/featuresreviews.guardianreview3 |title=Star of the Borders |last=Miller |first=Karl |authorlink=Karl Miller |date=9 August 2003 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2009-06-15 |quote=the British empire, on which, as Wilson may have been the first to say, the sun never set.}}
30. ^{{cite book |first=George |last=Macartney |authorlink=George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney |year=1773 |title=An Account of Ireland in 1773 by a Late Chief Secretary of that Kingdom |page=55 |oclc= }}; cited in {{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Kenny |year=2006 |title=Ireland and the British Empire |page=72,fn.22 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-925184-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=MkI0y-wZacUC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=%22George+Macartney%22+%22sun+never+sets%22 |accessdate=2016-02-23}}
31. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ObURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA589&dq=%22sun+never+set%22+%22The+Christian+remembrancer%22 |title=The Christian remembrancer, or the Churchman's Biblical, Ecclesiastical & Literary Miscellany |volume=Vol. IX |first=William |last=Scott |author2=Francis Garden |author3=James Bowling Mozley |publisher=F.C. & J. Rivington |year=1827 |page=589 |chapter=Monthly Register: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Liverpool District Committee |accessdate=2009-06-15}}
32. ^{{cite news |title=The British Empire |date=15 October 1821|issue=15619 |work=Caledonian Mercury |page=4 }}
33. ^{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Henry Cabot |authorlink=Henry Cabot Lodge |title=[American] Early National Literature, Part II; Later National Literature, Part I.|editor=W. P. Trent |editor2=J. Erskine |editor3=S. P. Sherman |editor4=C. Van Doren |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York|date=1907–21|series=The Cambridge History of English and American Literature |volume=XVI |page=§ 6. Rhetoric and Literature |chapter=XVI. Webster|isbn=1-58734-073-9 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/226/0706.html }}
34. ^{{cite Hansard |house=House of Commons |date=25 Jun 1839 |column=847 |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1839/jun/25/waste-lands-of-the-colonies#column_847|title=Waste Lands of the Colonies}}
35. ^{{cite journal |last=Roberts|first=Andrew |date=October 1999 |title=Salisbury: The Empire Builder Who Never Was |journal=History Today |volume=49}}
36. ^[https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/pla/PLA07.HTM Speeches of Alexander Campbell] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410121756/http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/pla/PLA07.HTM |date=10 April 2011 }}
37. ^{{cite journal |first=William |last=Jordon |title=The Greatest Nation on Earth |journal=Ladies' Home Journal |date=July 1897 |pages=7–8 }}; cited by {{cite journal |title=Americanizing the American Woman: Symbols of Nationalism in the Ladies Home Journal, 1890–1900 |first=Kaitlyn |last=Kaiser |year=2005 |page=17, fn.57,58 |url=http://escholar.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=pell_theses |publisher=Salve Regina University (thesis) }}
38. ^{{cite book |last=Bryan |first=William Jennings |title=The real Bryan; being extracts from the speeches and writings of "a well-rounded man" |editor=Richard Lee Metcalfe |publisher=Personal Help Publishing Company |location=Des Moines |year=1908 |volume=Vol. 2 |pages=44–45 |chapter=American Philanthropy |url=https://archive.org/stream/realbryanbeingex02brya#page/44/mode/2up}}
39. ^{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDD1F3EE733A25756C0A96E9C946797D6CF |title=That never-setting sun |date=5 August 1906 |work=The New York Times|page=8 |accessdate=2009-06-14}}
40. ^{{cite book |last=Williams |first=William Appleman |title=The Reader's companion to American history |editor=Eric Foner |editor2=John Arthur Garraty |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=1991 |page=365 |chapter=Expansion, Continental and Overseas |isbn=0-395-51372-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=KrWDw-_devcC&pg=PA365&dq=%22the+sun+never+sets+on+American+territory%22 |accessdate=2016-02-23}}
41. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Gerson |editor-first=Joseph |editor2=Bruce Birchard |title=The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases |publisher=South End Press |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1991 |isbn=0-89608-399-3 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Empire On Which The Sun Never Sets, The}}

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