“Sol Goldstein”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sol Goldstein (March 30, 1914 - September 3, 1992)^[1] was a leader in the Chicago Jewish community, a Zionist activist and a philanthropist. He survived imprisonment by Nazi Germany in World War II, and later moved to the US.

Biography

Early years

Goldstein was born in Yurburg, in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Lithuania), a town with a heavily Jewish population dating back to the 14th Century.^[2] "My Yurburg is full of love for the people of Israel and the love of one person for another," Goldstein reminisced.^[3] In the summer of 1941, Yurburg was occupied by the German army, and that September the Nazis murdered the town's Jews, which included Goldstein's entire family.^[4] Goldstein was imprisoned by the Nazis for three years, and later fought with the partisans. In 1948, Goldstein came to the United States with his wife Tamara, eventually purchasing the Harry J. Bosworth dental supply company in Skokie, Illinois.^[5]

Jewish communal and Zionist involvement

During the 1960s and after, Goldstein served in many leadership positions in the Chicago Jewish community. He was head of the Sheerith Hapleitah, a Chicago-area Holocaust survivors association; Israel Bonds; chairman of the public affairs committee of the Jewish United Fund (JUF) of Metropolitan Chicago; president of the Zionist Organization of Chicago and president of the Chicago Zionist Federation.^[6] In 1968, Goldstein was included on the dais with Mayor Richard J. Daley in welcoming Israeli leader Golda Meir to Chicago;^[7] in 1976, Goldstein introduced then-Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin at a lavish Chicago solidarity dinner;^[8] in 1978, he addressed a similar Chicago gathering for Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.^[9]

Controversies

Attempted neo-Nazi march in Skokie

In 1976, Frank Collin and his neo-Nazi National Socialist Party of America (NSPA) held anti-black demonstrations in Marquette Park, Chicago.^[10] In an intentionally provocative declaration in February 1977, Collin announced that he and as many as 50 NSPA supporters in neo-Nazi uniform and displaying swastikas were going to assemble in front of the Skokie Village Hall. An estimated 18% of the village's residents were Holocaust survivors.^[11]

The Village of Skokie attempted to prevent the assembly in the town by requiring a $350,000 bond and other actions, moves opposed by Collin and the Illinois Division of the American Civil Liberties Union. In a hearing on the case in Chicago on April 28, 1977, Goldstein served as a primary witness in the same courtroom with Collin. When asked if he would attack Collin if the NSPA demonstration took place, Goldstein answered, "I may."^[12] Goldstein – who said he expected 50,000 people to attend a counter-demonstration to any NSPA rally in Skokie^[13] - soon became known as the one who was leading "the fight to stop American Nazis from marching in the Chicago suburb."^[14] Goldstein v. Collin, his lawsuit to stop the NSPA assembly, failed, as did Village of Skokie actions.^[15]

Court battle over uncollected pledges

About three months after Goldstein died in 1992, leaving an estate valued at $5.1 million, the Jewish United Fund of Metropolitan Chicago contacted Goldstein's daughters, asserting that he had left unpaid $660,000 which he was said to have orally pledged to that nonprofit group.^[1]^[16] During his lifetime, he had donated $1.6 million to the JUF.^[17] The JUF sought payment of the pledges, a move said to be without precedent among Jewish federations in the United States.^[18]

The Goldstein heirs rejected the JUF request for payment, and on January 25, 1993, JUF v. Estate of Sol Goldstein was filed in Cook County Circuit Court.^[19] In November 1993, the JUF's claim was upheld. At the same time, the JUF announced that it was prepared to sue Russian immigrants in default on almost $1 million in loan repayments.^[20]

Meanwhile, the JUF argued that 81 of 82 board members supported its legal action against the Goldstein estate,^[21] though opinion in the Jewish community overwhelmingly disapproved of its stance. According to an unscientific poll, nearly three-quarters of respondents to a survey said they believed the Jewish United Fund should not have undertaken court action to retrieve the pledges.^[22] Letters on the subject ran in four issues of the Chicago Jewish Star, a local newspaper, and an editorial claimed that "neither of the principals were winners in this case."^[23]

On April 4, 1995, the JUF announced that "an amicable settlement" with "strictly confidential" terms had been reached between it and the "executors and beneficiaries" of the Goldstein estate.^[24]

References

1. ^¹Mark Veverka, "A donor's pledge ends up in court," Crain's Chicago Business, May 16, 1994, p. 3.
2. ^I.D. Kamazon, "Yurburg on the Bank of the Neiman River: Demographic numbers," The Memorial Book for the Jewish Community of Yurburg, Lithuania (1991), p. 14
3. ^Shlomo (Sol) Goldstein, "My Yurburg," The Memorial Book for the Jewish Community of Yurburg, Lithuania, p. 13.
4. ^Yehuda Slutsky, "Jurbarkas," Encyclopaedia Judaica vol. 10 (1973), p. 474.
5. ^Chris Agrella, [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/618395632.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+12%2C+1977&author=Chris+Agrella&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C13&desc=Metropolitan "Israel bond chairman ends term with flourish,"] Chicago Tribune, December 12, 1977; Andrew Fegelman, "Can A Pledge Outlive Its Maker?" Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1994, section 2, page 1.
6. ^The Sentinel (Chicago), October 24, 1985, front cover.
7. ^A photo of this event is in Irving Cutler, The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), p. 213.
8. ^"Stirs dignitaries in Chicago," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 5, 1976.
9. ^"Chicago Rally Hears [Menachem] Begin," The Blade, May 4, 1978, p. 4.
10. ^"Chronology of a Conflict," sidebar to Gillian Wolf, "When the Nazis didn't march in Skokie," Chicago Jewish Star, April 2, 1993, p. 8.
11. ^"Nazis Thwarted in Rally Bid," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 4, 1977.
12. ^David Hamlin, The Nazi/Skokie Conflict: A Civil Liberties Battle (Boston: Beacon Press, 1980), p. 60.
13. ^Philip J. O'Connor, "Skokie to permit Nazi march – and Jewish rally," Chicago Sun-Times, May 31, 1978.
14. ^"Chicago Rally Hears [Menachem] Begin," The Blade, May 4, 1978, p. 4.
15. ^Hamlin, The Nazi/Skokie Conflict, chapter 7; [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/05/obituaries/bernard-decker-89-judge-who-upheld-nazi-right-to-march.html "Bernard Decker, 89, Judge Who Upheld Nazi Right to March,"] New York Times, November 5, 1993, p. B16; David G. Dalin, "Jews, Nazis, and Civil Liberties," American Jewish Year Book 1980 (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1979), pp. 3-28. Skokie, a film based on these events, appeared on television in 1981
16. ^Michael Laff and Douglas Wertheimer, "Wronged or wrong-headed, Federation pursues donor's estate for an unpaid pledge," Chicago Jewish Star, August 19, 1994, p. 1.
17. ^Michael Laff, "Sol Goldstein case moves to arbitration," Chicago Jewish Star, February 24, 1995, p. 1.
18. ^Gerald Nagel, Director of Communications, National United Jewish Appeal, New York, as quoted in Laff and Wertheimer, "Wronged or wrong-headed, Federation pursues donor's estate for an unpaid pledge," Chicago Jewish Star, August 19, 1994, p. 14.
19. ^Douglas Feiden, "Charity Brass Pursue Donor Beyond Grave," The Forward, June 3, 1994, p. 5.
20. ^Amy J. Kramer, "Federation is pursuing Russian immigrants in default on loans," Chicago Jewish Star, August 27, 1993, p. 1.
21. ^Letter, Edward A. Fox, Chairman, JUF Board, to Susan Shulman, March 3, 1995.
22. ^Douglas Wertheimer, "72% oppose JUF taking Goldstein estate to court," Chicago Jewish Star, September 2, 1994, p. 1.
23. ^Editorial, "JUF vs. Goldstein: Enough Casualties," Chicago Jewish Star, April 28, 1995, p. 4.
24. ^Michael Laff, "Resolution reported of JUF, Goldstein dispute," Chicago Jewish Star, April 28, 1995, p. 1. Several months later, JUF filed suit in another case of unpaid pledges; see Michael Laff, "The Monaster Case: Once wealthy, once generous, now headed for court," Chicago Jewish Star, January 26, 1996, p. 1.