“The Evil Dead”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Evil Dead is a 1981 American supernatural horror film written and directed by Sam Raimi and executive produced by Raimi and Bruce Campbell, who also stars alongside Ellen Sandweiss and Betsy Baker. The film focuses on five college students vacationing in an isolated cabin in a remote wooded area. After they find an audio tape that releases a legion of demons and spirits, members of the group suffer from demonic possession, leading to increasingly gory mayhem. Raimi and the cast produced the short film Within the Woods as a "prototype" to build the interest of potential investors, which secured Raimi US$90,000 to produce The Evil Dead. The film was shot on location in a remote cabin located in Morristown, Tennessee, in a difficult filming process that proved extremely uncomfortable for the cast and crew.

The low-budget horror film attracted the interest of producer Irvin Shapiro, who helped screen the film at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival. Horror author Stephen King gave a rave review of the film, which helped convince New Line Cinema to serve as its distributor. Though a modest commercial success in the United States, grossing just $2.4 million, it was a bigger success internationally, grossing more than $27 million for a worldwide gross of $29.4 million. Both early and later critical reception were universally positive and in the years since its release, The Evil Dead has developed a reputation as one of the largest cult films and has been cited among the greatest horror films of all time, and one of the most successful independent films ever made. The Evil Dead launched the careers of Campbell and Raimi, who would collaborate on several films together throughout the years, including Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy.

The film has spawned a media franchise, beginning with two sequels written and directed by Raimi, Evil Dead II (1987) and Army of Darkness (1992), as well as video games, comic books, and a television series. The film's protagonist Ash Williams (Campbell) is regarded as a cult icon. The fourth film, serving as reboot, remake and sequel, was titled Evil Dead and was released in 2013. Raimi co-produced the film alongside Campbell and the franchise producer, Robert Tapert. As with the other films, the follow-up television series Ash vs Evil Dead was created and produced by Sam and Ivan Raimi, with Campbell also executive producing.

Plot

Five Michigan State University students—Ash Williams, his girlfriend, Linda; Ash's sister, Cheryl; their friend Scott; and his girlfriend Shelly—are vacationing at an isolated cabin in rural Tennessee. On their first night there, Cheryl hears a faint, demonic voice telling her to "join us" just before her hand becomes possessed and draws a picture of a book with a deformed face on its cover. Shaken and confused, she decides not to mention the incident to the others.

When the trapdoor to the cellar mysteriously flies open during dinner, Ash and Scott go down to investigate and find the Naturan Demanto, a Sumerian version of the Egyptian Book of the Dead, along with a tape recorder belonging to the archaeologist who owned it. Scott plays a tape of the archaeologist reciting a series of incantations that resurrect a mysterious, demonic entity. Agitated, Cheryl goes outside into the woods to investigate strange noises she hears, where she is raped by demonically possessed trees. When she returns to the cabin bruised and anguished, Ash agrees to take her into town for the night, but they soon discover that the bridge to the cabin has been destroyed. Back at the cabin, Ash listens to more of the tape, learning that the only way to kill the entity is to dismember the body when it possesses a host. Cheryl succumbs to the entity and attacks the others, stabbing Linda in the ankle with a pencil before Scott is able to lock her in the cellar.

Shelly becomes possessed as well, forcing Scott to dismember her body with an axe and bury the remains. Shaken by the experience, he leaves to find a way back to town, but soon returns mortally wounded; he dies while warning Ash that the trees will not let them escape alive. When Ash goes to check on Linda, he is horrified to find that she too has become possessed by the demon. She attacks him, but he stabs her with a Sumerian dagger. Unwilling to dismember her, he buries her instead. However, she revives and attacks him, forcing him to decapitate her with a shovel.

Back in the cabin, Ash is attacked by Cheryl, who has escaped the cellar, and the reanimated Scott. He manages to throw the Naturan Demanto into the fireplace. As the book burns, Scott and Cheryl gruesomely decompose, leaving the disgusted Ash covered in their blood and entrails. As days breaks, Ash stumbles outside. Before he can leave in his car, the entity attacks him from behind, as Ash turns around to scream.

Cast

Production

Background and writing

Raimi and Campbell grew up together, and have been friends from an early age.^[7] The duo directed several low-budget Super 8 mm film projects together.^[8] Several were comedies, including Clockwork and It's Murder!.^[9]^[10] Shooting a suspense scene in It's Murder! inspired Raimi to approach a career in the horror genre, and after researching horror cinema at drive-in theaters, Raimi was set on directing a horror film. The idea was to shoot a short film first, which would attract the interest of producers, and then use the money gained from that to shoot a full-length project.^[10]^[11] The short film that Raimi created was called Within the Woods.^[12] It was produced for $1,600, but for The Evil Dead, Raimi needed over $100,000.^[13]

To generate funds for the film, Raimi approached Phil Gillis, a lawyer to one of his friends.^[13]^[16] Raimi showed him Within the Woods, and although Gillis was not impressed by the short film, he offered Raimi legal advice on how to produce The Evil Dead. With his advice in mind, Raimi asked a variety of people for donations, and even eventually "begged" some.^[13] Campbell had to ask several of his own family members, and Raimi asked every individual he thought might be interested.^[13] He eventually raised enough money to produce a full-length film, though not the full amount he originally wanted.^[13]

With enough money to produce the film, Raimi and Campbell set out to make what was then titled Book of the Dead, a name inspired by Raimi's interest in the fiction of H. P. Lovecraft.^[10]^[21]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}} The film was supposed to be a remake of Within the Woods, with higher production values and a full-length running time. Raimi turned 20 just before shooting began, and he considered the project his "rite of passage".^[14]

Pre-production and casting

Raimi asked for help and assistance from several of his friends and past collaborators to make The Evil Dead.^[14] Campbell was cast as Ash Williams, the main character.^[15] To acquire more actors for the project, Raimi put an ad in The Detroit News. Betsy Baker was one of the actresses who responded, and Ellen Sandweiss, who appeared in Within the Woods, was also cast.^[14] The crew consisted almost entirely of Raimi and Campbell's friends and family. The special make-up effects artist for Within the Woods, Tom Sullivan, was brought on to compose the effects after expressing a positive reaction to working with Raimi.^[15] He helped create many of the film's foam latex and fake blood effects, and added coffee as an extra ingredient to the traditional fake blood formula of corn syrup and food coloring.^[16]^[17]

Without any formal assistance from location scouts, the cast had to find filming locations on their own. The crew initially attempted to shoot the film in Raimi's hometown of Royal Oak, Michigan, but instead chose Morristown, Tennessee, as it was the only state that expressed enthusiasm for the project. The crew quickly found a remote cabin located several miles away from any other buildings. During pre-production, the 13 crew members had to stay at the cabin, leading to several people sleeping in the same room. The living conditions were notoriously difficult, with several arguments breaking out between crew members.^[29]

Steve Frankel was the only carpenter on set, which made him the art direction's sole contributor.^[18] For exterior shots, Frankel had to produce several elaborate props with a circular saw. Otherwise, the cabin mostly remained the way it was found during production. The cabin had no plumbing, but phone lines were connected to it.^[19]^[20]

Principal cinematography

Because of the crew's inexperience, filming was a "comedy of errors".^[33] The first day of filming led to them getting lost in the woods during a scene shot on a bridge.^[21] Several crew members were injured during the shoot, and because of the cabin's remoteness, securing medical assistance was difficult.^[22] One notably gruesome moment on set involved ripping off Baker's eyelashes during removal of her face-mask.^[18] Because of the low budget, contact lenses as thick as glass had to be applied to the actors to achieve the "demonic eyes" effect.^[18] The lenses took 10 minutes to apply, and could only be left on for about 15 minutes because eyes could not "breathe" with them applied.^[18] Campbell later commented that to get the effect of wearing these lenses, they had to put "Tupperware" over their eyes.^[18]

Raimi developed a sense of mise en scène, coming up with ideas for scenes at a fast rate.^[16] He had drawn several crude illustrations to help him break down the flow of scenes. The crew was surprised when Raimi began using dutch angles during shots to build atmosphere during scenes.^[41] To accommodate Raimi's style of direction, several elaborate, low-budget rigs had to be built, since the crew could not afford a camera dolly. One involved the "vas-o-cam", which relied on a mounted camera that was slid down long wooden platforms to create a more fluid sense of motion.^[41]

A camera trick used to emulate a Steadicam inexpensively was the "shaky cam", which involved mounting the camera to a piece of wood and having two camera operators sprint around the swamp.^[23] During scenes involving the unseen force in the woods watching the characters, Raimi had to run through the woods with the makeshift rig, jumping over logs and stones.^[41] This often proved difficult due to mist in the swamp.^[24] The film's final scene was shot with the camera mounted to a bike, while it was quickly driven through the cabin to create a seamless long take.^[25]

Raimi had been a big fan of The Three Stooges franchise during his youth, and it inspired him to use "Fake Shemps" during production.^[9]^[26]^[27] In any scene that required a background shot of a character, he would use another actor as a substitute to save time if the original actor was preoccupied.^[50] During a close-up involving Richard DeManicor's hand opening a curtain, Raimi used his own hand in the scene since it was more convenient. His brother Ted Raimi was used as a substitute in many scenes when the original actor was either busy or preoccupied.^[28]

Raimi famously enjoyed "torturing" his actors.^[29]^[30] Raimi believed that to capture pain and anger in his actors, he had to abuse them a little at times, saying, "if everyone was in extreme pain and misery, that would translate into a horror".^[29] Producer Robert Tapert agreed with Raimi, commenting that he "enjoyed when an actor bleeds."^[29] While shooting a scene with Campbell running down a hill, Campbell tripped and injured his leg.^[56] Raimi enjoyed poking Campbell's injury with a stick he found in the woods. Because of the copious amounts of blood in the film, the crew produced gallons of fake blood with karo syrup.^[22]^[56] It took Campbell hours to remove the sticky substance from himself.^[56] Several actors had inadvertently been stabbed or thrown into objects during production.^[29]^[56]

On the last few days on set, the conditions had become so poor that the crew began burning furniture to stay warm. Since only exterior shots needed to be filmed at that point, they burned nearly every piece of furniture left.^[31] Several actors went days without showering, and because of the freezing conditions, several caught colds and other illnesses. Campbell later described the filming process as nearly "twelve weeks of mirthless exercise in agony", though he allowed that he did manage to have fun while on set.^[32] On January 23, 1980, filming was finished and almost every crew member left the set to return home, with Campbell staying with Raimi.^[31] While looking over the footage that had been shot, Raimi discovered that a few pick-ups were required to fill in missing shots. Four days of re-shoots were then done to complete the film.^[65] The final moment involved Campbell having "monster-guts" splattered on him in the basement.^[33]

Editing

After the extensive filming process, Raimi had a "mountain of footage" that he had to put together.^[22]^[68] He chose a Detroit editing association, where he met Edna Paul, to cut the film. Paul's assistant was Joel Coen of the Coen brothers, who helped with the film's editing.^[34]^[35] Paul edited a majority of the film, although Coen notably edited the shed sequence. Coen had been inspired by Raimi's Within the Woods and liked the idea of producing a prototype film to help build the interest of investors.^[35]^[72] Joel used the concept to help make Blood Simple with his brother Ethan, and he and Raimi became friends following the editing process.^[36]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}}^[37]

The film's first cut ran at around 117 minutes, which Campbell called an impressive achievement in light of the 65-minute length of the screenplay. The cut scenes were to focus on the main character's lamentation of not being able to save the victims from their deaths, but was edited down to a more marketable 85 minutes.^[34] Raimi was inspired by the fact that Brian De Palma was editing his own film Blow Out with John Travolta at the same sound facility.^[34] One of the most intricate moments during editing was the stop-motion animation sequence where the corpses "melted", which took hours to cut properly.^[34] The film had unique sounds that required extensive recording from the crew.^[34]^[38] Several sounds were not recorded properly during shooting, which meant the effects had to be redone in the editing rooms. Dead chickens were stabbed to replicate the sounds of mutilated flesh, and Campbell had to scream into a microphone for several hours.^[34]

Much like Within the Woods, The Evil Dead needed to be blown up to 35mm, then the industry standard, to be played at movie theaters.^[34] The relatively large budget made this a much simpler process with The Evil Dead than it had been with the short film.^[34]

Promotion and distribution rights

With the film completed, Raimi and the crew decided to celebrate with a "big premiere".^[83] They chose to screen the film at Detroit's Redford Theatre, which Campbell had often visited as a child.^[22] Raimi opted to have the most theatrical premiere possible, using custom tickets and wind tracks set in the theater, and ordering ambulances outside the theater to build atmosphere.^[83]^[39] The premiere setup was inspired by horror director William Castle, who would often attempt to scare his audiences by using gimmicks. Local turnout for the premiere exceeded the cast's expectations, with a thousand patrons showing up. The audiences responded enthusiastically to the premiere, which led to Raimi's idea of "touring" the film to build hype.^[40]

Raimi showed the film to anyone willing to watch it, booking meetings with distribution agents and anyone with experience in the film industry.^[41] Eventually Raimi came across Irvin Shapiro, the man who was responsible for the distribution of George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead and other famous horror films.^[42]^[43] Upon first viewing the film, he joked that while it "wasn't Gone with the Wind", it had commercial potential, and he expressed an interest in distributing it.^[41] It was his idea not to use the then-title Book of the Dead, because it made the film sound boring. Raimi brainstormed several ideas, eventually going with The Evil Dead, deemed the "least worst" title.^[41] Shapiro also advised distributing the film worldwide to garner a larger income, though it required a further financial investment by Raimi, who managed to scrape together what little money he had.^[41]

Shapiro was a founder of the Cannes Film Festival, and allowed Raimi to screen the film at the 1982 festival out of competition.^[44]^[95] Stephen King was present at its screening and gave the film a rave review. USA Today released an article about King's favorite horror films; the author cited The Evil Dead as his fifth favorite film of the genre.^[45] The film severely affected King, who commented that while watching the film at Cannes, he was "registering things [he] had never seen in a movie before".^[46] He became one of the film's largest supporters during the early efforts to find a distributor, eventually describing it as the "most ferociously original film of the year", a quote used in the film's promotional pieces.^[36]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}}^[47] King's comments attracted the interest of critics, who otherwise would likely have dismissed the low-budget thriller.^[46]^[48]

The film's press attracted the attention of British film distribution agent Stephen Woolley.^[49]^[50] Though he considered the film a big risk, Woolley decided to take on the job of releasing the film in the United Kingdom.^[51] The film was promoted in an unconventional manner for a film of its budget, receiving marketing on par with that of larger budget films.^[48]^[52] Dozens of promotional pieces, including film posters and trailers, were showcased in the UK, heavy promotion rarely expended on such a low-budget film.^[53] Woolley was impressed by Raimi, whom he called "charming", and was an admirer of the film, which led to his taking more risks with the film's promotion than he normally would have.^[52]^[54]

Commercial release

Theaters

Because of its large promotional campaign, the film performed above expectations at the box office.^[44] It grossed a total of $2,400,000 in the United States, nearly eight times its production budget.^[56] However, the initial domestic gross was described as "disappointing."^[117] It opened in 15 theaters and grossed $108,000 in its opening weekend.^[117] Word of mouth later spread, and the film became a "sleeper hit", making over $600,000 domestically and nearly $27,000,000 overseas, for a worldwide gross of $29,400,000.^[117] In its first week of video release in 1983 two years later, the film made £100,000 in the UK. It quickly became that week's best-selling video release, and later became the year's best-selling video in the UK, out-grossing large-budget horror releases such as The Shining.^[48] Its impressive European performance was chalked up to its heavy promotion there and the more open-minded nature of European audiences.^[57]

Rating

The film's release was met with controversy. Raimi made the film as gruesome as possible with neither interest in nor fear of censorship, which led to the film's receiving an X rating and being named a "video nasty".^[122] Films with this label were quite violent and disturbing, and the rating was often held by pornographic and other X-rated films.^[58] While The Evil Dead was not pornographic in nature, it was considered one of the most violent films of its time, and censors had issues with the film's content, which impacted some of its commercial potential.^[57]^[59] The film was called the "number one nasty" in a nod to its status as both a nasty and the year's best-selling video release.^[50]^[60] Writer Bruce Kawin described The Evil Dead as one of the most notorious splatter films of its day, along with Cannibal Holocaust and I Spit on Your Grave.^[38]^[61] The film was and is still banned either theatrically or on video in some countries.^[62]^[63]

Home video release

The first VHS release of The Evil Dead was by Thorn EMI in 1983, and Thorn's successor company HBO (WarnerMedia) / Cannon (MGM) Video later repackaged the film. Congress Video, a company notable for public domain films, issued its version in 1989.^[64]^[65]

The resurgence of The Evil Dead in the home-video market came through two companies that restored the film from its negatives and issued special editions in 1998: Anchor Bay Entertainment on VHS, and Elite Entertainment on laserdisc. Anchor Bay was responsible for the film's first DVD release in 1999, and between them, Elite and Anchor Bay have released six different DVD versions of The Evil Dead, most notably the 2002 "Book Of The Dead" edition, packaged in a latex replica of the Necronomicon sculpted by Tom Sullivan and the 2007 three disc "Ultimate Edition" which contained the widescreen and original full frame versions of the movie.^[66] The film's high-definition debut was in a 2010 Blu-ray.^[67]

Reception

Early reception

Upon its release, contemporary critical opinion was largely positive.^[42] Bob Martin, editor of Fangoria, reviewed the film before its formal premiere and proclaimed that it "might be the exception to the usual run of low-budget horror films".^[55]^[70] He followed up on this praise after the film's premiere, stating: "Since I started editing this magazine, I have not seen any new film that I could recommend to our readers with more confidence that it would be loved, embraced and hailed as a new milestone in graphic horror".^[71] The Los Angeles Times called the film an "instant classic", proclaiming it as "probably the grisliest well-made movie ever."^[48]^[143] In a 1982 review, staff from the trade magazine Variety wrote that the film "emerges as the ne plus ultra of low-budget gore and shock effect", commenting that the "powerful" and inventive camerawork was key to creating a sense of dread.^[72]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}}

British press for the film was positive; Kim Newman of Monthly Film Bulletin, Richard Cook of NME, and Julian Petley of Film and Filming all gave the film good reviews during its early release.^[73] Petley and Cook compared the film to other contemporary horror films, writing that the film expressed more imagination and "youthful enthusiasm" than an average horror film.^[73] Cook described the camera work by Raimi as "audacious", stating that the film's visceral nature was greatly helped by the style of direction.^[73] Woolley, Newman, and several critics complimented the film for its unexpected use of black comedy, which elevated the film above its genre's potential trappings.^[73] All three critics compared the film to the surrealistic work of Georges Franju and Jean Cocteau, noting the cinephilic references to Cocteau's film Orpheus.^[73] Writer Lynn Schofield Clark in his novel From Angels to Aliens compared the film to better-known horror films such as The Exorcist and The Omen, citing it as a key supernatural thriller.^[74]

Later reception

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 95% approval rating and an average rating of 8/10 based on an aggregation of 56 reviews. It summarizes the film: "This classic low budget horror film combines just the right amount of gore and black humor, giving The Evil Dead an equal amount of thrills and laughs."^[75] Empire magazine stated the film's "reputation was deserved", writing that the film was impressive considering its low budget and the cast's inexperience. He commented that the film successfully blended the "bizarre" combination of Night of the Living Dead, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and The Three Stooges.^[76]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}} A reviewer for Film4 rated The Evil Dead four-and-a-half stars out of five, musing that the film was "energetic, original and icky" and concluding that Raimi's "splat-stick debut is a tight little horror classic that deserves its cult reputation, despite the best efforts of the censors."^[77]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}}

Slant Magazine{{'}}s Ed Gonzales compared the film to Dario Argento's work, citing Raimi's "unnerving wide angle work" as an important factor to the film's atmosphere. He mused that Raimi possessed an "almost unreal ability to suggest the presence of intangible evil", which was what prevented the movie from being "B-movie schlock".^[78] BBC critic Martyn Glanville awarded the film four stars out of five, writing that for Raimi, it served as a better debut film than Tobe Hooper's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre or Wes Craven's The Last House on the Left. Glanville noted that other than the "ill-advised trees-that-rape scene", the film is "one of the great modern horror films, and even more impressive when one considers its modest production values."^[79]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}}

J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters said, "What is unquestionable is that the Raimis and their pals created a monster in The Evil Dead. It started as a disastrous failure to obtain a big break with a too long, too perilous shoot (note Campbell's changing hairstyle in the various scenes of the one-day plot). The film went through name changes and bannings only to survive as not only 'the ultimate experience in grueling horror' but as an oft-imitated and cashed-in-on classic, with 30 years of positive reviews to prove it."^[163]

Aftermath

While The Evil Dead received favorable critical comment when it was initially released, it failed to establish Raimi's reputation.^[73] It was, however, a box-office success, which led to Campbell and Raimi teaming up again for the release of another movie.^[86] Joel Coen and his brother Ethan had collaborated as directors and released the film Blood Simple, to critical acclaim.^[87] According to Campbell, Ethan, then an accountant, expressed surprise when the duo succeeded.^[86] The Coen brothers and Raimi collaborated on a screenplay, which was released shortly after The Evil Dead. The film, Crimewave, was a box-office failure.^[86] The film's production was a "disaster" according to Campbell, who stated that "missteps" like Crimewave usually lead to the end of a director's career.^[88] Other people involved with the film expressed similar disappointment with the project.^[86]^[89] Fortunately, Raimi had the studio support to make a sequel to The Evil Dead, which he initially decided to make out of desperation.^[88]

Sequels

Unofficial sequels were also made in Italy—where the film was known as La Casa ("The House")—by Joe D'Amato's Filmirage. In 1988, D'Amato produced two films labeled as sequels to Evil Dead II, Umberto Lenzi's Ghosthouse (La Casa 3), and Witchery (La Casa 4), starring Linda Blair and David Hasselhoff. In 1990, D'Amato produced his final La Casa film, Beyond Darkness (La Casa 5).^[163]^[96] House II was reissued in Italy as La Casa 6, and The Horror Show was then released in Italy as La Casa 7.^[97]

Legacy

Critics have often compared Campbell's later performances to his role in Evil Dead, which has been called his defining role.^[104]^[105] Campbell's performance as Ash has been compared to roles ranging from his performance of Elvis Presley in the film Bubba Ho-tep to the bigamous demon in The X-Files episode "Terms of Endearment".^[106]^[107]{{Dead link|date=March 2019}} Campbell's fan base gradually developed after the release of Evil Dead II and his short-lived series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr..^[202] He is a regular favorite at most fan conventions and often draws sold-out auditoriums at his public appearances.^[108] The Evil Dead developed a substantial cult following throughout the years, and has often been cited as a defining cult classic.^[57]^[109]

In addition, the film has inspired a stage musical, The Musical, which was produced with the permission of Raimi and Campbell. The musical has run on and off since its inception in 2003.^[115] A remake of the film was released in 2013, directed by Fede Alvarez and produced by Raimi and Campbell. It features actress Jane Levy as the main character, with Ash not appearing.^[116]^[117] Campbell does make a brief, uncredited cameo appearance at the end of the film in a short post-credits scene.^[118]

In 2015, an ongoing television continuation of the films called Ash vs Evil Dead premiered on the Starz Network. The first episode was directed by Raimi, and Campbell is reprising his role as Ash. The series is being produced by Renaissance, and follows an older Ash as he encounters the Kandarian Demon again.

After the film was released, many people began to trespass onto the filming location in Morristown. In 1982, the cabin was burned down by drunken trespassers. Although the cabin is now gone, the chimney remains, which many people now take stones from when they trespass onto the location.^[119]

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3410143/35th-anniversary-evil-dead/|title="Join Us" in Celebrating the 35th Anniversary of The Evil Dead!|last=Thurman|first=Trace|work=Bloody Disgusting|date=October 15, 2016|accessdate=August 21, 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=THE EVIL DEAD (X) (!)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/evil-dead-3|work=British Board of Film Classification|date=October 4, 1982|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/05/entertainment/la-et-mn-evil-dead-remake-movie-reviews-critics-20130404|title='Evil Dead': Blood-soaked remake scares up mixed reviews|last=Gettell|first=Oliver|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 5, 2013|accessdate=July 10, 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=132788|title=EMPIRE ESSAY: Evil Dead II|last=Collins|first=Andrew|date=January 1, 2000|work=Empire|accessdate=July 10, 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evildead.htm|title=The Evil Dead (1983)|website=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=March 28, 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=evildead.htm|title=The Evil Dead (1983) – International Box Office Results|website=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=March 28, 2019}}
7. ^Winston Dixon (2010), p. 161
8. ^Campbell (2002), p. 65
9. ^¹Egan (2011), p. 16
10. ^¹²Campbell (2002), p. 66
11. ^Becker (2002), p. 64
12. ^Lamberson (2008), p. 84
13. ^¹²³⁴Campbell (2002), pp. 85–88
14. ^¹²Campbell (2002), p. 95
15. ^¹Kenneth Muir (2004), pp. 23–24
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tested.com/art/movies/462662-how-evil-deads-tom-sullivan-mastered-low-budget-effects/|title=How The Evil Dead's Tom Sullivan Mastered Low-Budget Effects|author=Konow|first=David|date=July 21, 2014|website=Tested.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217220311/https://www.tested.com/art/movies/462662-how-evil-deads-tom-sullivan-mastered-low-budget-effects/|archive-date=February 17, 2019|dead-url=|access-date=February 17, 2019}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/applaudience/evil-dead-effects-master-tom-sullivan-honored-39568ab07b21|title=“Evil Dead” Effects Master Tom Sullivan Honored|author=Grabowski|first=William|date=January 19, 2017|website=Medium|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=February 17, 2019}}
18. ^¹²³⁴Campbell (2002), pp. 93–94
19. ^¹Campbell (2002), pp. 96–98
20. ^Egan (2011), p. 14
21. ^¹Campbell (2002), p. 101
22. ^¹²³Konow (2012), pp. 419–422
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tested.com/art/movies/454928-low-budget-camera-tech-sam-raimis-evil-dead/|title=The Low Budget Camera Tech of Sam Raimi's Evil Dead|author=Konow|first=David|date=April 18, 2013|website=Tested.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=May 7, 2013}}
24. ^Kenneth Muir (2004), p. 309
25. ^¹²³Campbell (2002), p. 102–103
26. ^¹²Konow (2012), pp. 412–413
27. ^Kenneth Muir (2004), p. 115
28. ^¹Campbell (2002), p. 111–112
29. ^¹²³{{cite video|title=One by One We Will Take You: The Untold Saga of The Evil Dead|type=documentary|location=The Evil Dead Ultimate Edition DVD|year=2007|publisher=Anchor Bay Entertainment}}
30. ^Kenneth Muir (2007), p. 507
31. ^¹Campbell (2002), pp. 116–117
32. ^¹²³⁴Campbell (2002), pp. 107–109
33. ^¹Campbell (2002), p. 128
34. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Campbell (2002), pp. 129–132
35. ^¹Eddie (2010), p. 15
36. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://blogs.amctv.com/movie-blog/2010/10/evil-dead-facts.php|title=Ten Things You Might Not Know About the Evil Dead Trilogy|author=AMC staff|first=|date=October 28, 2008|website=Filmcritic.com|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227054237/http://blogs.amctv.com/movie-blog/2010/10/evil-dead-facts.php|archivedate=December 27, 2011|deadurl=yes|accessdate=July 12, 2012|df=}}
37. ^¹Pooley (1987), p. 44
38. ^¹Egan (2011), p. 17
39. ^F. Kawin (2012), p. 13
40. ^¹²Campbell (2002), pp. 125–126
41. ^¹²³Campbell (2002), pp. 136–137
42. ^¹²³Konow (2012), pp. 422–425
43. ^Warren (2000), pp. 125–126
44. ^¹²Egan (2011), p. 24
45. ^¹R. Collings (2008), p. 26
46. ^¹Egan (2011), p. 20
47. ^R. Collings (2007), p. 157
48. ^¹²³⁴Campbell (2002), pp. 151–152
49. ^Finney (1997), p. 58
50. ^¹Chibnall (2001), p. 184
51. ^Finney (1997), p. 55
52. ^¹Egan (2011), p. 19
53. ^Egan (2011), p. 27
54. ^Newman (2011), p. 38
55. ^¹Egan (2011), p. 21
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evildead.htm|title=The Evil Dead|last=|first=|date=|website=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=May 19, 2012}}
57. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷Egan (2011), pp. 26–28
58. ^¹Hantke (2004) p. 160
59. ^Kerekes (2000)
60. ^Hantke (2004) p. 162
61. ^Staiger (2005), p. 125
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/banned-the-most-controversial-films-1768299.html?action=gallery&ino=10|title=BANNED: The most controversial films|author=Davis|first=Laura|date=October 5, 2010|work=The Independent|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=August 11, 2012}}
63. ^Xavier (2004), p. 195
64. ^{{cite book|title=The gorehound's guide to splatter films of the 1980s|author=Stine, Scott Aaron|publisher=McFarland|year=2003|page=114|isbn=0-7864-1532-0|quote=The Evil Dead (ABE; 85m); The Evil Dead (CNG; 89(85)m); The Evil Dead (EMI; 85m)}}
65. ^{{cite book|title=Bowker's Complete Video Directory 1994|publisher=R.R. Bowker|page=266|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8352-3391-0}}
66. ^Egan (2011), p. 52-3
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/03/the-evil-dead-blu-ray-review|title=The Evil Dead Blu-ray Review|author=White|first=Cindy|date=September 3, 2010|website=IGN|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=May 7, 2013}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3514073/lionsgate-gives-evil-dead-4k-treatment-october/|title=Lionsgate Gives 'The Evil Dead' the 4K Treatment This October!|last1=Miska|first1=Brad|date=|website=Bloody Disgusting|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=August 8, 2018}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-Evil-Dead-4K-Blu-ray/211492/|title=The Evil Dead 4K Blu-ray|last=|first=|date=|website=Blu-ray.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=August 8, 2018}}
70. ^{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=Bob|date=November 1982|title=Evil Dead|url=https://archive.org/details/Fangoria_023_c2c_1982_Evil_Dead_scan_by_SproutHatesWatermarks_S/page/n19|journal=Fangoria|volume=|issue=23|pages=20-23|via=Internet Archive}}
71. ^{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=Bob|date=May 1983|title=The FX of Evil Dead|url=https://archive.org/details/Fangoria_027/page/n21|journal=Fangoria|volume=|issue=27|pages=19-22|via=Internet Archive}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117790757?refcatid=31|title=The Evil Dead|last=|first=|date=December 31, 1982|work=Variety|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}
73. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Egan (2011), p. 22
74. ^Schofield Clark (2005), pp. 26–28
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-evil-dead/|title=The Evil Dead|last=|first=|date=|website=Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Fandango|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=May 7, 2012}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?DVDID=7240|title=The Evil Dead|author=Empire Staff|first=|date=September 24, 2007|work=Empire|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.film4.com/reviews/1983/the-evil-dead|title=The Evil Dead review|last=|first=|date=|work=Film4|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=October 11, 2012}}
78. ^Gonzales, Ed (March 6, 2002). Review: The Evil Dead. Slant Magazine. Retrieved on November 20, 2010.
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/03/02/the_evil_dead_1982_review.shtml|title=The Evil Dead (1982)|last=Glanville|first=Martyn|date=March 5, 2001|website=|publisher=BBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305142803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/03/02/the_evil_dead_1982_review.shtml|archivedate=2001-03-05|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://movies.amctv.com/movie/1983/The+Evil+Dead|title=The Evil Dead (1983)|last=Null|first=Christopher|date=January 1, 2001|website=Movies.AMCTV.com|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-evil-dead/Film?oid=1736507|title=The Evil Dead|last=Graham|first=Pat|date=January 1, 2001|work=Chicago Reader|publisher=Wrapports|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/64080/the_evil_dead.html|title=The Evil Dead (1981)|last=Graham|first=Pat|date=January 26, 2005|work=Time Out|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120629112310/http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/64080/the_evil_dead.html|archive-date=June 29, 2012|dead-url=yes|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/feature/2420/100-best-horror-films-the-list/6|title=The 100 best horror films|author=Adams|first=Derek|last2=Calhoun|first2=Dave|date=|work=Time Out|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629120148/http://www.timeout.com/london/feature/2420/100-best-horror-films-the-list/6|archivedate=June 29, 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=July 12, 2012|last3=Clarke|first3=Cath|last4=Cohen|first4=Sarah|last5=Floyd|first5=Nigel|last6=Huddleston|first6=Tom|df=}}
84. ^O'Neill, Phelim (October 22, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/22/evil-dead-raimi-horror The Evil Dead/Evil Dead II: No 23 best horror film of all time]. The Guardian. Retrieved on November 19, 2010.
85. ^Summer (2007), p. 165
86. ^¹²³Campbell (2002), pp. 161–163
87. ^Žižek (2000), p. 111
88. ^¹Campbell (2002), p. 171
89. ^Paul (2007), p. 121
90. ^Kenneth Muir (2004), p. 101
91. ^¹²Campbell (2002), p. 207
92. ^¹²³Konow (2012), pp. 429–434
93. ^Harris (2002), pp. 51–52
94. ^Kenneth Muir (2004), p. 138
95. ^Campbell (2002), pp. 217–218
96. ^{{cite book|title=Erotismo, orrore e pornografia secondo Joe D'Amato|language=Italian|page=168|first=Gordiano|last=Lupi|publisher=Mondo Ignoto|year=2004|isbn=88-89084-49-9}}
97. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/column/170551-books-of-the-dead-the-followers-and-clones-of-the-evil-dead/|title=Books of the Dead: The Followers and Clones of 'The Evil Dead'|last=Maçek III|first=J. C.|date=April 26, 2013|work=PopMatters|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
98. ^Campbell (2002), p. 319
99. ^¹Lavery (2009), pp. 217–218
100. ^¹²³Campbell (2002), p. 337
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=spiderman.htm|title=Spider-Man (2002) – International Box Office Results|last=|first=|date=|website=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=April 8, 2010}}
102. ^{{cite video | title = HBO Making-Of Spider-Man | medium = DVD | publisher = Sony |date = 2002}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090603/REVIEWS/906079997/1001|title='Drag Me to Hell' Review|last=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|date=June 3, 2009|work=RogerEbert.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=June 28, 2009}}
104. ^Kenneth Muir (2004), p. 112
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/dvdnews/FlixWorthy-Celebrates-Ash-Wednesday-With-Best-Streaming-Bruce-Campbell-30581.html|title=FlixWorthy Celebrates Ash Wednesday With The Best Of Streaming Bruce Campbell|author=Wharton|first=David|date=March 9, 2011|work=Cinema Blend|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=November 28, 2011}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2008/07/18/top-10-x-files-guest-stars?page=3|title=Top 10 X-Files Guest Stars|author=Seghers|first=Christine|date=July 17, 2008|work=IGN|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=August 11, 2011}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2004/09/20/bubba_ho_tep_2004_review.shtml|title=Bubba Ho-Tep (2004)|last=Russell|first=Jamie|date=October 4, 2001|website=BBC|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
108. ^Lowry (1995), pp.19–21
109. ^¹Campbell (2002), pp. 245–248
110. ^{{cite journal |title=Horror Movie Licenses |journal=Retro Gamer |author=Staff |page=71 |issue=1 |date=January 2004}}
111. ^WW: Chicago – Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Coming in November {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925035550/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=125014|date=September 25, 2007|title=}}, August 12, 2007, Newsarama
112. ^{{cite web|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2009/05/27/army-of-darkness-ash-saves-obama-artist-todd-nauck-on-spider-man-barack-celebrity-team-ups/|title='Army Of Darkness: Ash Saves Obama' Artist Todd Nauck On Spider-Man, Barack & Celebrity Team-Ups|last=Phegley|first=Kiel|date=May 27, 2009|website=MTV|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://marvel.com/news/story/922/marvel_zombies_vs_army_of_darkness_1_goes_back_to_press|title=Marvel Zombies vs. Army of Darkness #1 Goes Back to Press|last=|first=|date=March 27, 2007|website=Marvel Comics|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heroesassemble.com/the-evil-dead-1-movie-adaptation-dark-horse-comics-1606-p.asp|title=The Evil Dead #1 Movie Adaptation Dark Horse Comics|last=|first=|date=|website=HeroesAssemble.com|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 12, 2012}}
115. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hobotrashcan.com/hangingaround/evildead.php|title=Hanging Around ... Evil Dead: The Musical|last=Murphy|first=Joel|date=November 2006|work=HoboTrashcan.com|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 18, 2007}}
116. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/54953/jane-levy-talks-evil-dead-remake|title=Jane Levy Talks Evil Dead Remake|last=Barton|first=Steve|date=April 24, 2012|newspaper=Dread Central|accessdate=April 24, 2012}}
117. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/02/jane-levy-is-new-star-of-evil-dead-remake/|title=Jane Levy Is New Star Of 'Evil Dead' Remake|last=Fleming Jr|first=Mike|date=February 3, 2012|website=Deadline Hollywood|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=March 19, 2012}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/03/09/evil-dead-sequel/|title='Evil Dead' director reveals sequel plans|last=Hibberd|first=James|date=March 9, 2013|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Meredith Corporation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}
119. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bookofthedead.ws/website/the_evil_dead_locations.html|title=Locations|last=|first=|date=|website=www.bookofthedead.ws|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=January 20, 2019}}