1. Background
    Definitions   Monopoly 

2. Arguments
    Individual level  Business level  Government level 

3. Counterarguments
    Individual level  Business level  Government level 

4. Trends

5. See also

6. References

Social media as a public utility is a theory which argues that social networking sites (such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+, Google Search and Twitter, etc.) are essential public services that should be regulated by the government, in a manner similar to the way electrical and phone utilities are typically government-regulated.

Background

Definitions

Furthermore, the New Zealand Government of Internal Affairs describes it as "a set of online technologies, sites, and practices which are used to share opinions, experiences and perspectives. Fundamentally it is about the conversation. In contrast with traditional media, the nature of social media is to be highly interactive." ^[2] Moreover, the term social media is described as online tools that let people interact and communicate with each other.^[3]

This has become a standard word for online cultural exchange and a dominant way for individuals to engage on the internet. By using social media individuals become more closely and strongly connected than ever before.^[4]

The traditional definition of the term public utility is "an infrastructural necessity for the general public where the supply conditions are such that the public may not be provided with a reasonable service at reasonable prices because of monopoly in the area." ^[5] Conventional public utilities include water, natural gas, and electricity. In order to secure the interests of the public, utilities are regulated. Public utilities can also be seen as natural monopolies implying that the highest degree of efficiency is accomplished under one operator in the marketplace.^[5]

Public Utility regulation has been largely criticized because people believe it produces undesirable and indirect effects. However, others argue that truly effective government regulation is valuable.^[6]

Social media as a public utility is a crucial debate because utilities get regulated,^[7] so marking social media websites as utilities would require government regulation of various social media websites and platforms such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter.

Applying the term public utility to social media implies that social media websites are public necessities, and, consequently, should be regulated by the government. While social media is not as essential for survival as traditional public utilities such as electricity, water, and natural gas, many people believe it has become vital for living in an interconnected world and without it, living a successful life would be difficult.^[8] Therefore, many people believe that social media has reached utility status and should be treated as a public utility. However, others believe that this is not true because social media is constantly revolutionizing and giving such platforms "utility status" would result in government regulation, which would consequently hinder innovation. Over the past decade many have debated and questioned whether or not "Internet service providers should be considered essential facilities or natural monopolies and regulated as public utilities." ^[9]

Monopoly

A monopoly is defined as "a firm that is the only seller of a product or service having no close substitutes." ^[10] A natural monopoly is when the entire demand within a relevant market can be satisfied at lowest cost by one firm rather than by two or more, and if such a market contains more than one firm then the firms will "quickly shake down to one through mergers or failures, or production will continue to consume more resources than necessary." In a monopoly competition is said to be short-lived, and in a natural monopoly it is said to produce inefficient results." ^[10] Public utility companies can be regulated to prevent them from gaining monopolistic control. In November 2011 AT&T's proposal for merging with T-Mobile was rejected because it would have "diminished competition," ^[11] and have led to the company having monopolistic power within the telephone industry. Such regulation is permitted because the telephone industry is a public utility. Similarly, Microsoft has also been prevented from taking various business actions that could result in the company gaining monopolistic power.^[12] If social media were a public utility then regulations of Google and Facebook would similarly dictate what they could and could not do.

Arguments

Advocates of this theory believe that social media websites already act like public utilities, and therefore regulation is needed. Additionally, advocates argue that in the 21st century, using such websites are as necessary for communication as using traditional public utilities such as telephone, water, electricity, and natural gas are for other everyday uses. Specifically, advocates note that Google search should be treated as a public utility and needs to be regulated because it dominates the search engine market and no website can afford to ignore it.^[13] Furthermore, advocates claim that a social media website such as Google "is a common carrier and should be regulated as such (Newman 2011)." ^[14]

Individual level

On the individual level, advocates of social media as a public utility believe that Internet presence using social media websites is imperative in order to adequately take part in the 21st century as an individual, and consequently, these sites are public utilities and need to be regulated, ensuring the constitutional rights of the users, such as their right to express free speech, are protected.^[9]

Business level

Advocates of social media as a public utility argue that social media services dominate the Internet and are mainly owned by three or four companies that have unparalleled power to shape user interaction,^[15] and because of this power such businesses need to be regulated as public utilities. Zeynep Tufekci, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, claims that services on the Internet such as Google, Ebay, Facebook, Amazon.com, are all natural monopolies. She argues that these services "benefit greatly from network externalities[,] which means that the more people on the service, the more useful it is for everyone," and thus makes it hard to replace the market leader.^[16]

Government level

Advocates of social media as a public utility believe that the government should impose restrictions on social media websites, such as Google, that are designed to benefit its rivals.^[14] Due to the recent substantial growth of social media websites such as Google, advocates claim that such a website "might need search neutrality regulation modeled after net neutrality regulation and that a Federal Search Commission might be needed to enforce such a regime." ^[9] Danah Boyd expresses a future issue which the government may have to deal with in her research: Facebook is becoming an international social media website, specifically prevalent in Canada and Europe which are "two regions that love to regulate their utilities." ^[7] Furthermore, recent books by New America Foundation Senior Fellow Rebecca MacKinnon and law professor Lori Andrews advise society to start considering Facebook and Google as nation-states or the "sovereigns of cyberspace." ^[9] Overall, advocates of social media as a public utility believe that due to the immense popularity and necessity of social media websites, it is imperative that the Government imposes regulations in the same manner they do for electricity, water, and natural gas.

Counterarguments

Opponents of this theory argue that social media websites should not be treated as public utilities. because these platforms are changing every year, and because they are not essential services for survival as common public utilities are, such as water, natural gas, and electricity.^[9] Furthermore, opponents fear that imposing "utility" status on a social network site, and forcing regulation might lock such a site in as a real monopoly, which consequently, will stop innovation, and counteract competition. Opponents point out that because social media is constantly evolving, innovation and competition are necessary for its growth.

Individual level

On an individual level, opponents argue that treating social media websites as regulated public utilities "would harm consumer welfare because public utility regulation has traditionally been the archenemy of innovation and competition." ^[9] The Director of the Public Utility Research Center at University of Florida, Mark Jamison, points out that "our economies effectively shut down without traditional public utilities such as electricity, water, and natural gas because utilities occupy unique positions and provide public services (Glaeser 1927)" ^[14] Opponents to social media as a public utility claim that our economy would not shut down without social media websites. Additionally, Mark Jamison brings up a situation in 2009 which illustrates how consumers can easily find alternatives to social media sites such as Google search. "For about an hour on the morning of January 31, 2009, Google search results contained a noticeable error. During that period of time a large number of customers switched their search activity to Yahoo! and probably to other search engines (Google 2009; Vascellaro 2009)." ^[14] Such an incident shows that while social media sites are extremely popular, they are "not essential to our social and economic functions in the way that electricity and water are." ^[14]

Additionally, opponents argue that social media websites are relatively new, and that new ones continue to displace the old ones.^[17] Individuals are rapidly discovering new alternatives for social media websites. For example, opponents point out that MySpace was the market leader long before Facebook became active, and was expected to have continued success. However, once the platform Facebook was created, users jumped to this new social media website, and within a short period of time MySpace lost the majority of its users, was forced to cut costs, and therefore may disappear in the near future.^[18] Opponents argue that due to such discoveries, social media is not a public utility because a utility is considered an "essential facility" that has no good alternatives.^[17]

Business level

On a business level, opponents fear that if social media websites become public utilities then providers of these sites will be treated as vital facilities and such a situation "threatens to convert predictions of "natural monopoly" into a self-fulfilling prophecy." ^[9] Additionally, opponents to social media as a public utility argue that those who advocate regulation of social media websites such as Google "fail to give adequate weight to the changes that constantly occur in the search business, the ways that rivals benefit from Google’s investments, the negative impacts of forcing Google to reveal its search algorithms, and regulation’s stifling effect on innovation."^[14] Additionally, these opponents claim that because such websites and markets are constantly evolving, regulation would consequently be expensive. Specifically, Mark Jamison points out that the regulation of Google would be costly both in terms of the administrative costs and in terms of the delays in innovation that regulation would cause.^[14] Opponents to this theory also argue that economic regulation of social media sites could decrease investment, and consequently harm customers and rivals. For example, if a social media site such as Google search were regulated, it could "result in at least partial public disclosure of Google’s search algorithms, which would allow other businesses to behave strategically to improve their search rankings without benefitting consumers." ^[14]

Furthermore, social media services are constantly evolving, and consequently, despite the massive user base that sites such as Facebook and Google have, opponents believe that the disappearance of these businesses are "only a masterpiece of software away." ^[15] Traditional businesses classified as public utilities, such as water and electric companies have a monopoly over their services, making these business irreplaceable, and opponents argue that such is not the case with social media websites.

Government level

Opponents to this theory believe that imposing utility status on social media websites would consequently cause government regulation, which could result in an unfair change for both businesses and individuals. For example suggested by such opponents is the fear that these websites would start to charge a fee in adjustment to the new rules imposed by the government.^[17] Mark Jamison points out in his research that government-imposed standards for presenting Google search results would halt innovation, "as happened in telecommunications, government oversight was imposed with the intention of protecting telephone companies’ rivals; instead, it delayed technological progress and decreased innovation (Prieger 2002)." ^[14] According to Adam Thierer, George Mason University, "social media sites are fundamentally tied up with the production and dissemination of speech and expression, First Amendment values are at stake, warranting heightened constitutional scrutiny of proposals for regulation." Thierer and other opponents to social media as a public utility believe that the providers of social media websites should have the right to decide how their own platforms are configured along with what content is allowed to appear on them, and that the government should not force such restrictions caused by regulation .^[9]

Trends

Opponents of this theory claim that social media websites are not public utilities because new social media websites continually come into existence and replace the old. Such evolution does not happen with common public utilities like water, electricity, and natural gas.^[17] To illustrate this argument, the following lists popular social media services. Many were very popular in the past, and have been displaced by similar websites of the present.

• CompuServe, Prodigy & The WELL: popular social networking online services predating the web.^[19]
• America Online: popular online service in the 90’s, which charged a monthly fee and offered many tools including its own browser, search engine, content, chat rooms, and email system.^[19]
• GeoCities, Tripod.com & Yahoo! Groups: common websites of the mid-nineties. GeoCities and Tripod offered tools that allowed users to publish web pages that others could discover. Yahoo! offered a free ad-supported alternative to America Online ^[19]
• Google: Search engine which beat out Yahoo! by its uncluttered website design and relevant search results ^[20]
• Blogger, TypePad, WordPress.com: common blogging websites ^[19]
• Flickr, Photobucket, ImageShack: general websites where users can share photos ^[19]
• YouTube: video sharing website that was eventually bought out by Google and thus is still prevalent today ^[19]
• MySpace: began in 2003 and became the most popular social network site that allowed users to interact, share photos, and videos ^[19]
• Facebook: after one year, in 2004, this social media website beat out MySpace by nearly doubling the number of users and is currently the most popular online social network.^[19]
• LinkedIn: launched in 2003, business and professional networking site, popular site of today ^[21]
• Twitter: launched in 2006, social networking and microblogging service that allows users to post updates that are up to 280 characters long. Currently one of the most popular social networks of today.^[22]

Here is a full list of social networking websites

Overall, opponents of social media as a public utility believe that a new platform will be created in the future that will replace the most popular social networks today such as Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Therefore, they argue that marking these websites as public utilities will stop the creation of future innovative platforms.

See also

• Right to Internet access

References

• Expecting (Angel)
• Expecting Someone Taller
• Expecting To Fly
• Expecting to Fly
• Expecting to Fly (album)
• Expectminimax
• Expectminimax tree
• Expect No Mercy
• Expect No Mercy (film)
• Expectorants
• Expectoration
• Expect the impossible
• Expect the Impossible
• Ex pede herculem
• Ex pede Herculem
• Expedia CruiseShipCenters
• Expedia.fr
• Expedite
• Expedited Funds Availability Act
• Expediting Act
• Expedition 14
• Expedition 15
• Expedition 16
• Expedition 17
• Expedition 18