| 词条 | Solar power in France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Solar power in France including overseas territories reached an installed capacity figure of 7,165 MW by year end 2016 generating 8,790 GWh of power.[1] The solar power capacity is set to continue expanding with a target of around 18-20 GW installed by 2023.[1] However, wavering political support for new installations slowed down PV deployment since the record year of 2011, when 1,700 MW had been installed. In January 2016, the President of France, François Hollande, and the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in Gwalpahari, Gurgaon, India. The ISA will focus on promoting and developing solar energy and solar products for countries lying wholly or partially between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The alliance of over 120 countries was announced at the Paris COP21 climate summit.[2] One of the hopes of the ISA is that wider deployment will reduce production and development costs, and thus facilitate increased deployment of solar technologies, including in poor and remote regions. HistorySolar PV installations in France started being substantial only from around 2008. Between 2009 and 2011 PV capacity grew almost 10-fold, from a relatively low level. Growth has since then slowed considerably. In its 2014 report "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics", the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) not only blames the French government for a lack of support, but also criticizes it for having "hastily freeze or reduce support mechanisms" for further photovoltaic deployment.[3] The EPIA also asserts that opposition from the conventional energy sector led to a negative image of PV technology in the public opinion. The French solar association SOLER urged the French government for more support and submitted a five-point plan in Spring 2014.[4] Solar power in France continued growing steadily and reached a cumulative photovoltaic capacity of 6.6 GW by the end of 2015, producing 6.7 TWh of electricity during the year.[5] In 2015 France was the country with the seventh largest solar PV installed capacity in the world.[6] Around 903 MW of new installations were added during the year.[1] In 2016, France was ranked 4th in the EU by installed capacity and 14th in terms of PV capacity by inhabitant at 107.3 Wp/Inhab compared to the EU average of 197.8 Wp/Inhab for the year. The country's largest completed solar park to date was the 300 MW Cestas Solar Park.[7] Approximately 560 MW of new installations were added during the year.[1] In 2018, the state-owned company EDF had plans to invest up to €25 billion in PV power generation, and introduce green electricity tariffs; the plan is projected to "develop 30 gigawatt of solar capacity in France between 2020 and 2035".[8][9] InsolationThe insolation in France ranges from 3 sun hours/day in the north to 5 sun hours/day in the south. The output of a solar array is a function of age, temperature, tilt, shading, tracking, and insolation.
Photovoltaic installations{{main|Solar power in the European Union|Growth of photovoltaics}}
Cumulative PV capacity in megawatt-peak (MWp) since 2000{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart {{clear}}| group 1 = 11.3 : 13.9 : 17.2 : 21.1 : 26.0 : 33.0 : 43.9 : 75.2 : 179.7 : 335.2 : 1197 : 2945 : 4060 : 4673 : 5660 : 6605 : 7165 | colors = navy | group names = | units suffix = _MW | x legends = 2000 : : : : 2004 : : : : 2008 : : : : 2012 : : : : 2016 }} List of photovoltaic power stations{{further|Photovoltaic power station}}
List of Owners of Photovoltaic Portfolios in France[26]
See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Programmation-pluriannuelle-de-l,48569.html|title=Ministre de l'Environnement, de l'Énergie et de la Mer, Programmation pluriannuelle de l’énergie, 27 October 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.alternet.org/environment/india-unveils-global-solar-alliance-120-countries-paris-climate-summit|title=India Unveils Global Solar Alliance of 120 Countries at Paris Climate Summit|last=Neslen|first=Arthur|date=2015-12-04|newspaper=AlterNet|access-date=2016-08-06}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|title=Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018|website=www.epia.org|publisher=EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association|pages=26|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QGSvAF7w?url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|archivedate=12 June 2014|accessdate=12 June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pv-tech.org/news/french_government_faces_calls_to_revive_domestic_pv_sector|title=French government faces calls to revive domestic PV sector|last1=Willis|first1=Ben|date=23 January 2014|website=pv-tech.org/|accessdate=16 June 2014}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/CS732.pdf|title=COMMISSARIAT GENERAL AU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE, Chiffres et Statisque no. 732 Feb 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805231028/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/CS732.pdf|archivedate=2016-08-05|df=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEA-PVPS_-__A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2015_-_Final.pdf|title=Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets, IEA PVPS p14.|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.actu-environnement.com/ae/news/centrale-solaire-photovoltaique-cestas-bordeaux-24900.php4#video&xtor=EREC-107|title=Titanesque ! La centrale photovoltaïque de Cestas, en Gironde|author=Baptiste Clarke|work=Actu-Environnement}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f3ef348-12d0-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb |title=EDF revenues slip as nuclear pressures bite |author=Cat Rutter Pooley |newspaper=Financial Times |date=16 February 2018 |accessdate=16 February 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/edf-solar/corrected-edf-says-to-develop-30-gw-of-solar-in-france-by-2035-idUSE8N1IQ02R|title= CORRECTED-EDF says to develop 30 GW of solar in France by 2035|author= Geert De Clercq|publisher= Reuters|date= 2017-12-11 |accessdate= 2018-07-11 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/PVWATTS/version1/International/inputv1_intl.cgi?siteid=071100|title=PV Watts|publisher=NREL|accessdate=28 June 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/PVWATTS/version1/International/inputv1_intl.cgi?siteid=074810|title=PV Watts|publisher=NREL|accessdate=28 June 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/PVWATTS/version1/International/inputv1_intl.cgi?siteid=076900|title=PV Watts|publisher=NREL|accessdate=28 June 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/PVWATTS/version1/International/inputv1_intl.cgi?siteid=076500|title=PV Watts|publisher=NREL|accessdate=28 June 2012}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2008 and 2009|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.pdf|website=energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QN2z5NRx?url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.pdf|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=5|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|df=}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2009 and 2010|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.pdf|website=energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QN2Lx72F?url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro202.pdf|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=4|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|df=}} 16. ^1 {{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2010 and 2011|url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/photovoltaic_2012.pdf|website=energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QN1OZ1Bt?url=http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/photovoltaic_2012.pdf|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=6|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|df=}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|author1=EUROBSER'VER|title=Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2011 and 2012|url=http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jdp9.pdf|website=energies-renouvelables.org|accessdate=1 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QMzMloMY?url=http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro-jdp9.pdf|archivedate=16 June 2014|pages=7|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|df=}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018|url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|website=epia.org|publisher=EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association|accessdate=12 June 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QGSvAF7w?url=http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/EPIA_Global_Market_Outlook_for_Photovoltaics_2014-2018_-_Medium_Res.pdf|archivedate=12 June 2014|pages=24|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|df=}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/technical/PVPS_report_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2014.pdf |title=Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2014 |website=iea-pvps.org |publisher=International Energy Agency — Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme |date=30 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6XPpb1fai?url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=92&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=2430 |archivedate=30 March 2015 |deadurl=no}} 20. ^{{cite web |author1 = EUROBSER'VER |title = Photovoltaic Barometer - installations 2013 and 2014 |url = http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/EurObservER-barojdpv13-Photovoltaic-Barometer-2015-EN.pdf |website = energies-renouvelables.org |date = April 2015 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6YK1IfR89?url=http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/EurObservER-barojdpv13-Photovoltaic-Barometer-2015-EN.pdf |archivedate = 6 May 2015 |deadurl = no |format = PDF |df = }} 21. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=https://www.eurobserv-er.org/photovoltaic-barometer-2017/|title=Photovoltaic barometer 2017 {{!}} EurObserv'ER|website=www.eurobserv-er.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-09-23}} 22. ^France launches vast solar panel array 23. ^EDF Energies Nouvelles commissions a 60 MWp solar power plant in Crucey - France {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228054417/http://www.edf-energies-nouvelles.com/uploads/medias/1686/pr_crucey_280912_final_eng.pdf |date=2013-02-28 }} 24. ^EDF Energies Nouvelles commissions a 56 MWp solar power plant in Massangis - France 25. ^China's Fire Energy to build 50 MW solar plant in France 26. ^Solarplaza: Top 20 PV portfolios in Europe: Who owns what? 18 Sept 2014 External links
1 : Solar power in France |
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