| 词条 | Solar power in Denmark | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Installed capacity{{main|Solar power in the European Union|Growth of photovoltaics}}{{Image frame|width =400 |align=right |pos=top |content= {{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart |group 1 = 1.5 : 1.5 : 1.6 : 1.9 : 2.3 : 2.7 : 2.9 : 3.1 : 3.3 : 4.6 : 7 : 16 : 332 : 548 : 603 : 790 : 900 |colors = Crimson |group names = |height=516 |width=425 |units suffix = _MW |x legends = 2000 : : : : 2004 : : : : 2008 : : : : 2012 : : : : }} |caption =Cumulated PV capacity in megawatt (MW) in Denmark since 1992[5] }}
TimelineSolar power provided the equivalent of 2.8 percent of Danish electricity consumption in 2018.[11] 2015In 2015 only 6.3 MW was applied for out of a funding pool of 41 MW. The funding is valued at 1.02 DKK/kWh for 2015, and 0.88 for 2016.[12] In 2016, a German solar power auction was won by a set of projects with a combined capacity of 50 MW at a price of 5.38 eurocent/kWh, which is unusually low for Northern Europe. The projects are located in Denmark due to EU rules.[13] 2013In 2013 PV deployment remained strong with 216 MW of new installation, despite the fact that it was 32 percent down from previous record year. 2012In 2012, new photovoltaic installations had surged to unprecedented levels in Denmark. This twentyfold increase in photovoltaic capacity in only one year urged the Danish government to cut back its net-metering scheme. In December 2012, Danish parliament reduced the compensation period of net-metering from a yearly to an hourly bases and increased in turn the granted feed-in tariffs. This change in policy intended to reduce the overall attractiveness of further PV deployment while keeping up some incentives for small developments. It also reduced the loss of tax revenues for the government by shifting the costs directly to the electricity consumers.[14] Solar heating{{seealso|Central solar heating#Largest CSHPs|label 1 =List of some Danish solar heat plants}}Solar heat plants are widespread in Denmark.[15] A large solar-thermal district heating plant 55% of the year-round heating needs of the town of Marstal.[16] This is after an expansion of the original plant which supplied one-third of the heating needs,[17][18] The plant uses seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) in the form of a large lined pits that is filled with gravel and water as the heat storage medium. The storage, which is covered with a layer of insulation, enables solar heat collected primarily in summer to be used year-round. The system includes 75,000 m³ of heat storage pits, 33,000 m² of solar-thermal collector area, and a 1.5 MW heat pump. [16] It also includes a biomass CHP plant for generating electricity and additional heat; however a spokesman said "If I were to calculate the economics for a project today, I would opt for a heat pump," because the cost of wood pellets has greatly increased. "At least, we can always count on solar energy to be free of charge."[16] The expansion of the Marstal facility, completed in 2013, was part of the European Union's SunStore4 project, and can serve as a basic model for such heating plants elsewhere in Europe if local conditions are also taken into account.[19][20][21] In Braedstrup, the community's solar district heating system stores heat in a borehole STES (BTES) facility that uses 19,000 cubic metres of underground strata as a heat battery. It can hold 500 mwh of heat at a temperature of 65°C. Two water tanks provide additional heat storage. When extracting heat, a 1.5 MW heat pump boosts the temperature to 80°C, for circulation in the district heating loop. The present system is the first expansion of an original smaller system, and now provides 20% of the community's heat on an annual basis, from a solar collector area of 10,600 square metres. A second expansion is planned, to provide 50% of the heat demand from a total solar collector area of 50,000 square metres and using an enlarged BTES store. The remainder of the demand is provided by electric and gas-fired boilers.[22] The Braedstrup system is designed to integrate with the national electric grid. The heat pump and electric boiler are used when there is surplus wind power available on the grid, contributing to the stability of the system and maximal use of the wind power. The natural gas boiler is used when this renewable electricity is not available.[22] See also{{Portal|Denmark|Energy}}
References1. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17628146 Are Denmark's renewable energy goals wishful thinking?] 2. ^http://ing.dk/artikel/kaempe-solcelleparker-slar-bunden-ud-af-energiforlig-181991 3. ^Denmark reaches 2020 goal 4. ^Slides 10-11 in: Holm L. (2011). Long Therm Experience with Solar District Heating (Marstal). International SDH Workshop, Ferrara, IT, 29–30 September 2011. 5. ^{{cite web|title=Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018|url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|website=www.epia.org|publisher=EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association|accessdate=12 June 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QGSvAF7w|archivedate=12 June 2014|page=34}} 6. ^{{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2008 and 2009|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.pdf|website=www.energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QN2z5NRx|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=4|format=PDF}} 7. ^{{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2009 and 2010|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.pdf|website=www.energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QN2Lx72F|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=4|format=PDF}} 8. ^{{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2010 and 2011|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/photovoltaic_2012.pdf|website=www.energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QN1OZ1Bt|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=6|format=PDF}} 9. ^{{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2011 and 2012|url=http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jdp9.pdf|website=www.energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QMzMloMY|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=7|format=PDF}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018|url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|website=www.epia.org|publisher=EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association|accessdate=12 June 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QGSvAF7w|archivedate=12 June 2014|pages=24|format=PDF}} 11. ^{{cite web | url=https://energinet.dk/Om-nyheder/Nyheder/2019/01/07/Solenergi-slog-rekord-i-varmt-2018 | title=Solenergi slog rekord i varmt 2018 |publisher=Energinet.dk |date=2019-01-07 |access-date=2019-03-16 |author= |quote= }} 12. ^http://finans.dk/live/erhverv/ECE8190075/Husejere-er-g%C3%A5et-kolde-i-solceller/?ctxref=ext 13. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1411/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2016/161128_PVDK.html |title=Bundesnetzagentur erteilt Zuschläge in PV-Ausschreibung mit Dänemark|publisher=Bundesnetzagentur|accessdate=30 November 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web|url= http://blogs.exeter.ac.uk/energy/2013/06/20/chill-winds-at-borgen-can-the-danish-government-agree-on-how-to-handle-solar-power/ |title=Can the Danish government agree on how to handle solar power?|last1=Kitzing|first1=Lena |date=20 June 2013|website=blogs.exeter.ac.uk |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6QOZD3O2h |archivedate=17 June 2014|accessdate=17 June 2014}} 15. ^Holm (2012), slides 10 & 11. Long Therm Experience With Solar District Heating (presentation). 16. ^1 2 Solar Thermal World, 28 July 2014.23 MWth Cover 55 % of Heat Demand of 1,500 Households. 17. ^Aeroe - A historical museum island with the worlds largest solar panel plant 18. ^SunStor-4 Project, Marstal, Denmark. The solar district heating system, which has an interseasonal pit storage, is being expanded. 19. ^Euroheat & Power. [SUNSTORE4: 100% Renewable District Heating SUNSTORE4: 100% Renewable District Heating]. Our projects: July 2010 to June 2014. 20. ^[https://www.euroheat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SUNSTORE4_Report.pdf SunStore4 Final Report<] 21. ^ 22. ^1 Solar District Heating (SDH). 2012. Braedstrup Solar Park in Denmark Is Now a Reality! Newsletter. 25 Oct. 2012. SDH is a European Union-wide program. External links{{commons category|Solar energy in Denmark|Solar power in Denmark}}
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