| 词条 | SMS Baden (1880) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SMS Baden{{efn|name=SMS}} was one of four {{sclass-|Sachsen|ironclad|0}} armored frigates of the German Imperial Navy. Her sister ships were {{SMS|Sachsen|1877|2}}, {{SMS|Bayern|1878|2}}, and {{SMS|Württemberg|1878|2}}. Baden was built in the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel from 1876 to 1883. The ship was commissioned into the Imperial Navy in September 1883. She was armed with a main battery of six {{convert|26|cm|abbr=on}} guns in two open barbettes. After her commissioning, Baden served with the fleet on numerous training exercises and cruises in the 1880s and 1890s, during which she frequently simulated hostile naval forces. She participated in several cruises escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on state visits to Great Britain and to various countries in the Baltic Sea in the late 1880s and early 1890s. During 1896–1897, the ship was extensively rebuilt at the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel. She was removed from active duty in 1910 and thereafter served in a number of secondary roles, finally serving as a target hulk in the 1920s and 1930s. She was sold in April 1938 and broken up in 1939–1940 in Kiel. Construction{{Main|Sachsen-class ironclad}}Baden was ordered by the Imperial Navy under the contract name "C," which denoted that the vessel was a new addition to the fleet. She was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel; her keel was laid in 1876 under construction number 4.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=7–8}} The ship was launched on 28 July 1880 and commissioned into the German fleet on 24 September 1883.{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}} Along with her three sisters, Baden was the first large, armored warship built for the German navy that relied entirely on engines for propulsion.{{sfn|Hovgaard|p=111}} The ship was {{convert|98.20|m|ftin|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|18.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|6.32|m|ftin|abbr=on}} forward.{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}} Baden was powered by two 3-cylinder triple expansion engines, which were supplied with steam by eight coal-fired Dürr boilers. The ship's top speed was {{convert|13|kn}}, at {{convert|5600|ihp}}{{sfn|Gröner|pp=7–8}} Her standard complement consisted of 32 officers and 285 enlisted men, though while serving as a squadron flagship this was augmented by another 7 officers and 34 men.{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}} She was armed with six {{convert|26|cm|in|abbr=on}} guns, two of which were single-mounted in an open barbette forward of the conning tower and the remaining four mounted amidships, also on single mounts in an open barbette. As built, the ship was also equipped with six {{convert|8.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} L/24 guns and eight {{convert|3.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} Hotchkiss revolver cannons.{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}}{{sfn|Gardiner|p=245}} Baden{{'}}s armor was made of wrought iron, and was concentrated in an armored citadel amidships.{{sfn|Hovgaard|p=111}} The armor ranged from {{convert|203|to|254|mm|in|abbr=on}} on the armored citadel, and between {{convert|50|-|75|mm|in|abbr=on}} on the deck. The barbette armor was 254 mm of wrought iron backed by 250 mm of teak.{{sfn|Gröner|p=7}} Service historyCommissioned in September 1883,{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}} Baden joined the fleet too late to participate in the fleet maneuvers that year. Baden served as the flagship for Rear Admiral Alexander von Monts during the 1884 fleet maneuvers; she was assigned to the I Division alongside her three sisters.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=161}} The ship was placed in reserve in 1885, but returned to active duty the following year for training exercises with the fleet.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=162–163}} In June 1887, Germany dedicated the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal; Baden was among the ships present during the celebrations.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=171}} In 1888, Baden returned to active duty to take part in a naval tour of the Baltic by the newly crowned Kaiser Wilhelm II. Rear Admiral Eduard Knorr, the commander of the fleet, raised his flag aboard Baden during the voyage. The fleet stopped in St. Petersburg, Stockholm, and Copenhagen on the seventeen-day cruise.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=177}} Baden ran aground in the harbors of both Stockholm and Copenhagen, but was not seriously damaged in either incident.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=177–178}} Baden also participated in the visit to Great Britain in August 1889, where Wilhelm II took part in the Cowes Regatta. Baden and the rest of the fleet joined the Royal Navy in a fleet review for Queen Victoria.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=179}} During the fleet maneuvers of 1890, Baden and the rest of the capital ships of the I and II Divisions simulated a Russian attack on Kiel. The exercises were held in conjunction with IX Corps of the German Army, several divisions of which acted as a simulated amphibious invasion.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=192}} Baden remained in the I Division in 1891, when she was joined by the new coastal defense ship {{SMS|Siegfried||2}}. During the 1891 maneuvers, the I Division generally "fought" on the German side, against either Franco-Russian or Danish-Russian alliances.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=194}} Baden was present for all of the fleet exercises in 1892 and 1893. The maneuvers of the early 1890s were generally disappointments, as the "hostile" forces were judged to be the victors in the majority of the scenarios.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=194–195}} By the winter of 1894–1895, the last of the four {{sclass-|Brandenburg|battleship|2}}s had been commissioned; these ships were assigned to the I Division, which displaced Baden and her three sisters to the II Division. The eight ships conducted training cruises over the winter and spring before conducting the annual autumn fleet exercises.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=198}} On 21 June 1895, the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal was opened for traffic, eight years after work had begun. Baden and her three sisters, along with dozens of other warships, attended the ceremonies. The major naval powers sent fleets to join the fleet review.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=199}} The Autumn 1895 maneuvers simulated a high-seas battle between the I and II Divisions in the North Sea, followed by combined maneuvers with the rest of the fleet in the Baltic.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=201}} In 1896, Baden went into drydock in the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel for an extensive modernization.{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}} The ship's old wrought iron and teak armor was replaced with new Krupp nickel-steel armor.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=219}} The four funnels were trunked into a single large funnel and new engines were also installed,{{sfn|Gardiner|p=245}} which increased the ship's speed to {{convert|14.9|kn|abbr=on}}. The ship's 8.7 cm guns were replaced with quick-firing {{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/30 guns and four {{convert|3.7|cm|abbr=on}} autocannons. Work was completed in 1897. Baden remained with the fleet until 1910, at which point she was removed from active duty. She then served as a blockade and defense hulk after 1912. In 1920, she was converted into a target hulk and stationed off Stollergrund. The ship was finally sold on 23 April 1938 and broken up for scrap in 1939–1940 in Kiel.{{sfn|Gröner|p=8}} Notes{{Notes| notes ={{efn | name = SMS | "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff", or "His Majesty's Ship". }} }} References
| editor-last = Gardiner | editor-first = Robert | year = 1979 | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = Greenwich | isbn = 978-0-8317-0302-8 | ref ={{sfnRef|Gardiner}}
| last = Gröner | first = Erich | year = 1990 | title = German Warships: 1815–1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-0-87021-790-6 | oclc = 22101769 | ref ={{sfnRef|Gröner}}
| last = Hovgaard | first = William | year = 1971 | title = Modern History of Warships | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-85177-040-6 | ref ={{sfnRef|Hovgaard}}
| last = Sondhaus | first = Lawrence | year = 1997 | title = Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-1-55750-745-7 | ref ={{sfnRef|Sondhaus}} External links
4 : Sachsen-class ironclads|Victorian-era naval ships of Germany|1880 ships|Ships built in Stettin |
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